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Norland Centroc1000

Operating Manual

Ver 1.62.0

Ferrule Concentricity/Eccentricity Measurement

Ferrule Cylindricity Measurement

Insertion Loss Assessment

Ferrule Tuning Means

Visual Examination

Norland Products Incorporated

www.NorlandProducts.com

Phone: 609-395-1966

Fax: 609-395-9006

2540 Route 130

Building 100,

Cranbury NJ

USA -08512

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!! CAUTION:

DON’T touch the ferrules with bare hands at any times. To load a ferrule

into the machine, you MUST either wear silicon gloves, or utilize a pair of

clear tweezers (supplied).

!! CAUTION:

DON’T RUN Centroc1000 if you haven’t placed a ferrule into the front

loading fixture of the machine. Clicking ALIGN FERRUEL or RUN

TEST without the physical presence of an actual testing ferrule, or a

dummy ferrule, may damage the driving belt of Centroc1000!!

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INDEX

Section No. Section Name Page

1. Introduction 4

2. General Description 4

3. Equipment Setup 5

4. Software Setup 6

5. Centroc1000 Main Screen 14

6. Menus 16

6.1 File Menu 16

6.2 Tools Menu 16

6.3 Display Menu 16

6.4 Options Menu 21

6.5 About Menu: 26

7. Measuring Eccentricity 27

8. Visual Examination

29

9. Changing Mounting Fixtures 30

10. Changing Driving Belt 32

11. Service Information 33

12. Specifications 34

13. Appendixes 35

13.1 Tuning 36

13.2 Criteria for reference connectors 37

13.3 Insertion Loss Assessment 38

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1. Introduction

The Centroc1000 unit, for noncontact measuring of ferrule endface geometry, is part of

Norland Product’s range of measuring equipment for Optical Cable Assembly shops.

The unit complies with:

IEC 61300-2-41

ISO 2538

IEC 61300-3-18

IEC 61300-3-24

IEC 61300-3-26

2. General description

The Centroc1000 is a special designed auto-focusing microscope with a precision chuck for

∅ 2.500 mm or for ∅ 1.250-mm fiber optic ferrules.

In Order to achieve maximum accuracy the magnification in model 1000 is 900 X on a 17’’

monitor.

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3. Equipment Setup

• Connect the "Centroc1000" and the PC using the cable supplied (9-pin female to

Centroc1000 and 9-pin male to the frame grabber card interface at the PC).

• The Centroc1000 uses the USB interface for motor and lighting control. Connect the

USB cable to Centroc1000 and insert the other end into one of the USB ports. If

plugging into that port for the first time, the following setup procedure may be required.

• Connect monitor, mouse, printer and keyboard to the PC.

• Connect the Printer and the Personal Computer to AC- power mains.

• Verify the computer monitor Screen Area is set to “1024x768” with Colors set to “True

Color (24 bit)”

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4. Software Setup

The Centroc1000 system comes with any required software already installed onto its

associated computer. The Centroc1000 application is designed to operate under

Windows 2000 Pro or Windows XP Pro. The minimum requirement for PC: Intel P III

800 MHz.

In the event the Centroc1000 software needs to be reinstalled, it must be installed in

the following order:

4.1 Euresys drivers for the Picolo frame-grabber.

4.2 Centroc1000 measurement application.

If updating just the Centroc1000 application, only step 2 need be performed.

Check for any new versions on the Norland Products web-site

http://www.norlandprod.com

4.1 Euresys drivers for Picolo frame-grabber

Installation from the Euresys CD:

a. Place the CD, and select INSTALL to install the software

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b. Select Run-time and select evision and Multicam for Picolo and Click

Next

c. Click NEXT on the following screen

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d. Select Easy Grab, Drivers, ActiveX and Click NEXT on the following

screen.

e. Leave the default and click NEXT on the following screen

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f. After successful installation the click OK on the following message and

click QUIT from the initial installation screen to close the screen.

