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Norodom Sihanouk
King of Cambodia
Reign 24 April 1941 3 March 1955
Coronation 3 May 1941
Predecessor Sisowath Monivong
Successor Norodom Suramarit
Prime Ministers
Reign 24 September 1993 7 October
2004
Coronation 24 September 1993
Predecessor Chea Sim (Regent)
Successor Norodom Sihamoni
Prime Ministers
SpouseNorodom Monineath(19522012)
Issue
Full name
Preah Karuna Preah Bat Smdach Preah
Norodom Sihanouk Preahmhaviraksat
House House of Norodom
Norodom SihanoukFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Norodom Sihanouk (Khmer: ; 31 October1922 15 October 2012) was the King of Cambodia, whoreigned from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to 2004.Sihanouk became the King of Cambodia in 1941 and afterthe Second World War, he campaigned for the independenceof Cambodia from French rule. Cambodia subsequentlybecame an independent state in 1953. In 1955, Sihanoukabdicated the throne in favour of his father, NorodomSuramarit and went on to form the Sangkum, a politicalorganisation. Sihanouk led the Sangkum to win the 1955general elections, and became the Prime Minister ofCambodia. When Suramarit died in 1960, Sihanoukintroduced a constitutional amendment which made him asthe Head of State of Cambodia, a position which he held untilhis overthrow in 1970 by Lon Nol and Sisowath Sirik Matak.A new regime, the Khmer Republic was instituted afterSihanouk's ouster as the Head of State.
Sihanouk went into exile in China and North Korea and wenton to form a government in exile, known as the RoyalGovernment of the National Union of Kampuchea (GRUNK)and a resistance movement, the National United Front ofKampuchea. As the leader of GRUNK, Sihanouk lent hissupport to the Khmer Rouge which led to their victoryagainst the Khmer Republic in April 1975. Sihanouksubsequently returned to Cambodia and made the figureheadHead of State of Democratic Kampuchea by the KhmerRouge. When Sihanouk resigned from his position in 1976,he was placed under house arrest until 1979, whenVietnamese forces overthrew the Khmer Rouge. Sihanoukwent into exile again, and in 1981 formed FUNCINPEC, aresistance front headed by him. The following year in 1982,the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea(CGDK) was formed which brought together the threeanti-Vietnamese resistance factions consisting ofFUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge and KPNLF. Sihanouk wasappointed as the President of the CGDK.
In the late 1980s, informal talks were mediated by the foreignministers of Indonesia and Australia to end hostilitiesbetween the PRK and resistance factions under the CGDK. Atransitional body to oversee Cambodian affairs, the SupremeNational Council of Cambodia was formed in 1990 whichsaw Sihanouk appointed as its President. The following yearin 1991, peace accords were signed which led to the creationof the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
See list
See list
See list
14 children
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Father Norodom Suramarit
Mother Sisowath Kossamak
Born 31 October 1922
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Died 15 October 2012 (aged 89)
Beijing, China
Religion Theravada Buddhism
Signature
Norodom Sihanouk
1st Prime Minister of Cambodia
In office
17 November 1961 13 February 1962
Preceded by Penn Nouth
Succeeded by Nhiek Tioulong (acting)
In office
10 July 1958 19 April 1960
Preceded by Sim Var
Succeeded by Pho Proeung
In office
9 April 1957 7 July 1957
Monarch Norodom Suramarit
Preceded by Sam Yun
Succeeded by Sim Var
In office
15 September 1956 15 October 1956
Monarch Norodom Suramarit
(UNTAC). The UNTAC organised general elections in 1993,which led to the formation of a coalition government jointlyled by his son Norodom Ranariddh and Hun Sen. Sihanoukwas reinstated as the Head of State of Cambodia in June1993. When a permanent constitution was promolugated inSeptember 1993, Sihanouk was made the King of Cambodiafor a second time. In 2004, Sihanouk abdicated for a secondtime in favour of another son, Norodom Sihamoni whosucceeded him as King. Sihanouk subsequently becameknown as the King-Father until his death in 2012. During hislifetime, Sihanouk was also known for producing many filmsand musical works.
Contents
1 Early life and first reign2 Sangkum era
2.1 Premiership (19551960)2.2 Head of State (19601970)
3 Deposition, GRUNK and Khmer Rouge years4 FUNCINPEC and CGDK years5 UNTAC administration era6 Second reign7 Abdication and final years8 Death and funeral9 Artistic works
9.1 Filmography9.2 Musical works
10 Titles and styles11 Personal life
11.1 Health11.2 Family11.3 Ancestry
12 References13 Bibliography
13.1 Books13.2 Reports
Early life and first reign
Sihanouk was the only child born of the union between
Norodom Suramarit and Sisowath Kossamak.[1] He receivedhis primary education at the Francois Baudoin school andNuon Moniram school, and subsequently pursued hissecondary education in Saigon at Lyce Chasseloup
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Preceded by Khim Tit
Succeeded by Sam Yun
In office
1 March 1956 24 March 1956
Monarch Norodom Suramarit
Preceded by Oum Chheang Sun
Succeeded by Khim Tit
In office
3 October 1955 5 January 1956
Monarch Norodom Suramarit
Preceded by Leng Ngeth
Succeeded by Oum Chheang Sun
In office
7 April 1954 18 April 1954
Preceded by Chan Nak
Succeeded by Penn Nouth
In office
16 June 1952 24 January 1953
Preceded by Huy Kanthoul
Succeeded by Penn Nouth
In office
28 April 1950 30 May 1950
Preceded by Yem Sambaur
Succeeded by Sisowath Monipong
In office
18 March 1945 13 August 1945
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by Son Ngoc Thanh
Leader of the Sangkum Reastr Niyum
In office
24 March 1955 18 March 1970
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by None (party dissolved)
Head of State of Cambodia
In office
14 June 1993 24 September 1993
