Bangkok 2017

Workshop on the Efficient Use of the Orbit/Spectrum Resource, Bangkok 2017

Non-GSO satellite issues

Timur Kadyrov

Radiocommunication Bureau, ITU

timur.kadyrov@itu.int

Bangkok 2017

Where do satellites operate … Geostationary Orbit 35,786 km above the Earth's equator

Highly Elliptical Orbit – 40 000 km in apogee

Medium Earth Orbit 8 000 - 20 000 km

Low Earth Orbit 500 - 2 000 km

International Space Station

GNSS

Sub-orbital

Bangkok 2017

265 000 km belt around the earth

– and yet congested

– more than 700 satellites active/inactive in-orbit (more than 300 are commercial operational satellite)

GSO

Bangkok 2017

Advantages

– Less booster power required

– Less delay in transmission path

– Suitability for providing service at higher latitude

– Lower cost per satellite to build and launch satellites at NGSO

Disadvantages

– Satellite system and ground segment are expensive

– Less expected life of satellites at NGSO due to ionizing radiation effects, requires frequent replacement

– Requirements for deorbiting

Non-GSO

Bangkok 2017

90s-00s

– Private companies starting their projects OrbComm, Teledesic, Skybridge, Iridium, Globalstar

– Private launching companies

Outcomes

– Private launching projects abandoned

– Telecom projects abandoned

– Iridium went bankrupt

– NGSO gets access to new “Teledesic bands”

– New regulations to alleviate concerns of GSO community w.r.t interference issues from NGSO

Projects

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Early projects

LEO SkyBridge MEO

Bangkok 2017

Nowadays

–Space science missions, navigation and mobile-satellite systems (Iridium, Globalstar)

–State-owned non-GSO telecommunications utilizing elliptical orbits

–First non-GSO broadband from O3B

Projects

Bangkok 2017

Elliptical orbit systems

Bangkok 2017

Equatorialorbit

• Equatorial plane

• Orbit 8 065 km

• 12 satellites in orbit plus 8 more in 2017-2018

• Service ±45º Latitude

Bangkok 2017

New submissionsAdm/Org Satellite Name

Number of unique

orbit types

Number of

satellitesAdm/Org Satellite Name

Number of unique

orbit types

Number of

satellitesUSA USCSID-P 1 8 F ES-SAT-2 30 1428

J QZSS-1 1 1 CYP ANDROMEDA-A 1 48

CAN CASCADE-CX 1 1 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4

G O3B-B 1 24 CAN 102 1 774

IND INSAT-NAVR-GS 1 4 G O3B-B 1 24

CAN CANPOL 1 2 RUS SKY-F 2 24

CAN COMMSTELLATION 3 891 NOR SE-6-HEO-1 1 2

G L5 4 2692 NOR SE-6-HEO-1A 1 2

CAN CANPOL-2 2 51 HOL DREBBELSAT 1 24

G O3B-A 1 24 NZL APOG 1 18

NOR ASK-1 2 7 G THEO 1 882

LIE 3ECOM-1 1 288 CAN MAPLELEAF-1 1 60

F MCSAT-2 HEO 5 312 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-1 4 160

F MCSAT LEO 1 774 CAN MULTUS 3 80

NOR STEAM-1 3 3993 CAN CANSAT-LEO 2 117

NOR STEAM-2 3 3993 NOR STEAM-2B 1 1600

F MCSAT-2 LEO-1 14 4500 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-2 4 160

F MCSAT-2 LEO-2 4 2772 USA USASAT-NGSO-3C 1 1600

F MCSAT-2 MEO-1 10 624 USA USASAT-NGSO-3D 1 1600

F MCSAT-2 MEO-2 4 744 USA USASAT-NGSO-3E 1 400

F MCSAT-2 HEO-1 3 36 USA USASAT-NGSO-3F 1 400

G O3B-C 7 840 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4

LIE 3ECOM-3 1 288

>

Bangkok 2017

Obligations

Bangkok 2017

✓ Evolved in 1990 – 2003.