4.2 Centroc1000 Software Installation

Installation from the Centroc1000 CD:

a. Insert the CD to install the software. Click “Next” to the following

display

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b. Choose “I accept” and click “Next”

c. Enter the Customer Information (or accept the default) and click

“Next”.

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d. Click Next to start the installation

e. Click Finish to complete the installation

Configuring the Centroc1000 USB Interface:

a. Plug in the USB cable: Plug in one end of the USB cable to the Centroc1000 instrument and its other

end into one of the computer’s USB ports. Once the cable is plugged in, the

following message will be appear at the bottom of the screen.

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b. Install the new USB driver ELEKTOR:

The following screen prompts the user to install the new drivers. Choose

“Install the software automatically” and click Next.

System is now searching for the pertinent drivers:

Click “Next” after it has found the files.

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Click “Continue Anyway”

Click Finish to complete. Display of the following message shall indicate

that the installation has been successful.

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5. Centroc1000 Main Screen

Upon activating the application, the following main screen will show up.

Image: Live image from the camera.

Menu bar: Collection of pull-down menus of various program functions

and options.

!! CAUTION:

DON’T touch the ferrules with bare hands at any times. To

load a ferrule into the machine, you MUST either wear

silicon gloves, or utilize a pair of clear tweezers (supplied).

!! CAUTION: STOP!!

DON’T move forward to running the machine if you

haven’t actually placed a ferrule into the unit. Clicking

ALIGN FERRUEL or RUN TEST without the physical

presence of a real ferrule, at least a dummy ferrule, may

damage the driving belt of Centroc1000!!

Align Ferrule: After inserting a ferrule, click this button to bring its end face

fully into the fixture before starting a measurement.

Menubar

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!! CAUTION: To ensure every ferrule is well aligned and

brought into focus in the machine, click Align Ferrule at

least once before RUN TEST on each new ferrule!!

Run Test: Click this button to calculate the eccentricity or concentricity

for the ferrule. Ferrule rotates automatically. While rotating,

several measurements are taken at each rotation point. The

points along with eccentricity values are displayed on a

separate “Results” window. Before clicking “Run test” make

sure to click the Align Ferrule button first.

Eject: Use this option to remove the ferrule from the mount.

Focus: Click to activate focusing.

CAUTION: DON’T perform focusing on a ferrule until it

has been aligned in the unit. See Align Ferrule above.

NOTE: A refocusing is normally NOT required unless (a) a

new batch of samples are to be tested; or (b) a new work

shift has just started and the machine has been just boot up.

Tuning On/Off: Status of Tuning the ferrule for marking is displayed. “Tuning

On” for a measurement means rotate the ferrule, so the end

ferrule eccentricity or concentricity is aligned at 12 o’clock

position at the end of the measurement. “Tuning On” is

required for the ferrules, which need marking. “Tuning Off”

for normal measurement. To select Tuning On or Off, use the

“Perform tuning at the end of measurement” option from

Options/Menu from tool bar.

Back light: Click ‘+’ or ‘-‘ buttons to adjust the level of illumination.

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6. Menus

6.1. File Menu

Exit: To close the application.

6.2. Tools Menu

Change Mount On/Off

This option, when selected, will activate an Image circle template and on-

screen instructions that assist the user in changing the mounting fixture. (See

Section 7.Changing Mount Fixtures)

Inspection Mode On/Off

Choose this option to increase illumination on the connector endface. When

selected, use additional set of buttons (“+/-“) to make smaller increases or

decreases to the illumination level as needed.

6.3 Display Menu

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6.3.1 Statistics

When selected, a separate form with statistical report of the results history is

displayed (see figure below).

At top left in the above figure, a table lists the results from all stored

measurements. Statistical displays from a subset of those measurements are

at top center as well as the two bottom displays. The amount of

measurements used in the statistical displays can be selected by the operator

(by entering how many of the last measurements into the top center box).

From the graph at top right, an estimation of a particular ferrule’s worst-case

insertion loss can be made using the its eccentricity result. See the Theory

Section in Appendix A for more information.

a. File Menu

File Menu from the Statistics display contains choices of Data,

Print, & Exit.

i. Data: On choosing Data the following options are shown

• Clear List: To clear results from the form.