Preceded by Chea Sim
as Chairman of the Council of State
Laubat.[2] When his maternal grandfather, SisowathMonivong died on 23 April 1941, the Crown Councilappointed Prince Sihanouk as King of Cambodia the
following day.[3] Sihanouk was officially crowned on 3 May
1941.[4] During the Japanese occupation of Cambodia,Sihanouk dedicated most of his time to sports, filming and
the occasional tour to the countryside.[5] In March 1945, theJapanese military which had occupied Cambodia fromAugust 1941 dissolved the nominal French colonialadministration. Under pressure from the Japanese, Sihanouk
proclaimed Cambodia's independence[6] and also assumed
the position of Prime Minister at the same time.[7]
As the Prime Minister, Sihanouk revoked a decree issued bythe last resident superior of Cambodia, Georges Gautier to
romanise the Khmer alphabet.[8] Following the surrender ofJapan in August 1945, nationalist forces loyal to Son NgocThanh launched a coup which led to Thanh being appointed
as the Prime Minister.[9] When the French returned toCambodia in October 1945, Thanh was deposed from hisposition and was replaced by Sihanouk's uncle Sisowath
Monireth.[10] Monireth negotiated for greater autonomy ofinternal affairs within Cambodia. A Modus Vivendi wassigned in January 1946 whereby Cambodia was granted full
autonomy within the French Union.[11] A joint French-Cambodian commission was set up after that to write
Cambodia's constitution,[12] and in April 1946, Sihanoukintroduced clauses which provided for an elected parliamenton the basis of universal male suffrage. Provisions were also
given to press freedom in-principle.[13] The first constitution
was signed into effect by Sihanouk in May 1947.[14] Aroundthis time, Sihanouk made two trips to Saumur, France wherehe undertook military training at the Armoured CavalryBranch Training School in 1946 and again in 1948. At theend of the training, Sihanouk was made a reserve captain for
the French army.[15]
In early 1949, Sihanouk travelled to Paris with his parents tonegotiate for more autonomy to Cambodia, which led to thesigning of a Franco-Khmer treaty that cancelled the Modus
Vivendi signed in 1946.[16] In September 1949, Sihanouk
dissolved the National Assembly and ruled by decree[17] untilSeptember 1951 when the Democrat Party pressured
Sihanouk to hold national elections.[18] Sihanouk travelled toFrance in February 1953, and wrote twice to then-FrenchPresident Vincent Auriol to cede control over all remainingexecutive powers in Cambodia by citing on widespread
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Succeeded by Himself as King
In office
20 June 1960 18 March 1970
Preceded by Chuop Hell (acting)
Succeeded by Cheng Heng
as President of the Khmer Republic
President of the State Presidium of Democratic
Kampuchea
In office
17 April 1975 2 April 1976
Preceded by Sak Sutsakhan
as Chairman of the Supreme Committee
Succeeded by Khieu Samphan
Personal details
Political
party
FUNCINPEC (19811991)
Other
political
affiliations
Sangkum (19551970)
Independent (19451955)
Alma mater Armoured Cavalry Branch Training
School
Website Official website
(http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/)
anti-French sentiment among the Cambodian populace.[19]
Auriol responded by appointing the French commissioner foroverseas territories, Jean Letourneau to meet with Sihanouk.When Letourneau rejected Sihanouk's suggestion, the lattertravelled to Canada and United States (US) where heexploited on the prevailing anti-communist sentiments to callfor Cambodian independence. According to Sihanouk,Cambodia faced a Communist threat similar to that of theViet Minh in Vietnam and the solution to address the
Communist threat was full independence for Cambodia.[20]
Sihanouk returned to Cambodia in June 1953, and took up
residence in Siem Reap.[21] He organised public ralliescalling for the Cambodians to fight forces that opposed theformation of an independent Cambodian nation, andorganised a citizenry militia which recruited at least 100,000people. In August 1953, France agreed to cede control overjudicial and interior ministry to Cambodia, while anotherfurther agreement was secured in October 1953 which sawFrance surrendering control over defense matters. Sihanouk
returned to Phnom Penh at the end of the month,[22] and on 9November 1953 Cambodia officially declared independence
from France.[21]
In May 1954, Sihanouk sent Nhiek Tioulong and Tep Phan to
participate in the Geneva Conference.[23] The accord forCambodia reaffirmed the country's independence, and alsoallowed Cambodia to seek military aid from any country.Sihanouk still faced domestic opposition from the Democrat
Party[24] which were unhappy with his intervention in
politics and held a majority in the National Assembly.[18] In February 1955, a referendum was held, andcampaign propaganda made references to Sihanouk's efforts to seek national independence. The referendum
returned with 99.8% of the electorate approving Sihanouk's efforts.[25]
Sangkum era
Premiership (19551960)
Sihanouk announced his abdication from the throne on 2 March 1955 over Phnom Penh radio, and stated his
intention not to return to the throne after abdication.[21][26] The throne council nominated his father Suramarit to
succeed him.[27] A month later in April 1955, Sihanouk announced the formation of the Sangkum, a politicalorganisation with a stated emphasis on forging national unity. Four right-wing political parties led by Lon Nol,Sam Sary, Oum Cheang Sun and Dap Chhuon merged to join the Sangkum at Sihanouk's advice. Whenparliamentary elections were held on September 1955, the Sangkum took 83% of all valid votes, taking up all
seats in the National Assembly.[28] Sihanouk was subsequently sworn in as Prime Minister the following
month.[29]
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Meeting in Beijing in 1956: from left Mao
Zedong, Peng Zhen, Sihanouk, Liu Shaoqi.
