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EXPLANATION OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE

NORTHERNAIRE PLATING COMPANYKY80R OF CADILLAC, INC.

CADILLAC, MICHIGAN

I. Introduction

The Cadillac Industrial Park encompasses approximately three-fourths of a square mile within the city of Cadillac, in WexfordCounty Michigan. The park is bounded by Thirteenth Street to thenorth, Mitchell Drive to the east, Wright Street to the south,and Leeson Avenue to the vest. Currently, approximately 40industries operate in the industrial park. There are twoSuperfund sites in the industrial park: the Northernaire PlatingCompany site (Northernaire), and the Kysor of Cadillac site,(Kysor) (Figure 1).'

Northernaire is a former electroplating facility which operatedon approximately 13 acres of land located at the corner of SixthStreet and Eighth Avenue within the industrial park.

The Kysor facility is an active manufacturer of truck partslocated at the southern end of the industrial park on WrightStreet.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and theMichigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) are the lead andsupport agencies, respectively for the remedial design andremedial action at the Northernaire/Kysor site. The U.S. EPA andthe MDNR are acting under the authority of the ComprehensiveEnvironmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980,as amended (CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. S 9601, et seq. On September 29,1989, the U.S. EPA issued a Record of Decision (ROD) for both theNorthernaire/Kysor site. The ROD for Northernaire outlined theremedy selection process and the selected cleanup action for thecontaminated groundwater at the Northernaire site. The ROD forKysor outlined the selected remedy for both the soils and thegroundwater at the Kysor site.

This Explanation of Significant Difference (ESD) documents thefinal decision by EPA to include the North Park and West ofLeeson areas of contamination in the Northernaire/Kysor site.

II. Requirement to Address Significant Change

Pursuant to Section 300.435 of the National Contingency Plan, 40

1 The Northernaire site and the Kysor site are jointlyreferred to as "Northernaire/Kysor site1*.

EPA Region 5 Records Ctr.

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CFR S 300.435, U.S. EPA as the lead agency, after appropriateconsultation with the State, may determine that a significantchange to the selected remedy described in the ROD is warranted.

Section 117(c) of CERCLA, requires that:

After adoption of a final remedial action plan [ROD]:

(1) if any remedial action is taken,(2) if any enforcement action under section 106 istaken, or(3) if any settlement or consent decree under section106 or section 122 is entered into,

and if such action, settlement, or decree differs in anysignificant respects from the final plan, the [U.S. EPA orthe State] shall publish an explanation of the significantdifferences [ESD] and the reasons such changes were made.42 U.S.C. S9617(c).

In this case, the U.S. EPA, after appropriate consultation withthe State, determined that an ESD was appropriate to explain anddocument its final position with respect to defining theappropriate extent of the Northernaire/Kysor site. This ESDdocument and all of the technical information and data relatingto it shall become part of the administrative record for thesites, which is available for viewing at the Cadillac WexfordLibrary, and at the U.S. EPA regional offices in Chicago,Illinois, during normal business hours.

III. Site History

A. Northernaire

Northernaire, located at the northwestern corner of sixth Streetand Eighth Avenue, operated from 1971 to 1981, providing customchrome and nickel plating finishes to automobile and other parts.Improper waste handling and faulty sewer systems were responsiblefor releasing contamination including hexavalent chromium,cadmium, and cyanide to the surrounding soils. As a result ofleaching through the soils to the groundwater, hexavalentchromium was detected in private wells downgradient ofNorthernaire in 1978. The city revoked Northernaire'a dischargepermit and ordered then to conduct a hydrogeologic study. In1979 a plan for the study was submitted but Northernaire laterindicated that no funds were available for the investigation.Northernaire was purchased by Top Locker Enterprises of Florida.A 1981 site inspection revealed that the facility was apparentlyout of business.

The site was included on the National Priorities List (NFL) inJuly 1982 primarily based on concerns for the possible impact of

wastes on the municipal wellfield, and the potential for directcontact threats.

