Not Your Parents’ Solar System! Dr. Frank Summers Space Telescope Science Institute March 28, 2008...
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Not Your Parents’ Solar
System!
Not Your Parents’ Solar
System!
Dr. Frank SummersSpace Telescope Science Institute
March 28, 2008
It’sIt’s
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Your Ancient Ancestors’ Solar SystemYour Ancient Ancestors’ Solar System
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Claudius Ptolemy
150 – Almagest
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Earth
Moon
Mercury
Venus
Sun
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
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Your Parents’ Solar System
Your Parents’ Solar System
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Nicholas Copernicus
1543 – On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
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Earth
Moon
Mercury
Venus
Sun
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
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Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth / Moon
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
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William Herschel
1781 – Discovery of Uranus
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Urbain Le Verrier & John Couch Adams
1846 – Prediction and discovery of Neptune
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Clyde Tombaugh
1930 – Discovery of Pluto
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Your Parents’ Solar System
Your Parents’ Solar System
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Your Parents’ Solar System
Your Parents’ Solar System
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MercuryVenus
EarthMars
JupiterSaturn
UranusNeptune Pluto
MyVery
Energetic Mother
JustServed
UsNine
Pizzas
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Your Parents’ Solar System
Your Parents’ Solar System
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Facts Are Not KnowledgeFacts Are Not Knowledge
• Memorization, not understanding• Factoids• Highlights differences• Little or no relevance• Little or no “big picture”
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Sun
Rocky Planets
Asteroid Belt
Giant Planets
Kuiper Belt
Oort Cloud
The 21st Century Solar System
The 21st Century Solar System
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Families of the Solar SystemFamilies of the Solar System• Classes of similar objects
– Size– Composition– Orbit size– Orbit shape– Orbit inclination– Moons– Rings
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Hollywood’s View of the Asteroid Belt
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Scientific View of the Asteroid BeltScientific View of the Asteroid Belt
960 million miles960 million miles
Hundreds of Hundreds of thousands of thousands of asteroids …asteroids …
… … about a million about a million miles apart!miles apart!
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Sizes of the Giant Planets and Earth
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Kuiper Belt
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Oort CloudOort Cloud
• Billions of icy minor planets – comet nuclei
• Roughly spherical out to 50,000 AU
• Predicted by Jan Oort
• Explains long-period comets
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Figure 1a: Comet Semimajor Axis Distribution
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-0.0
04
-0.0
02
0.00
0
0.00
2
0.00
4
0.00
9
0.02
0
0.04
2
0.08
8
0.18
5
0.39
0
1 / a (1/AU)
Nu
mb
er o
f C
omet
s
Short PeriodLong Period
Orbital Period: 200 years 7 years
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SednaSedna
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SednaSedna
• Orbit 76 – 840 AU• Very red color
• Outer Kuiper Belt?• Inner Oort Cloud?• Planet at 70 AU?
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Families of the Solar SystemFamilies of the Solar System• Classification• Structure of the solar system
– Similar objects lie in similar regions
• Clues to solar system formation and evolution
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Rocky Planets Giant Planets
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Sun
Rocky Planets
Asteroid Belt
Giant Planets
Kuiper Belt
Oort Cloud
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Sun
Oort Cloud
Mercury Venus Earth Mars
Asteroid Belt Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Kuiper Belt
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Science
Out Changes
May View Established Models
As Basic
Justified Standards Until New
Knowledge Bears
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Sometimes
Over Coals
My Very Energetic Mother
Also Boils
Jumbo Shrimp Using Nine
Kettles Bubbling
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The Inevitable Question …The Inevitable Question …
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Why is Pluto No Longer a Planet?Why is Pluto No Longer a Planet?