• Restore Last list: To restore last cleared results.

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ii. Print: On choosing Print the following options are shown

• Print Form: Print the current form.

• Print all records: Print all the stored results from the

database.

iii. Print (sort): This option will show Data Record Selection

to print only data from a particular date range or with a

particular Product ID.

Print: After choosing the Date or Product ID

click Print to print the data.

Exit: Click to Exit from this form.

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6.3.2 Last Results

This display shows a graphical representation of the concentricity or

eccentricity measurements, as well as other measured or calculated quantities

from the most recent scan.

Note: Either Concentricity or Eccentricity values will be displayed

depending on the Measurement Type, as configured by the Operator in

Options/Menu before the measurements.

There are three main parameters that have been displayed from the last

measurement. They are,

Concentricity /Fitted (or: Eccentricity/Fitted): The mean Concentricity,

or Eccentricity, value of the ferrule obtained by means of a least-squared

circular fitting to all rotation steps of the scan (µm).

Ferrule Cylindricity: Assessed cylindricity of the ferrule. Ferrule

Cylindricity is a measure of the deviation of the ferrule outside diameter

(OD) from a perfect round cylinder (µm).

End Angle: Angle of Concentricity, or Eccentricity, measured at the end

point of the ferrule rotation, as illustrated by the RED dot on the screen.

Note: When TUNING ON is selected in the option menu, this End

Angle is always aligned to the 12:00 o’clock position (or, zero degree

position.) This Tuning option provides the means for the operator to

add a mark on the ferrule at the orientation of the measured

Concentricity/Eccentricity.

Other less significant parameters are also displayed, for reference purpose.

They are,

Concentricity /Start: The first measured concentricity during scan.

Concentricity /End: The last measured concentricity during scan.

Maximum Concentricity: Maximum measured concentricity during

scan.

Minimum Concentricity: Minimum measured concentricity during

scan.

Calculated Insertion Loss: Assessed Insertion Loss based on fitted

Concentricity/Eccentricity.

Ferrule Type: Type of the ferrule as entered from the Options Menu.

Product ID: ID of the sample as entered before the measurement.

Operator: Operator’s Name as entered in the Options Menu.

Centroc 1000 model sn: Serial Number of the Centroc1000 machine.

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� Press [Print] to print the current screen.

� Press [Next] to return to the start screen to measure the next

product.

� Press [Stats] to see statistical presentation of results.

� Press [Excel Viewer] to view the saved scan results in Microsoft

Excel. The text file viewed can be selected or changed in the

Options/Menu under “Save Results to” section.

Excel Viewing the Text File

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6.4 Options Menu

Adjust the different parameters as required per connector specification and as

desired by the operator.

Nomenclature for the Options Menu: SerialNumber Picolo: Picolo frame grabber serial number from the Board.

SerialNumber Centroc: Centroc1000 serial number

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Calibration Factor: The magnification calibration factor entered at the factory for

the unit. It should match the value marked on its rear panel. If

there is any question about the correctness of this value or

need to recalibrate, contact Norland Products Technical

Support for assistance.

Ferrule Type: Choose the appropriate selection for the sample being tested.

Pass /Fail Criteria: Enter desired Min and Max limits for the average Eccentricity

(“Ecc/Fitted”) or Concentricity depending on Measurement Type choice. At

measurement completion the result will be compared against these limits and

displayed on Red (Fail) or Green (Pass) background.

Perform Tuning at the end of measurement: Select this option to rotate the ferrule

at the end of the measurement, so the ferrule end Eccentricity or Concentricity is

aligned at 12 o’clock position. The status of Tuning is displayed on the main screen

below the live image.

Measurement Type: Depending on the measurement type chosen the scan results

will be displayed on Results screen and Statistics screen as shown below.

For Eccentricity Display:

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For Concentricity Display:

Show Maximum/Minimum: Maximum and Minimum Eccentricity values will only

be shown on the Results screen if this option is checked.

