NON LINEAR SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION IMPACT … 3... · NON LINEAR SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION :...

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NON LINEAR SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION : IMPACT ON THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STRUTURES Alain PECKER 1 OECD/NEA IAGE/ IAEA ISCC Workshop, on SSI Ottawa , 68 October , 2010

Transcript of NON LINEAR SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION IMPACT … 3... · NON LINEAR SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION :...

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NON LINEAR SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION : IMPACT ON THE 

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STRUTURES

Alain PECKER

1OECD/NEA IAGE/ IAEA ISCC Workshop, on SSI   Ottawa , 6‐8 October , 2010

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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• Review of existing foundation design practiceRequired changes in design philosophy

• Examined foundation behavior during cyclic loadingModeling aspects through dynamic macroelement

• Assess the impact of foundation non linearities and variability of seismic motion on structural behavior

• Draw some preliminary conclusions2

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FOUNDATION DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

• Foundations are designed to remain elasticduring earthquakes

foundation cannot be easily inspected and repaired after an earthquake

• Ductility demand restricted to superstructure

• Alternative approachAccept permanent (limited and controlled) displacements at foundationPerformance based design ⇔ displacement based design

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MOTIVATION FOR DISPLACEMENTS EVALUATION

• Soil structure interaction plays a dominant role in seismic response of the structure 

Beneficial or detrimental ?? Controversial but all linear elastic studies

• Permanent foundation displacements affect the performance of the structure

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WHY CONSIDERINGFOUNDATION NONLINEARITY / INELASTICITY  ?

• Recent records revealed very strong seismic shaking

1994  Northridge      :  0.98 g ,  1.40 m/s1995  Kobe :  0.85 g ,  1.50 m/s      

and SA   values   reaching    2 g

• Retrofitting of existing/damaged structures impossible to accomplish elastically

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MOSS LANDING (Loma Prieta, 1989)

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MEXICO(Michoacan, 1985)

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IMPLICATIONS OF NON LINEARITIES GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

• Sliding of foundation

• Foundation uplift

• Partial loss of bearing capacity

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θc

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CENTRIFUGE TESTS(Gajan et al., 2005)

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DIFFICULTIES OF NON LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES

• Analyses are time consuming & expensive to runEspecially if soil is modeled (3D continuum)

• Results are very sensitive to small changes in input data

Input motionStructural characteristicsSoil characteristics

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N

MV

NEAR FIELD

FAR FIELD

K C

Nonlinearities :

• Geometrical (interface behavior) Uplift model

• Material (elasto‐plastic soil behavior) Plasticity model

Wave propagation :

• Dissipation of radiation energy

•Dynamic elasticimpedances

DYNAMIC MACRO ELEMENT

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GENERALIZED FORCES AND DISPLACEMENTSRigid circular footing under planar loading

Q q?←⎯→

max

1N

V

M

Q DNQ Q DV

DNQ M

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥= =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

1N z

V x

M y

q uq q u

Dq Dθ

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥= = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

xu

zu

yθN

MV

el up plq q q q= + +

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MECHANISM DISSIPATION REVERSIBILITY NON‐LINEARITY  MACROELEMENT

Elasticity No Reversible No Elasticity

Uplift Non –dissipative Reversible Geometric Non‐linear 

elastic model

Soil Yielding Dissipative Irreversible Material

Associated Plasticity model

MODEL COMPONENTS

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Possible load states are limited by ultimate bearingCapacity of foundation

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Phenomenologicalnon‐linear elastic model

Elastic soil

NQ

MQ

Nq

Mq

MQ

Mq

0MQ

0Mq

MQ

Nq

( )Q qqK=

1. Matrix        depends explicitly on  

UPLIFT ON AN ELASTIC SOIL

K q2. No influence of         on uplift  VQ

[Crémer et al (2001)][Wolf (1985)]

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Ellipsoidal bounding surface

NQ

,M VQ Q

Hypoplastic bounding surface plasticity1. Cyclic loading2. Continuous variation of plastic modulus3. Numerical implementation 

DQP

FOOTING BONDED ON A COHESIVE SOILNo uplift allowed

Associative        flow rule

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soilSoil: UndrainedConditions

Interface:Uplift

Uplift

Associated Plasticity

DEFINITION OF ULTIMATE LOADS

u

σ

σ

τ

τ

Zero dissipation

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SURFACE OF ULTIMATE LOADS(Chatzigogos et al, 2007)

NQVQ

MQ0

1

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Total footing detachment

Ellipsoidal Bounding Surface

Uplift Initiation

UPLIFT – PLASTICITY COUPLINGVQ

NQ

Toppling limit

NQ

MQ

Elastoplastic response          

Elastoplastic response with uplift

Ultimate surface

[Chatzigogos et al, 2010]

Total footing detachment

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SWIPE TESTSImposed Horizontal Displacement

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DIFFICULTIES OF NON LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES

• Analyses are time consuming & expensive to runEspecially if soil is modeled (3D continuum)

• Results are very sensitive to small changes in input data

Input motionStructural characteristicsSoil characteristics

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INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS(Cornell, 2002)

• Series of nonlinear time histories analysesSame time history scaled to increasing amplitudesTrack of characteristic quantities of the response

• IDA curve is a plot of selected IM vs selected DM

• IDA curve set : collection of IDA curvesSeveral time histories representing one EQ scenario for one selected IM and DM

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EXAMPLES OF IDA CURVES

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IDA curve

IDA curves set

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INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSES

• Series of non linear time history analyses30 records representing an earthquake scenario M=6.5‐6.9     d=20‐30kmTime histories scaled up according to Intensity Measures (IM)

• pga , SA(TS) , SA(TSSI) , CAV

• Damage measures (DM) calculatedFoundation settlements (residual or maximum)Foundation rotations (residual or maximum)Deck drift (residual or maximum)Structural ductility demand ……

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EXAMPLE : BRIDGE PIER

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EXAMPLE OF SYSTEM RESPONSE

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Single analysisIDA  curves  μ = f(CAV)  

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STRUCTURAL DUCTILITY DEMAND  μ = f(CAV)

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Fixed base Linear SSI

Non linear SSI

μ

CAV

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FOUNDATION SETTLEMENTS

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Non linear SSI

Price to pay for change in ductility demandNo sign of distress even for increasing motion

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RESULTS OF NUMERICAL ANALYSES

• Consideration of non linear soil structure interaction beneficial 

drastically reduces the ductility demand in the structure

• Counterbalanced bylarger displacements and rotations at the foundation

May become unacceptable

• Variability in the response becomes large as more demand is placed on the foundation

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REMAINING ISSUES• Increased variability 

care must be exercised before accepting to transfer the ductility demand from the structure to the foundationthorough investigation of the variability of the response

• Requires careful definition of acceptable criteriafor the foundation performance

• IDA may represent a convenient tool for analysis30

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CONCLUSION

• It is time to move from the concept ofductility demand restricted to the superstructureelastic behavior of foundations 

• Tocontrolled share of ductility demand between the superstructure and the foundation

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