NON PROJECTED AIDS

SHIJI K.SFIRST YEAR M.Sc NURSING

GOVT.COLLEGE OF NURSING KOTTAYAM

CLASSIFICATION

BLACK BOARD The teacher can illustrate his/her lesson The lesson can be phased and summarized in the

right manner Questions and problems can be listed. Pupil’s interest in class work can be stimulated It provides a lot of space for decorative and creative

work. A teacher can review the whole lesson

FIXED BLACKBOARD

BLACKBOARD ON EASEL

ROLLER BLACKBOARD

POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE USING BLACKBOARD

• Blackboard should be kept clean• Writing on the blackboard should be legible• Letters and drawings should be large enough to be

seen from all parts of the room• Writing should be started from top left corner• Writing should be in straight rows• Material on the blackboard should not be covered by

standing in front of it• Only salient points of subject matter should be

written on the blackboard

CONT……

• Extreme lower corner of blackboard should not be made use of as writing on it

• It should be ensured that blackboard is well-lit by natural or artificial means

• Teacher should ensure that the class is attentive while writing on the blackboard

• Occasionally students may be asked to write or draw diagram on the blackboard

CONT…• Everything required for the blackboard should be

got together before the class begins• Duster and not hand or handkerchief should be used

for cleaning the blackboard • Teachers should develop the ability to draw freely

on the blackboard. • It should be ensured that the blackboard is

periodically serviced.

BULLETIN BOARD

PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF BULLETIN BOARD

• The contents of the board should be organized around a central theme of content

• Materials should be dated to ensure that it does not remain no longer than desired

• The appearance should be neat, orderly and attractive.• Material should be changed frequently and

systematically.• The contributions should be well labeled• Student contributions should be encouraged and used.

CONT…

• Responsibility for editing the board should be placed on one person. Appoint a bulletin board committee to provide material.

• Everyone should be held responsible for reading and knowing what is on the board

• All material should be appropriately classified and labeled for future reference

• An interval of a day or two should be allowed to elapse during which the board is left bare in order to stimulate interest.

PURPOSES OF BULLETIN BOARD

To motivate the learnerTo give correct initial impressionsTo broaden the sensory experience of the learner To intensify impressions and vitalize instructionTo add variety to the classroom activityTo provide informationTo supplement and correlate instructionTo save time

FLANNEL BOARD

PURPOSES OF FLANNEL BOARD

• It captures and holds attention of students

• Materials displayed can be removed easily

• Students can construct and reconstruct the concepts visually

GUIDELINES FOR PRESENTATION WITH FLANNEL BOARD

• An introduction has to be given to the group before displaying flannel board.

• Plan the layout keeping in view the principles of teaching.• Arrange the materials in such a way that they lend

themselves best to illustrate the content to be delivered.• Try the layout to see that it fits the space on the flannel

board.• Place the flannel board at eye level and at a slightly

inclined angle. Lighting should also be checked.

CONT…

• Use a minimum number of objects to let the students focus their eyes on a few items at a time.

• Talk to the class as much as possible but not to the board.

• Remove the cut-outs from the board as soon as the explanation of that concept is completed and place the next cut-outs in position.

 

POSTERS

FLASH CARDS

GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF FLASH CARDS

• Selection of topic and the content to be displayed should be carefully planned

• Illustrations in the flash cards should be simple• The number of cards should not exceed 10-12 • The size of the group should not be more than 40 • Arrange the cards in the proper sequence• A brief introduction of the topic should be given

to the group before displaying flash cards

Cont…..

• Display the cards in congruent with the content• Hold the cards and turn towards different parts of

the group and ensure it viewed by all members in the group

• Significant points should be pointed out• Look at the cards while the concept is explained

from the card• Involve the audience in discussion. 

CARTOONS

CARTOONS

PREPARATION OF CARTOON• Suitable to the level of students.• Cartoons should be prepared according to the educational

objectives and background of students.• The writing and graphics should be meaningful• Cartoons should be of adequate size.• Symbols used in the cartoon should be clear and

understandable.• Cartoons need to be both amusing and instructive.• Students involvement

CHARTS -PURPOSES

• Showing relationship by means of facts, figures and statistics

• Presenting material symbolically• Summarizing information• Showing continuity in process• Presenting abstract ideas in visual form• Showing development of structure• Creating problems and stimulating thinking• Encouraging utilization of other media of communication• Motivating the students.