In the first few years after Sihanouk became Prime Minister, heintroduced several constitutional changes that included extendingsuffrage to women, adopting the Khmer language as the sole official
language of the country[30] and making Cambodia a Constitutionalmonarchy by vesting policy making powers to the Prime Minister
rather than the King.[31] However, policy disputes and politickingbetween ministries and politicians occurred regularly, leading to
regular cabinet reshuffles[32] and Sihanouk himself alternatelyresigned and retook the Prime Minister post three times between
1955 and 1958.[33]
Around 1958, Cambodia's relations with Thailand and SouthVietnam deteriorated as the armies of both countries carried out incursions into the disputed territory of Preah
Vihear and border areas with Vietnam at Stung Treng respectively.[34] The leaders of these both countries, SaritThanarat and Ngo Dinh Diem also harboured deep suspicions of Sihanouk's professed policy neutrality as
Sihanouk was warmly received by Zhou Enlai during a state visit to China in that year.[35] At this point of time,Diem and his younger brother and chief adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu came up with a secret plot to overthrow
Sihanouk and install a pro-American regime.[36] When the CIA and Sarit learnt of Diem and Nhu's coup plans,they quickly joined in to support. Thailand facilitated the secret meetings, and Dap Chhuon, Son Ngoc Thanh
and Sam Sary were roped in to discuss plans to overthrow Sihanouk.[37] Sihanouk discovered the plot, and he
publicised the plot details during a rally at Kampong Cham in January 1959.[38]
The CIA and Dap Chhuon pressed on with their plans to overthrow Sihanouk, and Thailand provided largecaches of weapons and ammunitions. An Japanese American CIA operative, Victor Matsui also brought gold tohelp finance the coup attempt in February 1959. Sihanouk sent Lon Nol to capture Dap Chhuon, who had him
summarily executed.[39] The weapons and gold were discovered after that, and Sihanouk charged Dap Chhuon,his brother Slat Peou and the South Vietnamese ambassador to Cambodia Ngo Trong Hieu for their direct
involvement in the plot.[40] Six months later on 31 August 1959, a small packaged lacquer gift fitted with aparcel bomb was delivered to Queen Kossamak. Norodom Vakrivan, the chief of protocol who opened thepackage was killed instantly, along with a personal valet of King Suramarit. Another two palace servants werewounded, but King Suramarit and Queen Kossamak who were in another room escaped unharmed. Aninvestigation was carried out and traced the origin of the parcel bomb being sent from an American military
base in Saigon,[41] and Sihanouk went on to accuse Ngo Dinh Nhu of masterminding the bomb attack as an
assassination attempt against him.[42]
Head of State (19601970)
King Suramarit died on 3 April 1960 after suffering from several months of poor health[43] which Sihanouk
attributed to the fright that Suramarit received from parcel bomb attack.[41] Sisowath Monireth was sworn in as
the Regent of Cambodia the following day,[44] and Sihanouk introduced constitutional amendments to create anew post of the Head of State of Cambodia which provided ceremonial powers equivalent to that of the King. Areferendum was held on 5 June 1960 formally passed Sihanouk's proposals, and Sihanouk was formally
appointed as the Head of State on 14 June 1960.[45]
Sihanouk's relationship with leaders of various countries deterioated from 1962, which he claimed that he wasnot accorded appropriate decorum when meeting with world leaders. The claims were made during Sihanouk'svisit to the United Nations in 1962 and a proposed visit to the United Kingdom that did not materialise around
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the same time.[46] Sihanouk have had held deep suspicion of the CIA continuously supporting Khmer Serei
efforts to overthrow his regime,[47] and in November 1962, threatened to reject all American economic aid if
CIA did not withdraw its support for the Khmer Serei.[48] One year later in November 1963, Sihanouk
announced that Cambodia would reject all forms of economic aid from the US,[49] at the same time
nationalising Cambodia's entrepot trade.[50] Sihanouk established a statutory board, SONEXIM which was
empowered to formulate policies to regulate the entrepot trade[51]
From 1964 onwards, Sihanouk forged closer relations with North Vietnam and the Viet Cong resistance.[52] Heallowed the Viet Cong to build a trail through eastern Cambodia to allow Viet Cong troops to receive war
supplies from North Vietnam. The trail became known as the Sihanouk Trail.[53] When the US learnt of
Vietcong presence in eastern Cambodia, they started a bombing campaign in this region,[54] which spurrned
Sihanouk to sever diplomatic ties with the US in May 1965.[53] Other Communist countries including China,Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia provided military aid to Cambodia as a result of Sihanouk's warming of
relations with North Vietnam.[52]
According to Sisowath Entaravong, a member of the royal family, Cambodia's economy was heavily affectedwith corruption which involved high-ranking civil servants, government ministers and members of the royal
family.[55] In 1963, when Sihanouk nationalised the entrepot trade, commodity prices were fixed at low rates toward off competition from imported luxury goods. However, merchants were able to import luxury goodsthrough bribery, a practice that caused the worsening of corruption. Army officers also helped to sell importedrice to Viet Cong forces at lowered prices to bypass the expensive customs duties, and in return they received
kickbacks.[56] Army officers also suffered pay cuts in their salaries due to Sihanouk's decision to reject US aid,which was partly paid from US aid. This spurned them to participate in clandestine trade activities. TheCambodian army also experienced a reduction of weapon inventory due to attrition and lack of spare parts, and
shortage of army uniforms once US aid was terminated.[57]
Sometime in mid-1966, bilateral relations between China and Cambodia deterioated as Mao Zedong wereuncomfortable with Cambodia's relations with the Soviet Union, whereas Sihanouk was uncomfortable with
Mao's Cultural Revolution which started in the same year.[58] In April 1967, angry peasants killed twogovernment soldiers when they went to collect rice in Battambang Province, which led to the Samlaut
Uprising.[59] Sihanouk accused Khieu Samphan, Hou Yuon and Hu Nim of orchestrating the rebellion,[60]
forcing them to flee and join the Khmer Rouge.[61] A month later, Sihanouk also received reports that manymembers of the ethnic Chinese Cambodian community were becoming critical of the Lon Nol administration
and were receptive to Chinese Communist propaganda.[62] Sihanouk believed that cladestine intelligence
services from the Chinese government had played a role in these two events,[60] and acted to downgrade
bilateral relations with China in September 1967.[63]
Sihanouk subsequently pursued rapprochement with the US, and hosted a private visit of Jacqueline Kennedy to
Cambodia in October 1967.[64] He met with the US ambassador to India, Chester Bowles in January 1968 andacknowledged the presence of Viet Cong troops in the Cambodia while also indicating that he would not stopUS forces from crossing into Cambodia to attack Viet Cong forces. Diplomatic relations between Cambodia and
US were restored at the end of 1968.[65] When Henry Kissinger laid out plans to bomb parts of eastern
Cambodia in 1969, Sihanouk refrained from protesting against them.[64] Around this time, Cambodia suffered adecline in agricultural productivity due to the drift of Agent Orange from South Vietnam and widespread
corruption.[66] In August 1969, Sihanouk approved of a new government led by Lon Nol and with SisowathSirik Matak as his deputy. When Lon Nol left Cambodia in October to seek medical treatment, Sirik Matakinstituted policy changes that ran contrary to Sihanouk's wishes, such as re-establishing Cambodian troop
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Sihanouk visiting Romania in 1972, with
Romanian President Nicolae Ceauescu
(right)..