Two children playing in the area of the Northernaire facilityreceived chemical burns from the hazardous wastes stored incontainers outside the building. Emergency Response measureswere conducted by U.S. EPA and MDNR shortly thereafter in 1983,including removal of waste drums, process liquids and sludges,and a section of the sewer line.

In 1984 Region V referred an action to the Department of Justicefor filing a civil complaint to recover all "response costs"associated with the removal action. The District Court for theWestern District of Michigan rendered a judgement granting U.S.EPA all of its response costs including prejudgment interesttotalling $342,823.22. One of the defendants, R.W. Meyerappealed that case to the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals. TheDistrict Court's decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeals.

A Remedial Action Master Plan for the Northernaire site wascompleted in 1983. A Remedial Investigation was completed in1984-1986. At that time, U.S. EPA decided to proceed with asource control operable unit in order to expedite remediation ofthe soil contamination and continue investigation of thegroundwater contamination. A Focused Feasibility'Study ofproposed source control measures was completed by MDNR in 1985.A Record of Decision (ROD) for the source control operable unit(/I) was signed on September 11, 1985. The ROD includedexcavation of contaminated soil and sewerline sediments anddisposal at an off-site facility, limited modification of thebuilding, and restoration of the sewerline. A Remedial Designfor the source control operable unit was completed in 1987 andthe remedial action was completed in 1991.

B. Kysor of Cadillac, Inc.

The Kysor facility is a large manufacturer of truck parts locatedon Wright Street at the southern edge of the industrial park.This facility commonly uses solvent cleaners and degreasers.Past disposal practices included dumping barrels of spentsolvents directly onto the soils behind the plant. The site wasproposed for the NPL in September of 1985.

Kysor performed hydrogeologic studies in 1980 and 1983. Kysorinstalled several monitoring wells throughout the industrial parkand in the vicinity of the city wellfield. Analysis ofgroundwater indicated elevated levels of TCA, TCE, PCE, DCE, DCA,xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and chloroform.

Partial remediation of contaminated soils was conducted by Kysorin 1981. Approximately 700 cubic yards of contaminated soil wereremoved. MDNR observers noted strong odors remaining in the

excavation pit and samples indicated that elevated levels of TCE,TCA, PCE, ethylbenzene, and xylenes remained in the soils.

The Remedial Investigation/Feasibility study (RI/FS) was a state-lead, state-funded project and was completed in September 1989. AROD for both the Northernaire and Kysor sites was signed onSeptember 29, 1989. The RI/FS identified several otherfacilities located within the industrial park as sources ofgroundwater contamination at the Kysor site. These include: FourWinns, Inc. (Frisbie Street facility), Leo Ingraham, Sr.property, Four Star Corporation, and Joynts/Four Winns.

A Unilateral Order (Order) was issued to the PRPs to perform theremedial design (RD) for the selected remedy at theNorthernaire/Kysor site. Kysor is performing the work requiredby the Order, and is currently preparing the 95% design document.

C. Record of Decision

The major components of the remedy listed in the September 29,1989 ROD for the Northernaire/Kysor site include:

• Taking appropriate action to ensure that current andfuture landowners do not use the contaminatedgroundwater aquifers as a source of drinking water.Activities at the Kysor site will be controlled toprevent new contaminant releases from the site.

• Constructing a fence around the Kysor site to preventtrespassing.

• Construction of a groundwater extraction and treatmentsystem. The VOC contamination in the groundwater shallbe treated using an air stripping with vapor-phasecarbon adsorption method. The hexavalent chromium inthe groundwater shall be treated using a carbonadsorption method.

• Installation of a vapor extraction system to remove theVOC contamination from the soils at the Kysor site.

IV. Significant Difference

The groundwater contamination associated with theNorthernaire/Kysor site was delineated in the RemedialInvestigation (RI) for these sites (Figures 2, 3 & 4). The RIidentified VOC contamination north of Thirteenth Street in anarea referred to as North Park. This area is actually the NorthPark and Pine View subdivisions; however, for consistency thisESD continues to use the term "North Park*1 for this area. Duringthe early stages of the design process, and consistent with theROD/ U.S. EPA expected the design and subsequent remedial action

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to include the North Park area of contamination.