✓ Coordination – ensures protection of existing services on equitable access basis

✓Coordination between non-GSO and GSO in limited frequency bands

✓Coordination between non-GSO in limited frequency bands

✓ Hard Limits – Article 22 EPFD limits to protect GSO from non-GSO

✓ Ultimate protection of GSO – No. 22.2

✓Non-geostationary-satellite systems shall not cause unacceptable interference to and shall not claim protection from geostationary-satellite networks in the fixed-satellite service and the broadcasting-satellite service

Non-GSO regulations

Bangkok 2017

FSS frequency bands No hard-

limits for

protection

of GSO

Coordination

between

Non-GSO

Coordination

between

Non-GSO

and GSO

Article 22 EPFD

hard-limits are

applicableEarth-space space-Earth

3400-4200 MHz Ст. 22

5725-6725 MHz Ст. 22

7250-7750 MHz 22.2

7900-8400 MHz 22.2

10.7-12.95 GHz 9.12 Yes

11.2-11.45 GHz 9.12 Yes

11.7-12.75 GHz 9.12 Yes

12.75-13.25 GHz 9.12 Yes

13.75-14.0 GHz 9.12 Yes

17.8-18.6 GHz 9.12 Yes

18.6-18.8 GHz 22.2

18.8-19.3 GHz 9.12 9.12A

19.3-19.7 GHz 22.2 9.12 9.12A

19.7-20.2 GHz 9.12 Yes

20.2-21.2 GHz 22.2

27.5-28.6 GHz 9.12 9.12A Yes

28.6-29.1 GHz 9.12 9.12A

29.5-30.0 GHz 9.12 Yes

V-band FSS V-band FSS 22.2

Bangkok 2017

Equivalent power-flux density (EPFD) takes into account the aggregate of the emissions from all non-GSO satellites in the direction of any GSO earth station, taking into account the GSO antenna directivity

EPFD considers pointing of a victim receiving antenna with respect to any source of interference

Complex calculation methodology considers an interference varying in time and space

1414

EPFD

S.1503-38

S.1503-39

Bangkok 2017

EPFD is calculated:– Downlink (at the input of GSO earth station receiver)

– Uplink (at the input of GSO space station receiver)

– Inter-satellite (at the input of GSO space station receiver)

a iN

i maxr

ir

i

it

P

G

G

d

Gepfd

1 ,2

1010

410log10

15

What is EPFD?

Bangkok 2017

GSO

NGSO

GSO

NGSO

GSO

NGSO

EPFD on downlink EPFD on uplink

EPFD on inter-satellite path

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Article 22 – Hard Limits to protect GSO from Non-GSO– Hard EPFD limits enable non-GSO FSS systems to

share frequencies with and protect GSO systems without requiring individual coordinations with all the systems worldwide

– FSS non-GSO satellite systems shall comply with the EPFD limits contained in Tables 22-1A, 22-1B, 22-1C, 22-1D, 22-1E, 22-2 and 22-3 of RR Article 22

✓Article 22 contains reference parameters of GSO stations to be protected

17

EPFD Limits Regulatory Framework

Bangkok 2017

Article 9 – coordination trigger limits– specific large earth station requires coordination

under RR No. 9.7A with respect to any existing non-GSO satellite systems using the coordination triggers in RR Appendix 5; or

– FSS non-GSO satellite systems requires coordination under RR No. 9.7B with respect to any large earth station (under certain conditions) using the coordination triggers in RR Appendix 5.