presence in the northeastern provinces where the Viet Cong were based in, and also relaxed state control of the
entrepot trade[67] From September 1969 onwards, Lon Nol and Sirik Matak also secretly contacted Son Ngoc
Thanh to discuss the possibility of overthrowing Sihanouk.[68]
Deposition, GRUNK and Khmer Rouge years
In early January 1970, Sihanouk left Cambodia for medical
treatment in France.[69] The following month, Lon Nolde-monetised all 500-riel banknotes in circulation to deprive VietCong troops of the ability to buy rice and supply goods. Lon Noland Sirik Matak also encouraged demonstrations to be held outsidethe North Vietnamese embassy to protest the presence of Viet Cong
troops in Cambodia.[70] On 16 March 1970, the half-brother ofMonique, Oum Mannorine was summoned to the National
Assembly over corruption charges.[71] On the same night after thehearing, Oum ordered troops under his command to arrest Lon Noland Sirik Matak, but ended up being placed under house arrest bySirik Matak's troops. Two days later on 18 March, troops werestationed at Pochentong airport and the National Assemblybuilding. The assembly voted to endorse a military government
headed by Lon Nol and provide emergency powers.[72] A secret ballot was cast whereby the assembly voted to
depose Sihanouk.[73]
Sihanouk was in Moscow on the day of his overthrow and the Soviet foreign minister, Alexei Kosygin, was
tasked to informed him of the news.[74] Sihanouk flew to Beijing where he was received by the Chinese premierZhou Enlai. Sihanouk also met with the Vietnamese Prime Minister Pham Van Dong, and on 23 March 1970
Sihanouk announced a resistance front known as National United Front of Kampuchea (FUNK).[75] Sometimelater on 5 May 1970, Sihanouk announced the formation of a government-in-exile known as GRUNK and ledCommunist countries including China, North Vietnam, and North Korea to break relations with the Lon Nol
regime.[76] In Phnom Penh, a military trial convened on 2 July 1970 and Sihanouk was sentenced to death in
absentia three days later.[77]
Sihanouk alternately lived in Beijing and Pyongyang between 1970 and 1975, where custom-made, large
residences were built for him to live.[78] In February 1973, Sihanouk travelled to Hanoi where he started on along journey with Khieu Samphan and other Khmer Rouge leaders. The convoy traveled along the Ho Chi Minhtrail and reached the Cambodian border at Stung Treng Province the following month. Sihanouk faced constantbombardment of American planes from Operation Freedom Deal throughout his visit to Khmer Rougecontrolled areas of Cambodia. Sihanouk travelled across the provinces of Stung Treng, Preah Vihear, and Siem
Reap.[79] At Siem Reap, Sihanouk visited the temples of Angkor Wat, Banteay Srei, and Bayon.[80] In August1973, Sirik Matak wrote an open letter to call Sihanouk to bring the Cambodian Civil War to an end andaccepting the possibility of the latter returning to the country. When the letter reached Sihanouk, he angrily
rejected Sirik Matak's advances.[81]
When the Khmer Republic fell to the Khmer Rouge in 17 April 1975, Prince Sihanouk was nominated to the
symbolic position as the Head of State for the Democratic Kampuchea regime.[82] He continued to live in
Beijing until September 1975[83] when he returned to Cambodia so as to inter the ashes of Queen Kossamak,
who had died in Beijing just days after the Fall of Phnom Penh.[84] He subsequently went abroad to recommend
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Sihanouk with U.S. President Ronald
Reagan in the Oval Office of the White
House, 1988.
the diplomatic recognition of Democratic Kampuchea, and visited several Communist countries[85] beforereturning to Cambodia on 31 December 1975. After presiding a meeting to endorse the constitution of the
Democratic Kampuchea,[86] Sihanouk was taken on a tour across Cambodia by Khieu Samphan the followingmonth whereby he witnessed the effects of the Cambodian genocide orchestrated by the Angkar. Sihanouk
asked to resign from his position as the head of state, which Pol Pot rejected.[87] However, his request to resign
was subsequently accepted in mid-April 1976 and retroactively dated back to 2 April 1976.[88]
From this point of time onwards, Sihanouk was placed under house arrest[89] until January 1979, and his
requests to travel overseas were turned down by the Angkar.[90] Sihanouk was taken to Beijing from Phnom
Penh on 6 January 1979, one day before Vietnamese troops occupied Phnom Penh.[91] From Beijing, Sihanoukflew to New York to attend the UN Security Council where he simultaneously condemned the Khmer Rouge for
orchestrating the Cambodian genocide as well as the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia.[92] Sihanouksubsequently sought asylum in China after making two unsuccessful asylum applications with the US and
France.[93]
FUNCINPEC and CGDK years
A new government supported by Vietnam, the People's Republic ofKampuchea (PRK) was established shortly after the overthrow ofDemocratic Kampuchea. The Chinese government led by Deng
Xiaoping was unhappy[94] with Vietnam's role in the establishmentof the PRK government. Deng proposed to Sihanouk to corporate
with the Khmer Rouge, an idea which Sihanouk rejected.[95] InMarch 1981, Sihanouk established a resistance movement,FUNCINPEC together with a small resistance army known as the
ANS (Arme Nationale Sihanoukiste).[96] Around this time,Sihanouk started tripartite talks between FUNCINPEC with theKhmer Rouge and the Son Sann-led Khmer People's National
Liberation Front (KPNLF)[97] as China applied diplomatic pressurefor him to collaborate with the Khmer Rouge as a precondition to
receiving material aid for FUNCINPEC.[98]
After several rounds of tripartite talks, Sihanouk presided over the establishment of a government exile, the
Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) in June 1982.[98] Several rounds of tripartite talkswere hosted by China between 1982 and 1987, but yielded little diplomatic progress to ending the Vietnamese
occupation of Cambodia.[99] From 1986 onwards, Vietnam faced political pressure from the Soviet Union towithdraw its troops from Cambodia. In December 1987, the Prime Minister of the PRK government, Hun Sen
first met with Sihanouk to discuss about the ending of the protracted CambodianVietnamese War.[100] Thefollowing July, the then-foreign minister of Indonesia, Ali Alatas brokered the first series of discussion knownas the Jakarta Informal Meetings (JIM). The JIMs were held near Jakarta, and involved the four warringCambodian factions consisting of FUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge, KPNLF and the PRK government over the