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Product ID: Information for Product ID

a. Prompt For Input Select this option if it is desired to be prompted for a

Product ID before each new measurement. At the time of measurement, the

following prompt will be presented. After entering an ID (or accepting the

value already there), click OK to continue with the measurement or Cancel

to exit from the measurement.

b. Auto Increment: Check this option if the ID number is to be incremented

automatically for the next measurement.

Save Results To: Choose/enter the ASCII text filename and location where

measurement data will be stored. This file can be later imported into other programs

like “Microsoft Excel” for additional processing and can be viewed through Results

screen.

Operator: Select this option if it is desired to include an Operator’s Name among

the displayed and stored results of a measurement.

Defaults: Load the factory defined defaults.

Note: Different defaults will be loaded depending on choice for Ferrule

Type.

Cancel: Close the form without saving any changes.

Apply: Save any changes and close the form.

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Note: It is possible to select and then save (using this Apply button) two

completely different configurations of options; one for the SM and

another for MM ferrule type choices. Then it is easy to switch from

one configuration to the other simply by changing Ferrule Type

selection.

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6.5 About Menu: Click Help/About to show the software product information.

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7. Measuring Eccentricity/Concentricity

• Go to the measurement screen (as pictured above). If the current display is the

Statistics screen, click EXIT. If, instead, it is the Results screen, click NEXT.

• Set the required options in Options screen.

• Open the mounting fixture by lifting the lever to the left of the fixture.

• Place the ferrule into the mounting fixture’s V-groove, let the lever down to hold the

ferrule in place.

!! CAUTION:

DON’T touch the ferrules with bare hands at any times. To load a ferrule into the

machine, you MUST either wear silicon gloves, or utilize a pair of clear tweezers

(supplied).

!! CAUTION: STOP!!

DON’T proceed from this step forward if you haven’t actually placed a ferrule into

the machine. Clicking ALIGN FERRUEL or RUN TEST without the physical

presence of a real ferrule, at least a dummy ferrule, may damage the driving belt of

Centroc1000!!

• Click Align Ferrule before measuring.

!! CAUTION: To ensure every ferrule is well aligned and brought into focus in the

machine, click Align Ferrule at least once before RUN TEST on each new ferrule!!

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• Click Run Test. The ferrule will rotate automatically. While rotating, several

measurements are taken at each rotation point. The points along with eccentricity values

are displayed on a separate “Results” window. See Last Results in section 6.3.

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8. Visual Examination

Example of ferrule image on a Centroc1000

Length Measurement

Planar dimensions on the ferrule such as ferrule diameter, adhesive ring thickness,

and scratch width can be checked using the live Image and a mouse. By clicking the

left mouse button at two points on the Image, the distance between those two points

can be measured.

Additional Tools

A variety of additional tools can be found by clicking the right mouse button while

the cursor is on the live Image. Features such as zooming, panning, and Image

copying can be selected and used as part of the visual examination process.

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9. Changing Mounting Fixtures

This procedure should be followed when the mounting fixture needs to be changed

for the testing of different ferrule geometries, for example, from 1.25mm diameter to

2.50mm diameter ferrules.

• Pull down “Change Mount” menu.

• Remove front main-panel.

• Remove holding-down spring from driving-lever assembly.

• Using one hand, lift left-end handle of driving-lever assembly upwards till it stops,

and hold the handle at that position.

• Using M3 Hex Key, replace v-groove mount by new mount.

• Release driving-lever assembly.

• Replace holding-down spring on driving-lever assembly.

• Insert a testing ferrule of appropriate size into v-groove mount, and click “Align

Ferrule”.

• If needed, perform manual focusing of ferrule image by turning front-bottom knob.

• If needed, perform manual centering of ferrule image by turning micrometers at both

sides behind v-groove mount.

• Replace front main-panel, and press “Close” to resume measurements.

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Mounting heads and Driving Belts

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10. Changing Driving Belt

CAUTION:

Belt has to be changed with a pair of clean tweezers (supplied). Touching of the

belts by bare hands is prohibited at all times.