SIZE OF THE CHART

The optimum size of chart is 20" x 30". The size of the letters should beTitle—Two and half inchesSubtitle and headings—One and one-

third inchesSpace between lines—One to two inches

TYPES OF CHARTS

Narrative Chart Tabulation Chart Cause And Effect Chart Chain Chart Time Chart Pictorial Chart Flow Chart

NARRATIVE CHART

Left-to-right arrangement of facts and idea for expressing the events in a process

CAUSE AND EFFECT CHART

CHAIN CHART

TIME CHART

The time chart is used for showing the sequence of time of various events or for depicting chronologically all the happenings relevant to the development of a process, certain organization or any problem

FLOW CHART

FLANNEL GRAPH

Flannel graph is a thick piece of cardboard or plywood or wooden board of 3’ x 4' size on which a rough piece of flannel is stretched or fastened tightly with drawing pins.

GRAPHS

Graphs are flat pictures which employ dots, lines or pictures to visualize numerical and statistical data to show relationships or statistics.

TYPES OF GRAPHS

Line graphBar graphPie graphColumn graphSurface graph

COLUMN GRAPH

SURFACE GRAPH

TYPES OF MAPS

Relief maps Historical maps Distribution maps Geographical maps

PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS

• Students should have actual first hand experience

• Teacher and student should have a definite objective:

• Students should be stimulated for further inquiry

MODELS

A model is three-dimensional representation of a real thing.

FUNCTIONS OF MODELS

• Models simplify reality• Models concretize abstract concepts• A model enables to reduce or enlarge objects

to an observable size• A working model will secure immediate

attention and serve as motivation to learn

MOCK UPS

Mock-up refers to a specialized model or working replica of the object being depicted

DIORAMAS

OBJECT

SPECIMEN

MOULAGE

TYPES OF PUPPET

• Black light puppet• Bunraku puppet• Carnival or body puppet• Chin face puppet• Finger puppet• Hand or glove puppet• Marionette or string puppet

CONT…..

• Human-arm puppet• Instant puppet• Shadow puppet• Animation or digital puppet

BLACK LIGHT PUPPET

BUNRAKU PUPPET

CARNIVAL OR BODY PUPPET

CHIN FACE PUPPET

FINGER PUPPET

HAND OR GLOVE PUPPET

MARIONETTE OR STRING PUPPET

SHADOW PUPPET

ANIMATION OR DIGITAL PUPPET

PURPOSES OF PUPPETS

Developing communication skillsTeaching emotionsHelps for the development of fine motor skillsPromotion of imaginative skills Motivate and support children with difficulties

in communication and interaction.Development of social skills,

PUPPET SHOW

HANDOUTS

Uses• Directly related to the lesson content• As an information sheet—presenting complex,

rare or hard to find information• As a reading list• As a worksheet/quiz sheet/proforma/workbook• As a permanent source of reference

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING HANDOUT

Be typed; use at least 12 point fontUse headings and page numbering consistentlyUse bullet points rather than continuous sentenceMake good use of spaceKeep lines left justified with a ragged right edgeAvoid excessive use of capital letters and underliningLeave plenty of space between columns of textAvoid starting a sentence at the end of a line

PAMPHLET

STYLES FOR ORGANIZING A PAMPHLET

• The tutorial style

• Frequently asked question style

• Testimonial style

LEAFLET

Leaflet is a small book usually having a paper cover.

ADVANTAGES OF LEAFLET

• The printed material has a high degree of acceptance,credibility and prestige

• Printed matter is unique in that it can be passed from person to person without distortion

• It is permanent and the message will not change unless it is physically altered.

• It can be reread for reinforcement• Complex and lengthy material can be explained in

detail

ACTIVITY AIDS

• Demonstration• Field trip or excursion• programmed instruction• Exhibition• Aquarium• Vivarium• Terrarium • Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)

DEMONSTRATION

FIELD TRIP OR EXCURSION

AQUARIUM

VIVARIUM 

TERRARIUM

GROUP DISCUSSION

‘Relevance of of Non Projected Audio Visual Aids in present nursing

education’