future of Cambodia.[101]
Two more rounds of JIMs were held in February and May 1989, Ali Alatas and the then-French foreign ministerRoland Dumas convened the Paris Peace Conference between July and August 1989 to discuss plans for
Vietnamese troop withdrawal and power sharing arrangements for a future Cambodian government.[101] In
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August 1989, Sihanouk resigned as president of FUNCINPEC.[102] In September 1990, the United Nations(UN) sponsored the establishment of the Supreme National Council of Cambodia (SNC), an administrativebody responsible for overseeing sovereign affairs of Cambodia for an interim period until UN-sponsored
elections are held.[103] The creation of the SNC was subsequently ratified with United Nations Security Council
Resolution 668.[104] In July 1991, Sihanouk left FUNCINPEC altogether, and was elected as the chairperson of
the SNC.[105]
UNTAC administration era
The Paris Peace Accords were signed on 23 October 1991 which formally recognised the SNC and provided for
the creation of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC).[106] The UNTAC wasauthorised to station peacekeeping troops in Cambodia to supervise the disarmament of the four warring
Cambodian factions and carry out free and fair national elections in the country.[107] Sihanouk subsequentlyreturned to Phnom Penh on 14 November 1991, and city folks lined the streets of Phnom Penh as Sihanouk rode
on an open top limousine with Hun Sen to celebrate his return to the country.[108] The UNTAC administrationwas formally established in February 1992, but soon faced resistance from the Khmer Rouge in enforcing
peacekeeping operations.[109] Sihanouk responded by calling to abandon the Khmer Rouge from thepeacekeeping process in July and September 1992. During this period of time, Sihanouk spent most of the timein Siem Reap and making helicopter trips to supervise election preparations in KPNLF, FUNCINPEC and
Khmer Rouge resistance bases.[110]
Sihanouk left Cambodia for Beijing in November 1992,[111] where he would stay on for the next six months
until he returned to Cambodia on the eve of elections in May 1993.[112] While in Beijing, Sihanouk brieflyproposed a Presidential system government for Cambodia to Boutros Boutros-Ghali, but dropped the idea after
facing rejection from the Khmer Rouge.[113] The general elections were held in May 1993, with FUNCINPECheaded by Sihanouk's son Norodom Ranariddh garnering the most votes while the Cambodian People's Party
(CPP) headed by Hun Sen came in second.[114] CPP leaders were unhappy with the election results and on 3June 1993, Hun Sen and Chea Sim called on Sihanouk to assume all state power. Sihanouk complied, andannounced the formation of a Provisional National Government (PRG) headed by him with Hun Sen and
Ranariddh as his deputies.[115] Ranariddh was not informed of Sihanouk's plans, and joined the Australia,China, United Kingdom and United States in opposing the PRG plan. Sihanouk dropped the PRG plan the
following day through a national radio broadcast.[116]
On 14 June 1993, a constituent assembly session presided by Ranariddh nullified the 1970 coup d'tat which
overthrew Sihanouk, and reinstated the latter as Cambodia's Head of State.[117] In the first few days of hisappointment, Sihanouk renamed the Cambodian military to its pre-1970 namesake, the Royal CambodianArmed Forces. On 29 June 1993, Sihanouk issued another order to officially rename the country from the Stateof Cambodia to simply "Cambodia". He also reinstated Nokor Reach as the National Anthem of Cambodia with
some minor modifications to its lyrics, and also the Cambodian flag to its pre-1970 design.[118] Sihanouk alsoappointed Ranariddh and Hun Sen as the Co-Prime Ministers of Cambodia with equal powers in a provisional
government,[119] which was ratified by the Constituent Assembly on 2 July 1993.[117] On 30 August 1993,[120]
Ranariddh and Hun Sen met Sihanouk presented two draft constitutions, one of them stipulating a constitutionalmonarchy headed by a King and another a republican state led by a Head of State. Sihanouk chose the option of
making Cambodia a constitutional monarchy,[121] and was ratified by the constituent assembly on 21 September
1993.[122]
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Second reign
The new constitution was proclaimed on 24 September 1993, and Sihanouk was reinstated as the King of
Cambodia.[123] A permanent coalition government was formed between FUNCINPEC, CPP and BLDP, and
Ranariddh and Hun Sen assumed the positions of First and Second Prime Ministers respectively.[124] Shortly
after that, Sihanouk took leave to Beijing for cancer treatment where he spent several months there.[125] In Mayand June 1994, Sihanouk wrote a series of public letters to the government, starting with a call for freshelections and giving government posts to end the ongoing insurgency with the Khmer Rouge based in Pailin and
Anlong Veng. When Hun Sen rejected the suggestions,[126] Sihanouk proposed a national unity government thatwould see the participation of FUNCINPEC, CPP and Khmer Rouge forces with him as the Head of State and
government.[127] Hun Sen rejected Sihanouk's proposal for the second time, and cited the Khmer Rouge's past
intransigent attitude would make the proposal unrealistic.[128] In July 1994, Sihanouk arranged the exile of
another son, Norodom Chakrapong after he was physically threatened by government forces[129] over an
alleged coup attempt against the government.[130] The following November, Sihanouk made a similararrangement for his younger half-brother, Norodom Sirivudh to be exiled to France after the latter was
implicated in an assassination plot to kill Hun Sen.[131]
Relations between the two co-Prime Ministers, Ranariddh and Hun Sen started to deteriorate from early
1996[132] as Ranariddh became unhappy with repeated delays from the CPP in awarding low-level government
posts to FUNCINPEC officials.[133] At the FUNCINPEC congress in March 1996, Ranariddh threatened to pull
out of the coalition government[134] and hold national elections in 1996,[135] which stoked unease from Hun