This procedure should be followed when the synthetic rubber driving belt at the

front end of the machine is worn out and needs to be changed. NOTE: Observations

of skidding or otherwise jumping around of the ferrule or the belt itself are normally

indications of a worn out belt.

• Remove front main-panel.

• Remove holding-down spring from driving-lever assembly.

• Using one hand, lift left-end handle of driving-lever assembly upwards till it stops,

and hold the handle at that position.

• Replace driving belt by a new belt.

• Release driving-lever assembly.

• Replace holding-down spring on driving-lever assembly.

• Insert a testing ferrule of appropriate size into v-groove mount, and click “Align

Ferrule” several times. (NOTE: Click “Align Ferrule” 3 ~ 4 times shall help

aligning the new belt well inside the grooves of the driving pulleys.)

• If needed, perform manual focusing of ferrule image by turning front-bottom knob.

• If needed, perform manual centering of ferrule image by turning micrometers at both

sides behind v-groove mount.

• Replace front main-panel, and resume measurements.

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11. Service Information

Item Description

Accessories Std Fixture for 1.25mm ferrules (LC and MU connectors)

Std Fixture for 1.60mm ferrules (supports M29504/4 and M29504/5 connectors)

Std Fixture for 2.00mm ferrules (supports M29504/14 and M29504/15 connectors)

Std Fixture for 2.50mm ferrules (supports SC and FC connectors)

20060110

20060111

20060112

20060113

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12. Specifications

Power Requirements +12 V DC (supplied by the PC via the Frame Grabber connector)

Supported Fiber Types Suitable for most SM and MM fiber connector ferrules

(Supports Maximum fiber diameter up to 140µm)

Temperature 10°-40° C Operating

5°-55° C Storage

Humidity RH Maximum 90%; no condensation

Wavelength (LED) λ 475 nm

Measurement Uncertainty (STD) 0.1 µm (Eccentricity), 0.2 µm (Concentricity)

Minimum PC Requirements

Operating system

Intel P4 or AMD Athlon Preferably +2 GHz .

1 free PCI slot for Picolo frame-grabber.

Windows 2000 or XP Pro

Standards/Reference IEC 61300-2-41

IEC 61300-3-18

IEC 61300-3-24

IEC 61300-3-26

ISO 2538

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13. Appendixes

13.1 Tuning

The worst insertion loss in a production population resulting from the core-to-core

misalignment between any two mating patchcords, that have been randomly selected

from the population, can be reduced significantly via a tuning process of all patchcords

in the population. When a single mode fiber is operating at 1310nm wavelength, the

insertion loss of a connector measured against an ideally concentric reference connector

(i.e.; with zero eccentricity) is illustrated in the figure below. (NOTE: More insertion

loss charts of other fiber types can be found in Appendix 13.3.)

INSERTION LOSS OF SM CONNECTORS

@1310nm

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

Eccentricity (um)

Insert

ion

Lo

ss (

dB

)).

CASE I: Un-tuned Connectors

When a connector is not tuned, its angle of eccentricity can be anywhere within +/-

180°of its key orientation. The worst case core-to-core offset distance between any two

randomly picked patches from a large connector population can be estimated by adding

the two highest eccentricities in the population (See Graph Illustration Below, CASE 1:

UNTUNED CONNECTORS).

For example, when the maximum eccentricity (Ecc) of an untuned population is

0.90um, the maximum possible core-to-core offset distance between two random

connectors is:

OFFSET = 0.90+0.90 =1.80 µm

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Then, the maximum possible insertion loss between two randomly chosen connectors

from the given untuned population, in accordance with the Insertion Loss (IL) chart

above, is:

IL = 0.66 dB

CASE II: Tuned Connectors

When a group of connectors are all tuned, the eccentricity orientation of all the

connectors are all aligned within a small fan area within the vicinity of the key position.