Upon further review of the available technical data, U.S. EPA wasunable to confirm the extent to which contaminated groundwater inthe North Park area and the West of Leeson area was commingledwith contaminated groundwater at the Northernaire/Kysor site.The basis for that determination was an apparent "clean zone"suggesting a possible separation between the two contaminatedareas. Since the degree of commingling between the areas ofcontamination was not conclusive, and because additional samplinginformation was not yet available, the connection between thesite and North Park and West of Leeson areas was unclear.Therefore, by letter dated September 4, 1992, U.S. EPA indicatedthat the Remedial Design need not address the North Park and Westof Leeson areas of contamination. In its September 4, 1992letter, U.S. EPA also stated that if future data indicated thatcontamination at the site was commingled with contamination atNorth Park and the West of Leeson areas, the design would berevised to address both areas of contamination.

Based upon sampling by MDNR in September 1992 and MDNR's reportdated June 11, 1993 (Appendix A), and after a thorough review ofpreviously generated technical data, U.S. EPA finally concludesthat groundwater contamination in the North Park and West ofLeeson areas is commingled with the groundwater contamination atthe Northernaire/Kysor site. Therefore, remediation of the siteshall include contaminated groundwater in the North Park and Westof Leeson areas.

This ESD does not document a change to the ROD remedy withrespect to including the North Park and West of Leeson areas inthe Northernaire/Kysor site since the ROD addresses those areasas signed. However, in light of U.S. EPA's letter of September4, 1992, this ESD documents U.S. EPA's final position that theNorthernaire/Kysor site includes North Park and West of Leesonareas of contamination. Furthermore, due to the migration ofcontaminated groundwater at the Northernaire/Kysor site, and tocontinuing investigation of the contamination plume, other areasof contamination, which are commingled with the Northernair/KysorSite, may also be included in the site and addressed by thisremedial action.

V. Affirmation of Statutory Determination

The selected remedy, which addresses the North Park and West ofLeeson areas, remains protective of human health and theenvironment and complies with federal and state requirements thatare applicable or relevant and appropriate to this remedialaction. In addition, the selected remedy is cost-effective andutilizes permanent solutions and alternative treatmenttechnologies to the maximum extent practicable for this site.

vi . state

The State of Michigan was consulted regarding this change and hasreviewed this ESD. The State agrees that the Remedial Actionmust include the North Park and West of Leeson areas ofcontamination; however, the State continues to dispute theestablished clean-up levels for TCE in the ROD.

VII. Public Participation Activities

This ESD and other documents related to this project areavailable for public review at the Norther naire/Kysor siteinformation repository located at the Cadillac Wexford Library,and at the U.S. EPA regional offices in Chicago, Illinois, duringnormal business hours.

APPROVED(Signature) (Date)

DISAPPROVEDT

(Signature) (Date)

10

Attachment A

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OP NATURAL RESOURCES

INTEROFFICE COMMUNICATION

June 11, 1993

TO: Jeremy Firestone, Assistant Attorney GeneralDepartment of Attorney General

FROM: Kevin Kincare, Senior HydrogeologistGeological Survey Division

SUBJECT: Fall 1992 Cadillac Area Groundwater Investigation

This memorandum report is a summary of data collected by theMichigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) in September1992 to delineate the limits of contamination in the CadillacIndustrial Park (CIP). The data collected during thatsampling effort was previously provided to EPA. The data wascollected partly in response to investigations* by Kysor thatshowed significant migration of trichloroethene (TCE) beyondthe boundaries established by the 1986/87 MDNR sponsoredstudy. In particular, samples taken from Kysor well F-2 (fig1), which showed as much as 525 ppb TCE (table 1). In fact,contamination was found to a depth of 229 ft at the top of thecity aquifer confining layer. This well is located over 100ft north of Thirteenth St. in the catholic church parking lot.The northern limit of the plume in this vicinity, in 1987, was70 ft south of Thirteenth St.