Sen and other CPP officials.[135] The following month, Sihanouk presided over a meeting between some royalfamily members and senior FUNCINPEC officials in Paris. Sihanouk attempted to tone down the tensionsbetween FUNCINPEC and the CPP by issuing statements, assuring that FUNCINPEC would not leave the
coalition government and there were no reactionary elements to bring down Hun Sen or the CPP.[136]
In March 1997, Sihanouk offered to abdicate the throne, and his suggestion prompted Hun Sen to call for
constitutional amendments to bar members of the royal family from participating in politics.[137] In July 1997,violent clashes erupted in Phnom Penh between forces loyal to the CPP and FUNCINPEC, which effectively
led to Ranariddh's ouster.[138] Sihanouk voiced displeasure against Hun Sen for orchestrating the clashes, but
refrained from calling Ranariddh's ouster a "coup d'etat", a term which FUNCINPEC members used.[139] Whenthe National Assembly elected Ung Huot as the First Prime Minister to replace Ranariddh on 6 August
1997,[140] Sihanouk charged that Ranariddh's ouster was illegal and renewed his offer to abdicate from the
throne.[141] In September 1998, Sihanouk meditated political talks in Siem Reap after the FUNCINPEC and theSam Rainsy Party (SRP) staged demonstrations against the CPP-led government for irregularities over the 1998
general elections.[142]
Sihanouk maintained a monthly bulletin, which he wrote commentaries over governance issues and postedphoto souvenirs of Cambodia in the 1950s and 1960s. Around 1997, a character known by the name of "RuomRith" started to appear in the monthly bulletin and became extremely critical of Hun Sen and the government.Hun Sen reportedly became extremely unhappy with the commentaries, and called on the king to stop
publishing the commentaries on two occasions in 1998 and 2003.[143][144] According to Ranariddh, Ruom Rith
was an alter ego of Sihanouk, a claim which the latter vehemently denies.[145] In July 2002, Sihanouk expressedconcern over the absence of detailed constitutional provisions over the organisation and functioning of the
Cambodian throne council.[146] When Hun Sen rejected Sihanouk concern, the latter issued a letter inSeptember 2002 threatening to abdicate so as to force the throne council to convene and elect a new
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monarch.[147]
General elections were held again in July 2003, whereby the CPP won the most votes but failed to securetwo-thirds of all parliamentary seats required to form a new government. The two runner-up parties,
FUNCINPEC and SRP[148] filed complaints over alleged electoral irregularities with the Constitutional
Council, which were turned down in August 2003[149] When FUNCINPEC and SRP announced their decisionto attend the swearing in ceremony of parliamentarians, Sihanouk announced his decision to abstain frompresiding the swearing-in ceremony, unless all parliamentarians from the three political parties agreed to
attend.[150] The Constitutional Council subsequently advised Sihanouk to preside over the swearing-in
ceremony,[151] which was held later in October 2003.[152] The CPP, FUNCINPEC and SRP held additional talksinto 2004 and Sihanouk proposed a tripartite unity government, but political stalemate persisted until June 2004
due to conflicting demands from the three political parties.[153][154]
Abdication and final years
Sihanouk made another call to abdicate on 6 July 2004. At the same time, Hun Sen and Ranariddh had agreed tointroduce a constitutional amendment that allowed an open voting system for the selection of the governmentministers as well as the President of the National Assembly. Sihanouk disproved the open voting system, andcalled on Senate President Chea Sim not to sign the amendment. When Chea Sim heeded his advice, he wasferried out of the country shortly before the National Assembly convened to vote on the amendment 15
July.[155] A new coalition government was formed on the 17 July 2004 between the CPP and FUNCINPEC,
with the SRP in the opposition.[156] On 6 October 2004, Sihanouk wrote a letter calling for the throne council toconvene and select a successor. The National Assembly and Senate held emergency meetings to pass lawsallowing for the abdication of the monarch, and on 14 October the throne council unanimously voted to select
Norodom Sihamoni as Sihanouk's successor.[157] Sihamoni was crowned as the King of Cambodia on 29
October 2004.[158]
In March 2005, Sihanouk expressed concerns over allegations of Thailand, Laos and Vietnam of delineatingborders at the expense of Cambodian territory. Two months later, Sihanouk formed the Supreme NationalCouncil on Border Affairs (SNCBA) to address concerns over Cambodian borders with its neighbours, and was
made its chairman.[158] The SRP and Chea Sim expressed support for Sihanouk for the formation of theSNCBA, while Hun Sen formed a separate body, National Authority on Border Affairs (NABA) to deal with
border concerns and stated that the SNCBA may only serve as an advisory body.[159] In October 2005,
Sihanouk dissolved the SNCBA, around the same time Hun Sen signed a border treaty with Vietnam.[160] InAugust 2007, a US based human rights NGO called for Sihanouk's State immunity so as to allow him to testify
in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC).[161] Sihanouk responded to the call byinviting the ECCC public affairs officer, Peter Foster for a discussion session on his personal experience under
the Khmer Rouge regime.[162] Both Hun Sen and FUNCINPEC criticized the suggestion, with the latter calling
the NGO as disrespectful to Sihanouk.[161] The ECCC subsequently rejected Sihanouk's invitation.[163]
The following year, bilateral relations between Thailand and Cambodia became strained due to overlappingclaims of the land area surrounding the Preah Vihear Temple. Sihanouk issued a communique in July 2008 toemphasise the Khmer architecture of the temple as well as ICJ's 1962 ruling of the temple in favour of
Cambodia.[164] In August 2009, Sihanouk stated that he would stop posting messages on his personal website
due to his advancing age, which made it difficult for him to keep up with his personal duties.[165] Sihanoukspent most of his time in Beijing for medical treatment, but made a final public appearance in Phnom Penh onhis 89th birthday and 20th anniversary of the Paris Peace Accords on 30 October 2011. Sihanouk expressed his
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Funeral procession of King Norodom
Sihanouk.
Statue of Norodom Sihanouk in Phnom
Penh.