For example, when the maximum eccentricity in a population is 0.90um and the

connectors are all tuned to within +/-30° around the key position, the maximum possible

core-to-core offset distance between any two randomly selected connectors in the tuned

population, is (See Graph Illustrations Below, CASE 2: TUNED CONNECTORS):

OFFSET = 0.90 µm (FACT: THIS VALUE IS 1/2 OF THAT IN CASE I).

Subsequently, the maximum possible insertion loss between the two randomly selected

connectors in the tuned population, in accordance with the Insertion Loss (IL) chart

above, is:

IL = 0.17 dB (FACT: THIS VALUE IS 1/4 OF THAT IN CASE I).

FACT:

The Maximum Insertion Loss between any two randomly selected fiber connectors in

a tuned population has been reduced to one-quarter (1/4) of the Maximum Insertion

Loss in an corresponding untuned population.

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13.2 Criteria for reference connectors

A connector is suitable for reference purposes if the requirements for reference products

as presented in the relevant specification or related IEC documents are met.

For the case of a user having their own purchasing specification, use the criteria for

reference components from this document. If no specification for reference is given, a

reference can be selected from the table below.

The maximum allowable eccentricity for a batch of connectors is dependent not only on

the connector under test, but also on the reference connector used….

Example:

If the Loss Specification is 0.20 dB according to IEC method 7 (first column in

table), then the maximum allowed (total) eccentricity as 0.95 µm. This is the sum of

the maximum eccentricity of the connector under test and the maximum eccentricity

of the reference connector (from the table).

This example shows that a reference connector should be selected with an eccentricity

value as low as possible. Careful selection of a reference connector with the lowest

possible value for eccentricity results in best yield (more connectors that will be

considered to have acceptable eccentricity) in the final loss measurement.

Single Mode Connectors.

Loss against concentric

reference connector.

(IEC method 7)

Maximum loss

in the field

2%

Maximum Eccentricity

Reference connector

Maximum eccentricity

of connector under test

0.10 dB 0.40 dB 0.10 µm 0.58 µm

0.20 dB 0.77 dB 0.20 µm 0.75 µm

0.30 dB 1.16 dB 0.20 µm 0.98 µm

0.40 dB 1.75 dB 0.25 µm 1.11 µm

0.50 dB 2.10 dB 0.30 µm 1.24 µm

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13.3 Insertion Loss Assessment

In a fiber optic network, the center-to-center alignment between the outside

diameters of two mating ferrules are normally very finely maintained at the joint

section between two fiber optic connectors, by means of the well established

precision coupling mechanism of a spring-loaded split sleeve (see Figure below).

However, perfect eccentricity between two mating ferrules DOES NOT always

promise perfect concentric mating between two transmitting fiber optic cores, due to

the often non-perfect eccentric offset from the center of the ferrule Outside Diameter

(OD) to the center of the core for each individual patchcord. In the field, the power

Insertion Loss (IL), while the optical signal is transmitted from one fiber core to

another fiber, is heavily dependent upon the precision of the ferrule-to-core

eccentricities of both individual patchcords obtained from the manufacturing

process.

In this Manual, Eccentricity of a patchcord is defined as the offset distance from the

center of the ferrule outside diameter to the center of the fiber optics core, and is

measured in micrometers (µm). And Concentricity, also measured in micrometers, is

defined as two times the Eccentricity.

For simplicity, we shall exploit letter E to denote the Eccentricity of the fibers in all

formulas involved in this section. The insertion loss (IL) formulas provided in this

section are all measured between a testing fiber, whose ferrule-to-core eccentricity is

E(um), and an ideal reference fiber, whose eccentricity is defined as, ideally, 0(um).

“When Should I Apply the Maximum Eccentricity or the Maximum Concentricity

to Calculate the Maximum Insertion Loss?”

In field applications, the worst case insertion loss obtained between two randomly

selected fibers from a tuned connector population can be very different than that

from a non-tuned connector population (see section 12.1 for detailed merit of the

tuning). We shall utilize symbol Emax to delineate the maximum value of the

measured eccentricities in a given population.