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Planet PlutoPlanet Pluto
January 23, 1930
January 29, 1930
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The Incredible Shrinking PlanetThe Incredible Shrinking Planet• Lowell’s Planet X – 7 times Earth• 1940’s – 1 times Earth• 1980 – 0.1 times Earth• 1985 – 0.002 times Earth
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Double Take: CharonDouble Take: Charon
• 1978 – James Christy (USNO) observations to refine Pluto’s orbit
• Notices elongated images, deduces moon
• 1985 – Charon occults Pluto, confirms existence
• Refined sizes and masses – tiny
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Pluto/CharonPluto/Charon
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Pluto
TritonTitan
Callisto
Ganymede
Moon
Io
Europa
Mercury
Rhea
Iapetus
Titania
Oberon
Pallas
Vesta
Hygeia
Mimas
Enceladus
MirandaProteus
Ceres
Tethys Dione
Ariel Umbriel
Charon
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Kuiper BeltKuiper Belt• 1930 – Leonard mentions possibility of
trans-Plutonian objects• 1943 – Kenneth Edgeworth postulates
objects beyond Pluto• 1951 – Gerard Kuiper predicts that a
massive Pluto would disperse small objects into a belt
• 1980 – Fernandez predicts ‘comet belt’ that resembles what was eventually found
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Kuiper Belt ObjectsKuiper Belt Objects
• 1992 – Jewitt & Luu find QB1
• Distance of 42 AU• First (third?) object
discovered in the Kuiper Belt
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Kuiper Belt
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More and more KBOsMore and more KBOs
• Large searches for KBOs ensued• Hundreds discovered within a
decade• Over 1200 discovered so far• Over 70,000 predicted
– diameters > 100 km– orbits 30-50 AU
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Pluto DefendersPluto Defenders
• Pluto is different from the KBOs• Pluto is bigger than the KBOs• Pluto has a moon, Charon
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Pluto/Charon orbits within Kuiper Belt
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KBO Size ComparisonKBO Size Comparison
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Binary KBOsBinary KBOs
• About 10% of KBOs are binaries
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Eris & Dysnomia (2003 UB313)
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Eris & DysnomiaSanta & Rudolph
Easterbunny
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Pluto vs the Kuiper BeltPluto vs the Kuiper Belt
• Orbit similar to KBOs• Size similar to KBOs• KBO companions common• Composition similar to KBOs
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Pluto vs the Kuiper BeltPluto vs the Kuiper Belt
• Orbit similar to KBOs• Size similar to KBOs• KBO companions common• Composition similar to KBOs
Pluto has found its family!!
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IAU Definition – August 2006IAU Definition – August 2006
• IAU defines “planet”1. Orbits the Sun2. Upper mass limit
• not massive enough to produce fusion• Deuterium fusion occurs at about 15x Jupiter’s
mass
3. Lower mass limit• Massive enough for gravity to make it spherical• About 500 miles in diameter
4. Dominates its orbit
• Dwarf planets meet 1, 2, 3, but not 4
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Other Planetary Systems?Other Planetary Systems?
• Solar system alone is category of one
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Beta Pictoris
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We Are Not AloneWe Are Not Alone
• Lots of dust disks found• Proplyds – proto-planetary disks• Kuiper Belt sized and larger• Some substructure seen
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Planets around Other StarsPlanets around Other Stars
• Cannot see directly (yet)• Detect via gravitational pull on star
– Wobble– Periodic shift of spectral lines– Monitor for many years (several
orbits)– Giant planets detectable
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Planets around Other StarsPlanets around Other Stars
• Current count (May 2006)– 162 planetary systems– 188 planets– 19 multiple planet systems
• At least 15% of sun-like stars have planets
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Planets around Other StarsPlanets around Other Stars
• Jupiter mass planets in Mercury orbits
• Elliptical orbits• Multiple Jupiter sized planets• Planets around pulsars• Smallest (so far) is about 5 Earth
masses
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Planetary System FormationPlanetary System Formation• Planetary systems form in a
predictable fashion from a spinning circular disk
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Sun
Rocky Planets
Asteroid Belt
Giant Planets
Kuiper Belt
Oort Cloud
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So Much to DiscoverSo Much to Discover
• Our solar system is the oddball• Need to generalize our formation
and evolution scenarios• Implications for life in the universe
– Lots of planets– Stability of orbits?
• New era of solar system study