intent to stay in Cambodia indefinitely,[166] but returned to Beijing in January 2012 for further medical
treatment at the advise of his Chinese doctors.[167]
Death and funeral
In January 2012, Sihanouk issued a letter to express his wish to becremated following his death, and that his ashes were to be placed in a
golden urn.[168] A few months later in September 2012, Sihanouk statedhis intent not to return to Cambodia from Beijing for his 90th birthday,
citing fatigue as the reason.[169] On 15 October 2012, Sihanouk died of a
heart attack at 1.20 am, Phnom Penh time.[170] King Norodom Sihamoniand Prime Minister Hun Sen led a delegation of officials to Beijing on
the same day.[171] The Cambodian government announced an officialmourning period of 7 days between 17 October 2012 and 24 October2012, and state flags were told to fly at one-third of the mast height. Twodays later, Sihanouk's body was brought back from Beijing on an Air
China flight,[172] and about 1 million people lined the streets from the airport to the royal palace to witness the
return of Sihanouk's cortege.[173]
In late November 2012, Hun Sen announced plans for Sihanouk's funeral and cremation to be held in February
2013. Sihanouk's body lay in state at the royal palace for[174] the next three months until the funeral was held on
1 February 2013.[175] A 6,000 metre street procession was held, and Sihanouk's body was subsequently kept at
the royal crematorium until 4 February 2013 when his body was cremated.[176] The following day, the royalfamily scattered some of Sihanouk's ashes into the Tonle Sap river while the rest were kept in the palace's
throne hall for about a year.[177] In October 2013, a stupa featuring a bronze statue of Sihanouk was inaugurated
next to the Independence Monument.[178] In July 2014, Sihanouk's ashes were interred at the silver pagoda next
to those of one of his daughters, Kantha Bopha.[179]
Artistic works
Filmography
Sihanouk developed an interest for the cinema from a young age,which he attributed to frequent trips to the cinema with his
parents.[1] Shortly after ascending the throne in 1941, Sihanouk
experimenting with film making,[180] and sent students to study
filmmaking in France.[181] When the film Lord Jim was released in1965, Sihanouk became vexed with the negative portrayal the film
gave of Cambodia.[182] Sihanouk responded by producing his firstfeature film, Apsara in 1966 which was marked with a positiveportrayal of Cambodia. Sihanouk went on to produce, direct and act
in another eight more films between 1966 and 1969,[183] which
were imbued with subtle nationalist and Cold War themes.[184] In1967, one of Sihanouk films, The Enchanted Forest obtained a nomination at the 5th Moscow International Film
Festival.[185] In 1968 and 1969, Sihanouk initiated the Phnom Penh International Film Festival, and in both
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Monarchical styles of
King Norodom Sihanouk
Reference style His Royal Majesty
Spoken style Your Royal Majesty
Alternative style Sir
years he was awarded the Golden Apsara Prize.[186] Sihanouk stopped making films following his ouster in
1970, but started to produce films again from 1987 onwards.[187] In 1997, Sihanouk revealed that he received abudget of $20,000 to $70,000 for each of his film production from the Cambodian government. Six years laterin 2004, Sihanouk donated his film archives to the cole franaise d'Extrme-Orient in France and Monash
University in Australia.[180] Sihanouk produced his last film, Miss Asina in 2006,[181] and went on to state that
he was ending all film production activities four years later in May 2010.[188]
Musical works
Sihanouk was an avid singer and song composer,[189] and learnt to play several musical instruments such as the
clarinet, saxophone, piano and accordion[185] from a young age.[1] Songs which Sihanouk wrote were usuallybased on patriotic themes appraising various aspects of Cambodia, nostalgic songs of foreign countries and
romantic songs dedicated to Monique.[190] Sihanouk led a musical band in the 1960s consisting members of the
royal family, who would perform French songs and his own personal compositions.[191] He would also organise
concerts throughout Cambodia in his nationwide tours.[192] In the 1980s, Sihanouk regularly held concerts to
entertain diplomats while visiting the United Nations Headquarters in New York City,[193] He would continue
the practice of holding concerts at the Cambodian Royal Palace in the 1990s and 2000s.[189]
Titles and styles
When Sihanouk was crowned as the King of Cambodia in1941, he was bestowed with the official title of "Preah BatSamdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk Varman", which he usedfor both reigns between 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to
2004.[4] He subsequently reverted to the title of Princefollowing his abdication from the throne in 1955, and wasbestowed the title of "Samdech Preah Upayuvareach" by his
father and successor in 1955.[21] The title trnslates to as "The
Prince who has been King" in English.[194] When Sihanoukabdicated for a second time in 2004, he became known as theKing Father of Cambodia, with the official title of "PreahKaruna Preah Bat Smdach Preah Norodom Sihanouk
Preahmhaviraksat" (Khmer: ).[195] He wasalso referred to by another honorific, "His Majesty King Norodom Sihanouk The Great Heroic KingKing-Father of Khmer independence, territorial integrity and national unity" (
).[196] When Sihanouk passed away in October 2012, he was bestowed by his sonSihamoni with the posthumous title of "Preah Karuna Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preah Borom Ratanakkot"(Khmer: ), which literally translates as "The King who lies in
the Diamond Urn" in English.[197]
Sihanouk was informally known as Samdech Euv to most Cambodians,[198] and started to use this salutation
from the 1970s among overseas Cambodian exiles.[199] ("Samdech Euv" is a Khmer title which translates as the
Prince Father in English.)[195] When Sihanouk abdicated in 2004, he issued a royal decree requesting to be
called "Samdech Ta" or "Samdech Ta-tuot",[200] which translates as "Grandfather" and "Great-grandfather"
respectively in English.[201] Sihanouk was known by many state and political titles throughout his lifetime,[202]
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Norodom Monineath
and the Guinness Book of World Records identifies Sihanouk as the royal who has served the greatest variety of
state and political offices.[195]
Personal life
Health
Sihanouk developed insomnia[84] and depression during his captive years under the Khmer Rouge.[203] In
November 1992, Sihanouk suffered a stroke[204] caused by the thickening of the coronary arteries and blood
vessels.[205] The following year he was diagnosed with B cell lymphoma in the prostate[206] and was treated
with chemotherapy and surgery.[207] Sihanouk was given a clean bill of health in 1995,[208] but the lymphoma
recurred in the stomach in 2005 and again in 2008,[206] which subsequently went into remission after prolonged
treatment.[209]
Family
Sihanouk married Paule Monique Izzi in April 1952, the daughter of PommePeang, a Cambodian lady and Jean-Franois Izzi, a French banker of Italian
ancestry.[210] who would become Sihanouk's lifelong partner.[69] In the 1990s,
Monique would changed her name to Monineath.[211] Prior to his marriage toMonique, Sihanouk had married five other women including Phat Kanhol,Sisowath Pongsanmoni, Sisowath Monikessan, Mam Manivan Phanivong and
Thavet Norleak.[212] Monikessan died of childbirth in 1946 while his
marriages to other women all ended in divorce.[213] Sihanouk sired fourteenchildren with five different wives except for Thavet Norleak, who bore him no
children.[214] Five children and fourteen grandchildren disappeared the KhmerRouge years, which Sihanouk concluded that they were killed by the Khmer
Rouge leadership.[215][216]
Sihanouk had the following issue:
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NameYear ofbirth
Year ofdeath
MotherCause of
death
Norodom Buppha Devi 1943 Phat Kanhol
Norodom Yuvaneath 1943 Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Norodom Ranariddh 1944 Phat Kanhol
Norodom Ravivong 1944 1973 Sisowath Pongsanmoni Malaria[217]
Norodom Chakrapong 1945 Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Norodom Naradipo 1946 1976 Sisowath Monikessan
Disappearedunder Khmer
Rouge[218]
Norodom Sorya Roeungsi 1947 1976 Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Disappearedunder Khmer
Rouge[218]
Norodom Kantha Bopha 1948 1952 Sisowath Pongsanmoni Leukemia[217]
Norodom Khemanourak 1949 1975 Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Disappearedunder Khmer
Rouge[219]
Norodom Botum Bopha 1951 1975 Sisowath Pongsanmoni
Disappearedunder Khmer
Rouge[219]
Norodom Sujata 1953 1975 Mam Manivan
Disappearedunder Khmer
Rouge[219]
Norodom Sihamoni 1953Monique Izzi(Monineath)
Norodom Narindrapong 1954 2003Monique Izzi(Monineath)
Heart attack[220]
Norodom Arunrasmy 1955 Mam Manivan
Ancestry
References
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Norodom Sihanouk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk
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Wikiquote has quotations
related to: NorodomSihanouk
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to NorodomSihanouk.
