NORDGen Presentation 130610 McCouch · • Gene banks manage both genetic resources and information...

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Gene banks Challenges for the future Susan McCouch Dept. Plant Breeding & Genetic Cornell University

Transcript of NORDGen Presentation 130610 McCouch · • Gene banks manage both genetic resources and information...

Page 1: NORDGen Presentation 130610 McCouch · • Gene banks manage both genetic resources and information about those resources. • Diverse genetic resources are essential to improving

Gene banks Challenges for the future

Susan McCouchDept. Plant Breeding & Genetic

Cornell University

Page 2: NORDGen Presentation 130610 McCouch · • Gene banks manage both genetic resources and information about those resources. • Diverse genetic resources are essential to improving

Grand Challenges

• Nutrition, Health, Biosafety

• Sustainability

• Population & income growth

• Land & water resources

• Climate change

Page 3: NORDGen Presentation 130610 McCouch · • Gene banks manage both genetic resources and information about those resources. • Diverse genetic resources are essential to improving

Gene Banks

• Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fiber, medicine & energy. 

• Over 7 million plant germplasm accessions are housed in ~1,750 national and international gene banks. 

• Most accessions are poorly characterized; few are ever used.

Page 4: NORDGen Presentation 130610 McCouch · • Gene banks manage both genetic resources and information about those resources. • Diverse genetic resources are essential to improving

• Gene banks manage both genetic resources and informationabout those resources.

• Diverse genetic resources are essential to improving the productivity, nutritional quality and sustainability of agricultural systems.

• Rapid scientific/ technological developments have changed the way scientists explore and understand natural variation.

• Gene bank managers must stay abreast of scientific developments to fulfill their responsibilities to the public.

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We are standing at the threshold of a genomics revolution within our gene banks…. 

• Genomics impacts every aspect of gene bank activities:– Collection and conservation – Documentation, characterization, evaluation– Distribution and dissemination

• The creation of “Digital Gene Banks” based on DNA fingerprints will help gene banks become             more efficient, cost‐effective, & informative           as collectors, conservers, and providers of germplasm and information 

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DNA fingerprints

– Provide a unique genetic “bar‐code” for each accession– Facilitate tracking of accessions in & out of the gene bank– Assess genetic similarity within and between accessions – Identify potential duplicates within and across collections – Evaluate population structure – Classify types of admixture and introgression– Find novel alleles and genome‐wide archetypes– Understand genotype ‐ phenotype relationships – Create databases for cross‐species comparisons– Develop new querying tools and on‐line ordering system

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Basmati rice is genetically more closely related to Chinese japonica than to Indian indica

Basmati has long slender grain 

indicatropical japonica

temperate japonicaaus

Basmati

Morphologically, it looks more like indica than its closerjaponica  relatives.

A FEW EXAMPLES FROM MY OWN WORK

In the scientific literature and in legend, it is referred to as indica rice

Garris et al. (2005) Genetics

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The Silk Road is key to understanding the genetics

Page 9: NORDGen Presentation 130610 McCouch · • Gene banks manage both genetic resources and information about those resources. • Diverse genetic resources are essential to improving

Sub‐population structure of O. glaberrima

• floating• non‐floating • upland

• Single domestication from African O. barthii ancestor• 3 cryptic domesticated groups plus admixture with O. sativa

‐O. sativa

Nigeria

• Groups not defined geographically (no “isolation by distance”)• Genetic groups associated with ecology (Portères, 1970)

Semon et al. (2005) The population structure of African cultivated rice Oryza glaberrima.Genetics 169:1639‐1647 

Page 10: NORDGen Presentation 130610 McCouch · • Gene banks manage both genetic resources and information about those resources. • Diverse genetic resources are essential to improving

• It has irrevocably altered our understanding of the genetic potential of wild & exotic germplasm in plant improvement

New insights into how to utilize hidden variation 

O. glaberrimaO. glaberrima O. sativaO. sativaNERICANERICA

6.3% O. glaberrima (93.7% O. sativa)

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Genomics is changing the face of plant breeding

using genomics & information technology

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HOW SHOULD WE MANAGE SPECIALIZED GENETIC STOCKS?

• Mapping populations, mutants and diversity panels are widely used for quantitative genetic analysis, gene discovery, and germplasm characterization; all require careful management, tracking and dissemination to maintain their utility.

• Should gene banks extend their activities by collaborating with the research community and participating in this process?

• Should “genetic stocks” be be put into short‐medium term storage, while other gene bank accessions are of long‐term interest?

QUESTIONS FOR GENE BANK MANAGERS

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Use of gene bank holdings

• How will the availability of whole genome sequence change the way recommendations are made or accessions are selected by gene bank managers?

• How will users interact with the progressive accumulation of genomic information about the genetic resources housed in ex situ collections? 

• Will the growing body of genomic information impact the type of germplasm to be maintained in gene banks in the future?

• Will it ultimately expand the utilization of gene bank holdings?

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How will users interact with the data?

• Databases are needed to track, store, analyze and distribute  genotypic and phenotypic data connected to genetic resources 

• Common standards must be adopted for acquiring, indexing, defining, organizing, and sharing genotypic and phenotypic data across laboratories and disciplines

• A coordinated, distributed network of statisticians, computational biologists, population geneticists, and computer programmers must be added to the team of gene bank scientists to help analyze and interpret genomic data

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Conserving and utilizing diversity

• Gene banks conserve living samples that bridge the past and the future

• They complement investments in in situ conservation => conserve complex communities of locally adapted organisms living in dynamic ecological equilibrium

• Genomics, if used wisely, can help us make better use of gene bank collections as we seed to address the grand challenges of the future