In a tuned connector population, the eccentricities of all connectors are tuned to

within +/-30° angular range (or smaller) from the key position. The resulting

Alignment sleeve Ferrules

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maximum core-to-core offset between any two mating fibers in the population is

always less than, or equal to, Emax. Thus, the maximum possible insertion loss

between any two randomly selected connectors from the population can be

computed by substituting directly Emax in places of symbol E in the formulas.

In a non-tuned connector population, however, the worst case core-to-core

mismatch between two randomly selected patches can be as large as two times of the

actually measured maximum eccentricity in the population. Therefore, in computing

the maximum insertion loss between two randomly selected connectors from the

population, one has to substitute two-times of the Maximum Eccentricity (2Emax),

or referred to as Maximum Concentricity, in places of symbol E in the formulas.

13.3.1 INSERTION LOSS BETWEEN TWO SINGLE-MODE FIBERS:

13.3.1.1.

When a single-mode fiber is used for 1310nm wavelength transmission, the

insertion loss (IL) formula is (ModeFieldDiameter=9.2um; Based on a

Gaussian Beam Profile Model):

IL (dB) = 0.2052*E²

13.3.1.2

When a single-mode fiber is used for 1550nm wavelength transmission, the

insertion loss (IL) formula is (ModeFieldDiameter=10.4um; Based on a

Gaussian Beam Profile Model):

IL (dB) = 0.1606*E²

INSERTION LOSS OF SM FIBERS

0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

Eccentricity (um)

Insert

ion

Lo

ss (

dB

)).

SM@1310nm

SM@1550nm

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13.3.2 INSERTION LOSS BETWEEN TWO 50um/125um MULTI-MODE

FIBERS:

13.3.2.1

When the 50/125 fibers are SI (Step Index), the insertion loss (IL) formula is

(Based on a Cylindrical Uniformly Distributed Beam Profile Model):

IL (dB) = ABS{10* LOG10(1-0.02546*E)}

(NOTE: LOG10 denotes base-10 Logarithm Operation; same below.)

13.3.2.2

When the 50/125 fibers are GI (Graded Index), the insertion loss (IL)

formula is (Based on a Downward-Opening Parabolic Beam Profile Model):

IL (dB) = 0.006948*E²

INSERTION LOSS OF MM-50/125 FIBERS

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

Eccentricity (um)

Insert

ion

Lo

ss (

dB

)).

MM/SI 50/125

MM/GI 50/125

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13.3.3 INSERTION LOSS BETWEEN TWO 62.5um/125um MULTI-MODE

FIBERS:

13.3.3.1

When the 62.5/125 fibers are SI (Step Index), the insertion loss (IL) formula

is (Based on a Cylindrical Uniformly Distributed Beam Profile Model):

IL (dB) = ABS{10* LOG10(1-0.02037*E)}

13.3.3.2

When the 62.5/125 fibers are GI (Graded Index), the insertion loss (IL)

formula is (Based on a Downward-Opening Parabolic Beam Profile Model):

IL (dB) = 0.004447*E²

INSERTION LOSS OF MM-62.5/125 FIBERS

0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

Eccentricity (um)

Insert

ion

Lo

ss (

dB

)).

MM/SI 62.5/125

MM/GI 62.5/125

42

42

13.3.4 INSERTION LOSS BETWEEN TWO 100um/140um MULTI-MODE

FIBERS:

13.3.4.1

When the 100/140 fibers are SI (Step Index), the insertion loss (IL) formula

is (Based on a Cylindrical Uniformly Distributed Beam Profile Model):

IL (dB) = ABS{10* LOG10(1-0.01273*E)}

13.3.4.2

When the 100/140 fibers are GI (Graded Index), the insertion loss (IL)

formula is (Based on a Downward-Opening Parabolic Beam Profile Model):

IL (dB) = 0.001737*E²

INSERTION LOSS OF MM-100/140 FIBERS

0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.500.550.60

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

Eccentricity (um)

Insert

ion

Lo

ss (

dB

)).

MM/SI 100/140

MM/GI 100/140

************

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