✓Coordination trigger limits enable protection of very large specific GSO earth stations

18

EPFD Limits Regulatory Framework

Bangkok 2017

EPFD Limits Validation Tools

Validation Software is developed in accordance with methodology in Recommendation ITU-R S.1503-2

Resolution 85 (WRC-03) establishes intermediate arrangements until required software is developed

“Qualified favourable” finding is given based on the commitment by notifying administration to fulfill Article 22 limits

Findings under review

Two parallel developments:– Transfinite Systems Ltd, developed in C++

– Agenium, developed in C#

Reasons for two developments - Confidence in results: useful for BR and ADMs to be able to check the result of more than one tool

19

Bangkok 2017

Circular Letter CR/414, 6 December 2016 contains details of examinations to be carried out in accordance with Resolution 85 (WRC-03).

The Bureau contacted (end of March 2017) individually each administration having submitted non-GSO systems in the FSS, and requested administrations to submit within three months:

– “traditional” non-GSO parameters in Appendix 4 – orbit parameters, frequency assignments etc.

– The PFD/EIRP* masks accounting for all the features of specific non-GSO systems arrangements

* See also Rec. ITU-R S. 1503-2

20

Implementation of Resolution 85 (WRC-03)

Bangkok 2017

Defines non-GSO station transmission “footprint”– For transmitting non-GSO earth station in form of eirp and off-axis eirp mask

– For transmitting non-GSO satellite in form of pfd-mask given either in azimuth-elevation plane or relative to GSO exclusion zone

– For transmitting non-GSO satellite in bi-directional frequency bands in form of eirp and off-axis eirp mask

Masks are presented in XML-format and embedded in MS Access .MDB container

Not included in BR IFIC SRS database

Will be published once examination of non-GSO satellite system is completed

21

XML-mask data Item A.14 of Appendix 4 of RR

S.1503-08

Azimuth

Cell i

Elevation

M(Az, E1)

S.1503-07

GSO satellite

GSO arc

iso- linea

longnon-GSO

Dlong

O

z

x

y

Bangkok 2017

App.4 “for space

stations operating in a

frequency band

subject to Nos. 22.5C,

22.5D or 22.5F…”

Undertaken by filing administration

Rec. ITU-R S.1503-2

EPFD calculations

Parameters of non-GSO system delivered by

a notifying administrationInitial data available at the BR

Non-GSO System parameters input

to EPFD calculations

Calculation of pfd / e.i.r.p. masks

pfd / e.i.r.p. masks

Determination of runs to execute

Determination of worst case

geometry

Calculation of EPFD statistics and

limit compliance checking

Decision: pass / fail

BR Input Data to EPFD Calculations

Objectives:

Protection for GSO systems

Flexibility for non-GSO systems

Approach:

Measurable non-GSO system characteristics

Computation of EPFD CDF based on these parameters

Article 22 limits:[EPFD, % time]

by:• Frequency band• Dish size• Service FSS/BSS• Ref. bandwidth

Single non-GSO system verification limits “for all pointing directions” for all GSO systems

Rec. ITU-R S.1503-2 Overview

Bangkok 2017

For systems having:– Non-repeating

orbits

– Subject to EPFD limits to protect GSO large antenna diameters

simulation time steps could reach >50 billion

Further increasing calculation time with larger number of satellites in constellations >500

Demand for more precise modelling of certain non-GSO systems

23

Recommendation ITU-R S. 1503-2

Bangkok 2017

Optimize algorithms to increase performance

Aimed towards more precise definition of operational non-GSO parameters

Constellations can contain sub-constellations with different orbit parameters and shape

XML-mask format to include more latitude dependent parameters– Exclusion zone angle

– Tracking duration

– Earth station density

– Maximum number of co-frequency tracked satellites

24

Draft Revision of Recommendation

ITU-R S. 1503-2

Bangkok 2017

ITU-R Recommendation S.1503-2 Functional description to be used in developing software tools for determining conformity of non-geostationary-satellite orbit fixed-satellite system networks with limits contained in Article 22 of the Radio Regulations

EPFD software web-pagehttp://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/space-epfd/en

EPFD Support Forumhttp://groups.itu.int/epfd/en-us/epfdforum.aspx

epfd-support@itu.int

25

Resources

Bangkok 2017

26

Part II.