The North Park portion of MDNR's 1992 investigation consistedof sampling 18 existing wells, drilling and sampling 2 newwells, an elevation survey and static water levelsmeasurements. Four existing wells in North Park (north ofThirteenth St.) were still contaminated with TCE (table 2).GW-11 (Seventh Ave. and Fourteenth St.) was non-detect at adepth of 54 ft. A new well, MH-22, was drilled at the GW-lllocation. This well was vertically sampled every 10 ftbeginning at 43 ft. TCE was first detected at the 83 ftlevel, reached a high at the 133 ft level, and returned tonon-detect at 163 ft. Another well, MH-20, was drilledbetween MH-22 and F-2. This well was also contaminated withTCE from a depth of 88 ft to the bottom of the boring at 188ft. A cross section of wells GW-17, DNR-11, SLW-2, MH-22, MH-20, F-2 show a continuous zone of contamination from SixthAve. to the west side of the catholic church parking lot, over1100 ft across.

Jeremy FirestoneJune 11, 1993page 2

Also of interest to the MDNR, was the October 1991 sampling ofwells in the vicinity of Four Winns/Joynts. These wellsshowed the expansion of the Four star/Kysor plume onto theFour Winns/Joynts property. Some of these wells wereresampled for the Fall 1992 study. Sample results (table 2)confirm that previously uncontaminated wells upgradient ofFour Winns/Joynts, are now contaminated.

Cogen Michigan, Inc (CMI) also sponsored a site assessment ofthe proposed power/steam plant in the west Leeson St. area.This investigation also yielded data indicating ground watercontamination. In particular, CMS-3, had water samples (table3) that showed 17 ppb TCE and 34 ppb 1,1,1 trichloroethane(1,1,1 TCA) 500 ft west of Leeson St (fig 1). The west Leesonarea was investigated by R.W. Beck Associates in 1991. Beckshowed TCE in CMS-3, 500 ft from Leeson Ave, while CMS-6, only250 ft away, was non-detect for TCE. There was 8 ppb 1,1,1TCA at 129 ft in CMS-6. To investigate the west Leeson area,the MDNR sampled 11 existing wells, drilled and verticallysampled 2 new wells, surveyed elevations and read static waterlevels. The MDNR drilled MW-21, 200 ft south of CMS-6 (still250 ft west of Leeson Ave.). This well had TCE contaminationfrom 178 to 196 ft. MW-23 was then drilled near SLH-16, 50 fteast of Leeson Ave. This well was contaminated 'with TCE froma depth of 113 ft to the end of the boring at 193 ft. Across-section of wells GW-lod, MW-23, SLW-16, MW-21, and CMS-3show an unbroken contaminated profile over 1200 ft long.

cc: Cornelius, MDNRCrosfcey, MDNRCunningham/Roycraft, MDNRZakutansky, EPA

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l.t-dlchlorocthMw M/l ':Moro»or« M/l 'l.t.l-irlchloroethMK M/l '.•rban tetrtxhlorld* M/l ''.2-dlchloreelMne M/lulcMoroflhene M/l1.2-dichloroprofwrtt M/l3ro*odUMoro«eth»n* M/lchloroelhrlvlnylether M/l :

cifl.S-dichloreproptrw M/l '1.1.2-UtcMorotlhwtt M/l 'ittc«chlor*ethefw M/l 'dlbrMocMeromethorw M/i 1chloroboraent M/l 'browoUr* M/l1.1.2,2 Utt*chloroeth»ne M/l 'benien* M/l Itoluene M/l Ielhylbcnterte M/l 'p.s-iyline* M/l <o irlen* M/l 11.3 dicklorotenierw M/l <1.4 dichloroteraene M/l I1.2 dichloroLenten* M/l I

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P«gc 6 of 10 26 Jun 91

L t

ytor IndutlHttr<x*dw*fcr • Vertical Profiling

Analytical IctulU

olllil* Organic Compounds

%*V\t IP lor log No.: 6PJF2 6«f2 CPSF2 CPSfJ GPSF3 CPSfJ Gf>SF] GPS-F3-FO GPSFI CPSF1Swple ID P.pth Inttrvolt 211*219 216-219 228-229 30.0-39.0 51.7-52.7 60.4-41.4 70.5-71. S -- 00.1-01.3 §0.1 II.I

