Northern Ireland History, Troubles and the Solution.
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Transcript of Northern Ireland History, Troubles and the Solution.
Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland
History, Troubles and the History, Troubles and the SolutionSolution
The North Channel coast south of Torr Head, Northern Ireland
I. Geography & I. Geography & PopulationPopulation
AreaArea 14,139 sqkm14,139 sqkm Total amount of populationTotal amount of population 1.64 million1.64 million Capital cityCapital city BelfastBelfast
Ulster Museum in BelfastUlster Museum in Belfast
Queen’s University in Queen’s University in BelfastBelfast
Grand Opera House in Grand Opera House in BelfastBelfast
Geographical featuresGeographical features
TerrainTerrain low hillslow hills central lowlands and Lough Neaghcentral lowlands and Lough Neagh lake district in the south-westlake district in the south-west Lower/Upper Lough ErneLower/Upper Lough Erne the Giant’s Causewaythe Giant’s Causeway
High columns of the Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland.
“Steps” of hexagonal basalt columns formed by the rapid cooling of lava upon contact with the sea, the Giant's Causeway, Northern Ireland.
People in N.I.People in N.I.
Social livesSocial lives
normality with additional troublesnormality with additional troubles
low murder-ratelow murder-rate
lowest wealth per headlowest wealth per head
large-scale manufacturing industrieslarge-scale manufacturing industries
II. HistoryII. History
Early UlsterEarly Ulster
Celtic Kingdom of UlsterSaint Patrick the 5th century A.D.
Gaelic Irish and Anglo-Normans
Viking Raids from late 8th century
Norman colonies and end of Gaelic Irish state
1169 King Henry II invasion1169 King Henry II invasion
1171 Claimed sovereignty over Ireland1171 Claimed sovereignty over Ireland
1717thth century Ulster Plantation century Ulster Plantation
uprisings and repressionsuprisings and repressions
late 18late 18thth c. ideas of French Revolution c. ideas of French Revolution
to create an “independent to create an “independent religiously tolerant state” religiously tolerant state”
Changes of the name of the U.K.Changes of the name of the U.K.
1801-1921 1801-1921
The United Kingdom of GB and The United Kingdom of GB and IrelandIreland
1921-now 1921-now
The United Kingdom of GB and The United Kingdom of GB and Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland
Efforts to pursue independenceEfforts to pursue independence 1912 the 11912 the 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd Home Rule Bill Home Rule Bill 1914 the 31914 the 3rdrd Home Rule Bill Home Rule Bill 1916 the Easter Rising1916 the Easter Rising 1919 IRA1919 IRA Sinn FeinSinn Fein 1920s Irish Free State1920s Irish Free State
Conflicts in Northern IrelandConflicts in Northern Ireland Religious difference:Religious difference:
Catholics (40%)Catholics (40%) Protestants (60%)Protestants (60%)
Ethnic difference:Ethnic difference: IrishIrish British (English & Scottish British (English & Scottish
descendants)descendants)
Differences between Irish & British Differences between Irish & British
Irish BritishIrish British
Origin Celtic Anglo-Saxon, Origin Celtic Anglo-Saxon, NormanNorman
Religion Catholics Religion Catholics ProtestantsProtestants
Differences between Northern & Differences between Northern & Southern Irish peopleSouthern Irish people
Northerners SouthernersNortherners Southerners
Origin Scottish, English & Irish CelticOrigin Scottish, English & Irish Celtic
Religion Protestants & Catholics Religion Protestants & Catholics CatholicsCatholics
Identity British (& Irish) IrishIdentity British (& Irish) Irish
1921 Partition in Ireland1921 Partition in Ireland
Flag of the Republic of Flag of the Republic of IrelandIreland
Catholics vs Protestants Catholics vs Protestants in 1960sin 1960s
1960s 1960s
Catholics’ Civil Rights MovementCatholics’ Civil Rights Movement
Protestants’ counter demonstrationProtestants’ counter demonstration 1969 1969
the 1st group of British soldiers the 1st group of British soldiers into Northern Irelandinto Northern Ireland
British soldiers vs IrishBritish soldiers vs Irish
Effects of British soldiers’ entry on Effects of British soldiers’ entry on IrishIrish
Division in IRADivision in IRA
Official IRAOfficial IRA
Provisional IRAProvisional IRA Upgrade of British armed forces in Upgrade of British armed forces in
Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland
Catholics vs Protestants Catholics vs Protestants since 1970ssince 1970s
Illegal parliamentary groups by ProtesIllegal parliamentary groups by Protestantstants
Mutual revengesMutual revenges Gettoised regionsGettoised regions Impossibility of integrationImpossibility of integration
Attempts by Irish & British Attempts by Irish & British governmentgovernment
1971 1971 “ “internment” policy adopted by Northern internment” policy adopted by Northern
Irish government Irish government —— mistake—— mistake 1972 1972 “ “Bloody Sunday” Bloody Sunday” 1973 1973 power-sharing mechanism —— collapsepower-sharing mechanism —— collapse direct rule from London direct rule from London
Parliament House at Stormont, east of Belfast, Northern Ireland
Towards a Solution?Towards a Solution? 1980s IRA’s flare-up of hunger protest1980s IRA’s flare-up of hunger protest “ “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”the Bullet and the Ballot Box” The intervention of Southern IrishThe intervention of Southern Irish1.1. Suspicion of Southern Irish government Suspicion of Southern Irish government
by Protestants by Protestants2.2. 1985 agreement between British & 1985 agreement between British &
Southern Irish government Southern Irish government 3.3. ““Ulster says no” by ProtestantsUlster says no” by Protestants4.4. Late 1980s and early 1990s bomb Late 1980s and early 1990s bomb
attacks in Londonattacks in London 1993 the Downing-Street Declaration1993 the Downing-Street Declaration
Good Friday AgreementGood Friday Agreement
power sharing attempts in 1970s & 1980spower sharing attempts in 1970s & 1980s peace talks in Belfast in 1998peace talks in Belfast in 1998 Belfast Agreement (Good Friday Belfast Agreement (Good Friday
Agreement)Agreement) independent entity governed by 3 independent entity governed by 3
jurisdictionsjurisdictions Northern Ireland AssemblyNorthern Ireland Assembly assembly suspended on several occasionsassembly suspended on several occasions (e.g. 14 October 2002 until 7 May 2007 )(e.g. 14 October 2002 until 7 May 2007 )
Statue of ReconciliationStatue of Reconciliation
Questions for Questions for considerationconsideration
Open discussionOpen discussion
Why is Northern Ireland so Why is Northern Ireland so important to U.K.? Can you show its important to U.K.? Can you show its importance in different aspects?importance in different aspects?
Elizabeth II, 1985.