Further evolution of regulations

Bangkok 2017

Regulatory

deadline

Bringing

into use

How to get agreement from all GSO

satellite networks worldwide?

How to get agreement from all GSO

satellite networks worldwide?

How to get agreement from all GSO

satellite networks worldwide?

How to get agreement from all GSO

satellite networks worldwide?

How to get agreement from all GSO

satellite networks worldwide?

How to get agreement from all GSO

satellite networks worldwide?

How to ensure that no Unacceptable

interference is caused GSO?

How to establish co-existence

with other non-GSO?

How to establish co-existence

with other non-GSO?

How to establish co-existence

with other non-GSO?

How to establish co-existence

with other non-GSO?

How to meet EPFD limits with evolution of

design of the system?

How to meet EPFD limits with evolution of

design of the system?

How to meet EPFD limits with evolution of

design of the system?

Bangkok 2017

System design uncertain at the coordination stage

Regulatory schedule is tight for coordination and bringing into use

Flexibility for NGSO

Submission of coordination requests with multiple orbital characteristics.

1. Should one NGSO submit a filing with multiple sets of orbital characteristics and inclination values which are mutually exclusive?

2. How to prevent abuse and warehousing of spectrum?

Further evolution of regulations

Bangkok 2017

Systems utilizing different type of orbitsConfig 1

Bangkok 2017

Systems utilizing different type of orbitsConfig 2

Bangkok 2017

Systems utilizing different type of orbitsConfig 3

Bangkok 2017

Systems utilizing different type of orbitsConfig 4

Bangkok 2017

Systems utilizing different type of orbitsAll configurations

Bangkok 2017

Systems utilizing different type of orbitsAll configurations

Bangkok 2017

For the submission of a request for coordination to a NGSO satellite network or system, the notice will be receivable:

satellite systems with one or more set(s) of orbital characteristics and inclination value(s) with all frequency assignments to be operated simultaneously;

or

satellite systems with more than one set of orbital characteristics and inclination values:– with a clear indication that the different sub-sets of orbital

characteristics would be mutually exclusive;

– frequency assignments to the satellite system would be operated on one of the sub-sets of orbital parameters to be determined at the notification and recording stage of the satellite system at the latest.

Further evolution of regulations

Bangkok 2017

Bringing into use NGSO frequency assignments

Regulations on BIU are required to prevent warehousing orbit-spectrum and avoid paper satellites

What is the definition of BIU for NGSO?

One NGSO satellite?

Entire constellation?

New Rule of Procedure (Circular Letter CR/412)

World Radiocommunication Conference in 2019 (WRC-19) to review this issue

Further evolution of regulations

Bangkok 2017

New submissionsAdm/Org Satellite Name

Number of unique

orbit types

Number of

satellitesAdm/Org Satellite Name

Number of unique

orbit types

Number of

satellitesUSA USCSID-P 1 8 F ES-SAT-2 30 1428

J QZSS-1 1 1 CYP ANDROMEDA-A 1 48

CAN CASCADE-CX 1 1 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4

G O3B-B 1 24 CAN 102 1 774

IND INSAT-NAVR-GS 1 4 G O3B-B 1 24

CAN CANPOL 1 2 RUS SKY-F 2 24

CAN COMMSTELLATION 3 891 NOR SE-6-HEO-1 1 2

G L5 4 2692 NOR SE-6-HEO-1A 1 2

CAN CANPOL-2 2 51 HOL DREBBELSAT 1 24

G O3B-A 1 24 NZL APOG 1 18

NOR ASK-1 2 7 G THEO 1 882

LIE 3ECOM-1 1 288 CAN MAPLELEAF-1 1 60

F MCSAT-2 HEO 5 312 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-1 4 160