SMf>l« 1yp«; ln*Mtf0»tivt On>tU«te lnveul|«tlv« lnv*ttlg»tlvt lnv«*tig«t<v« lrw««tlg«tiv« lnv««tigotiv« FUld Blank Invntintivt PupllcoUS»*v>lt Potc: . 05/07/91 05/07/91 05/07/91 04/24/91 04/24/91 04/24/91 04/24/91 04/24/91 04/24/91 04/24/91

inyl chloride M/lroaoiMthone M/liiloroelkan* M/lricMorofluoroacthant M/l, l-rfUMorMthtM M/lvlhyler* ckloridt M/lrtrtt-l.t-dlcMorocthenc M/l

1,1-dicMorotthMte M/l.-hlorofora M/l1,1.1-lf UMorctth»n« M/l.•r boo tttrtcMortdc pg/l1.2-dUMorotihtnc M/lir Ithlorotlhcn* pg/l1,2-dicMeropropin* ' ' M/l3rc*odlchloroawth»rtt pg/lchlorocibylvinyltihcr M/lci*-1,}-dicMoro|>foptnft M/l1,1,2-tricliloro*lh»n» M/lttKocMorotttofw M/lditrMochloremethont *g/ichlorobtfttenc M/lbromofor* M/l1.1,2. 2-UtrMhloroethMtt M/lbtnient M/lloluem M/l

p, •- • yl enet M/l• -•ylcn* M/l1.3-dUMorebMtitnt M/l1,4 dlchlorotwnten* M/l1.2-dichlorotcnitn* M/l

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P*gr 6 of 10 ?B-A*i 91

1 (U E /

Industries,rexjrA.iier - Vertical

Analytical •esults

/olati le Organic Conpoinds

Sanple 10 Boring No.:Sample 10 Depth Interval!

Saaplt lype:Saople Date:

6»lfJU9-1SO

InvMtlHtl"05/02/91

C«»2 CPS F2 U 3 CW2 6PSF2 G»S»2 CPS-F2-FB-4 CPSF2 8»Sf2 GrSf2U9-150 -- 158.S-1S9.S 169-170 178-179 •- 168- 119 198-199 208-209

Diplicate field 8 lank Investigative Investigative Investigative field Blanfc-4 Investigative lnv«atleativilnveitt|«llveOS/02/91 OS/02/91 OS/02/91 05/02/91 05/01/91 OS/03/91 05/03/91 05/06/91 OS/07/91

.-. 1 or um thane. M/l• inyl chloride M/l:roncn»thane M/lM or te thane M/lr iehlorol luoroMthanc M/l.l-dichloroetheot M/l•thylene chloride M/l:ran»-1.l-dichloTOtthene M/l1,1-dlchloroeihane ag/lrhloroforei M/l1.1.1-irichloroethane M/l *;»rbor> tetrachloride M/l1.2-dichloroethenc M/>: r ichloroethene . yg/l1.2-dichloropropane M/laroModichloroMcthene M/l:h|oroethylvinylether M/lcit-l.l-dichloropropene M/l1.1.2-trlchloroelhan* M/ltttrechloroelhm.. . -M/laitrcNcchlarex* thane M/lcMoroberuene M/lbroaoferai M/l1.1.2.2 tcirachloroelhane M/lbenttnt M/ltoluene M/lelhylbeniene M/lp.«-*ylenes M/lo-ifltnt M/l1.3 dlchlorobeniene M/ll.t dlchlMoUniene ag/l1.2-dichlorobeniena M/l

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Table 2

Fall 1992 Well Sampling Results

Well Depth TCE 1.1.1 TCA 1.1 DCE PCE

CMS-3CMS-6ONR-1DNR-5ONR-7DNR-8ONR-10SONR-10DDNR-11ONR14SDNR14DF-2F-3FS-2-10FWMW-4FWMW-10GW-8GW-9SGW-9DGW-10SGW-100GW-11GW-17K5SK5-DK-10K-llK-12K-13K-22KIMW-1KIMW-2HW-10MW-18SUMSLW-2SUMSLW-7SLW-11SLW-16SLW-20MW-20