Saing Soenthrith (30 June 2009). "Retired King Will Return Home From China in July"(https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/retired-king-will-return-home-from-china-in-july-64674/). The CambodiaDaily. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
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216.
Jeldres (2003), p. 84217. Jeldres (2003), p. 96218. Jeldres (2003), p. 97219. LOR CHANDARA (10 October 2003). "Prince Norodom Narindrapong Dies in France"(https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/prince-norodom-narindrapong-dies-in-france-43222/). The CambodiaDaily. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
220.
Jeldres (2005), p. I, IV (Genealogy of HM King Ang Duong, Norodom)221.
Bibliography
Books
Burchett, William G. and Norodom, Sihanouk (1973). My Warwith the CIA: Cambodia's fight for survival. United States ofAmerica: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140216898.Chin, Kin Wah (2005). Southeast Asian Affairs 2005. NationalUniversity of Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.ISBN 9812303065.Findlay, Trevor (1995). Cambodia The Legacy and Lessons of UNTACSIPRI Research Report No. 9(http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR09.pdf) (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.Solna, Sweden: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198291868.Jeldres, Julio A (2003). The Royal House of Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia: Monument Books.OCLC 54003889 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54003889).Jeldres, Julio A (2005). Volume 1Shadows Over Angkor: Memoirs of His Majesty King NorodomSihanouk of Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia: Monument Books. ISBN 974926486X.Marlay, Ross and Neher, Clark D. (1999). Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders. Lanham, Maryland,United States of America: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0847684423.Mehta, Harish C. & Julie B. (2013). Strongman: The Extraordinary Life of Hun Sen: The ExtraordinaryLife of Hun Sen. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9814484601.Mehta, Harish C. (2001). Warrior Prince: Norodom Ranariddh, Son of King Sihanouk of Cambodia.Singapore: Graham Brash. ISBN 9812180869.Narong, Men S. (2007). Who's Who, The Most Influential People in Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia:Media Business Networks. ISBN 9995066009.Osborne, Milton E (1994). Sihanouk Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness. Honolulu, Hawaii, UnitedStates of America: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1639-1.Peou, Sorpong (2000). Intervention and Change in Cambodia: Towards Democracy?. National Universityof Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812300422.
Norodom Sihanouk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk
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Summers, Laura (2003). The Far East and Australasia 2003. New York, United States of America:Psychology Press. pp. 227243. ISBN 1857431332.Widyono, Benny (2008). Dancing in Shadows: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations inCambodia. Lanham, Maryland, United States of America: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742555534.
Reports
Baumgrtel, Tilman (2010). "KON - The Cinema of Cambodia" (http://www.fliz.ch/pdf13/kon-the-cinema-of-cambodia.pdf) (PDF). Department of Media and CommunicationRoyal University of PhnomPenh. Retrieved 8 July 2015.Cohen, Arthur (9 April 1968). "Intelligence ReportTen Years of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy"(http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/14/polo-18.pdf) (PDF). CentralIntelligence Agency (Directorate of Intelligence). Retrieved 18 June 2015.Wemaere, Sverine (Managing Director) (1 June 2013). "Memory! International Film Heritage Festival"(http://www.technicolorfilmfoundation.org/fileadmin/user_upload/en/pdf/memory/MEMORY__Catalogue_online.pdf) (PDF). Technicolor Film Foundation. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Norodom Sihanouk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk
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Regnal titles
Preceded bySisowath Monivong
King of Cambodia19411955
Succeeded byNorodom Suramarit
Preceded byChea Sim
(Chairman of the Council of State)
King of Cambodia19932004
Succeeded byNorodom Sihamoni
Political offices
Preceded byNew office
Prime Minister of Cambodia1945
Succeeded bySon Ngoc Thanh
Preceded byYem Sambaur
Prime Minister of Cambodia1950
Succeeded bySisowath Monipong
Preceded byHuy Kanthoul
Prime Minister of Cambodia19521953
Succeeded byPenn Nouth
Preceded byChan Nak
Prime Minister of Cambodia1954
Succeeded byPenn Nouth
Preceded byLeng Ngeth
Prime Minister of Cambodia19551956
Succeeded byOum Chheang Sun
Preceded byOum Chheang Sun
Prime Minister of Cambodia1956
Succeeded byKhim Tit
Preceded byKhim Tit
Prime Minister of Cambodia1956
Succeeded bySan Yun
Preceded bySan Yun
Prime Minister of Cambodia1957
Succeeded bySim Var
Preceded bySim Var
Prime Minister of Cambodia19581960
Succeeded byPho Proeung
Preceded byNorodom Suramarit
Head of State of Cambodia19601970
Succeeded byCheng Heng
Preceded byPenn Nouth
Prime Minister of Cambodia19611962
Succeeded byNhiek Tioulong
Preceded bySak Sutsakhan
President of the State Presidium19751976
Succeeded byKhieu Samphan
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norodom_Sihanouk&oldid=674207553"
Categories: Norodom Sihanouk 1922 births 2012 deaths 20th century in Cambodia
Bandung Conference attendees Buddhist monarchs Cambodian collaborators with Imperial Japan
Cambodian film directors Cambodian monarchs Cambodian Theravada Buddhists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the People's Republic of China Cold War leaders
Deaths from myocardial infarction Funcinpec Party politicians Heads of state of Cambodia
House of Norodom People of the Vietnam War People sentenced to death in absentia
Monarchs who abdicated Prime Ministers of Cambodia World War II political leaders
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