178178386537374068464678

15787401535

17796

16123

16354

17326

1487048

14648483535

150149385454554484

14368

260.02.02.0

2500.00.00.00.0

18.08.0

11.0720.0200.0

0.02.00.00.00.04.09.0

48.06900.0

0.069.04.06.00.0

20.00.00.00.0

12.019.0

2700.0320.0

0.06.0

11.00.06.07.0

58.068.0

0.00.00.0

150.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

38.037.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.06.0

200.00.00.00.00.00.00.02.00.00.00.00.0

820.00.00.00.00.00.07.00.00.00.0

0.00.00.07.00.00.00.00.00.00.02.03.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

25.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.03.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

Table 2 (cont.)

Well Depth TCE 1.1.1 TCA 1.1 DCE PCE

MW-20MW-20MW-20MW-21MW-21MW-21MW-21MW-22MW-22MW-22MW-22MW-23MW-23MW-23MW-23MW-23MW-24MW-24MW-24MW-24MW-24

1081881891781881961791131331831344311315317317458148158168160

37.0110.056.056.017.09.772.035.0110.02.476.00.0

850.0990.01800.01300.0

0.00.00.00.00.0

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

3.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

TABLE 6.4-1(continued)

wtn

<v~*I 14-19)125-130)158-163)178-183)198-203)

5-10)19-24)53-58)113-118)133-138)153-158)[173-178)

**-«I 19-24)93-98)129-134)139-144)

; 150-155)! 159- 164); 169-174)[179-184)1189-194)1 199-204)

GW-«(177-182)

WNR Type 8

Clean-up levels

NONONONONO

NDNONONONONONO

NONONONONONONDNONONO

ND

1

Bfnrtne Ethvlben/ene

NONONONO1

NO

NONONO

NONONONONONONONONONO

NO

30

•Cicicdi HONR Typ« 8 dein-up Level••Proposed Htilmum Contvninaticn Level (MCL)

NO - Lett than «ethod dettcticn limitTCE - TrichloroetheneTCA - Tr«chloroeth«neDCP - Dlchloroproptne

Toluene

NDNO2NDSO

NONO%o3NONONO

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40

'10I

NONO-10

-jo•3

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NONONONONONONONONONO

NO

20

NON3NDNOND

S3S3S3

N3NON3S3*O*OS3S3K3S3

SO

1.1.1-TCA

NONDNONDND

s:NO•,:NCNONDND

NDNO8

NDNONONONONONC

NO

200

1.2-OCP

NDNtNONCNC

s:

NSN:NC

NCNONCNCNONCN:N:N:M:

NO

M I

T* c

TOBLE 6.4-1

of M^iimum Detected Concentrations of VOCs in Groundwiter

. d i 1 1* C M t,«Al

Well(ft/bgl) Benitng Ethyl benzene, Toluene >v1_e_net 1.1.1-TCA 1.2-OCP

C23-129)C53-I58)• T3-183)

NONONO

NONOND

••oI

•10

K.-IS( -4-19)(120-125)(158-163)(178-183)

11

NONO

NONONONO

242-68

2HO1

'.0NDNONO

ND NDS3SD

MW-1D

( 8-13)(127-132)(158-163)(177-182)(Z01-206)

NO4*3'1

NO

NDNONONONO

NO1074NO

MO232

NO

NONONONONO

NDNO

NONDNDS3NO

MW-2( 17-22)(103-108)(128-133)(163-168)(190-195)

NO11

NONO

NONONDNDNO

NO231

NO

NOND1

NONO

NONONONONO

N3NDNO

SDN3NONDS3

27-32)37-42)97-102)123-128)(153-158)(163-168)(173-178)(177-182)(183-188)

3-1

NOI1

NONO11

3NONONONDNONONONO

72142

NO1

NO1

NO

86121

NONONO21

NONONDNONDNDNDNO17-

4NONONONONONONO34

NONONDNONONONONO31'

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