F MCSAT LEO 1 774 CAN MULTUS 3 80

NOR STEAM-1 3 3993 CAN CANSAT-LEO 2 117

NOR STEAM-2 3 3993 NOR STEAM-2B 1 1600

F MCSAT-2 LEO-1 14 4500 RUS/IK IK-NGSO-A10K-2 4 160

F MCSAT-2 LEO-2 4 2772 USA USASAT-NGSO-3C 1 1600

F MCSAT-2 MEO-1 10 624 USA USASAT-NGSO-3D 1 1600

F MCSAT-2 MEO-2 4 744 USA USASAT-NGSO-3E 1 400

F MCSAT-2 HEO-1 3 36 USA USASAT-NGSO-3F 1 400

G O3B-C 7 840 NOR NORSAT-H1 2 4

LIE 3ECOM-3 1 288

>

Bangkok 2017

Co-existence ensured at

Coordination between NGSO

Mechanism Coordination stage Operational stage

Use of homogenous orbits X

Agree on parameters

Exclusion zones

Mitigation techniques

X

Agree on acceptable level of

interference

X X

Avoid in-line events X

WRC-15 recognized that administrations may mutually agree on

the organization of multilateral coordination meetings for NGSO

FSS systems.

Bangkok 2017

— Frequency overlap is used to trigger coordination.

— Operational EPFD limits to fulfill No. 22.2.

— The use of EPFD during coordination for frequency bands not subject to Article 22 EPFD Limits?

Coordination between NGSO

and GSO

Bangkok 2017

The non-GSO operator submits MOD to increase the number of satellites in their constellation with the same {a, e, i}?

Note that S.1503-2 categorises non-GSO systems using {a, e, i}

…Or with different {a, e , i}?

The non-GSO operator reconfigures their system leading to a different Article 22 related parameters e.g. PFD/EIRP masks?

Modification of NGSO filing

GSO Satellite position from

WCGA

GSO arc

Non-GSO satellite set at latitude in WCGA assuming

point mass orbit model

Non-GSO satellite reaches latitude from WCGA

assuming full orbit model

Difference in longitude between these two positions

GSO Satellite position used in EPFD run

GSO ES position from

WCGA

GSO ES position used in EPFD run

Bangkok 2017

Guiding principle - RoP on No. 9.27 (coordination is not required when the nature of the change is such as not to increase the interference to or from, as the case may be, the assignments of another administration)

- BR to study the technical justifications provided by the notifying administration to make its finding and publish them to ensure the transparency of the process. Such justifications may be based on static and dynamic interference assessments

- Responsible administration may wish to commit to not requiring any more protection from other non-GSO systems or very large earth stations subject to No. 9.7A than that required for the original parameters

BR will report on its experience in the application of Resolution 85 (WRC-03) to RRB

Modification of NGSO filing

Bangkok 2017

Decision 482 (C2017) – establishes cost recovery for satellite network filings

Same method to establish cost recovery for GSO and Non-GSO

ITU Council 2017:

BR by 31 January 2018 to submit a study on the technical issues arising in connection with processing of complex non-geostationary satellite (non-GSO) network filling systems to clarify technical issues

Cost Recovery for NGSO filings

Bangkok 2017

V-band NGSO (Agenda Item 1.6)

37.5-39.5 GHz (s-E)

39.5-42.5 GHz (s-E)

47.2-50.2 GHz (E-s)

50.4-51.4 GHz (E-s)

C-Band NGSO (Agenda Item 9.1, Issue 9.1.3)

Study provisions for NGSO in C-Band for circular orbit

systems

www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/study-groups/rcpm/Pages/wrc-19-studies.aspx

WRC-19 New spectrum for NGSO

Bangkok 2017

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

24.25-24.45GHz

24.45-24.65GHz

24.65-24.75GHz

24.75-25.25GHz

25.25-27GHz

27-27.5GHz

31.8-33.4GHz

37-37.5GHz

37.5-38GHz

38-39.5GHz

39.5-40.5GHz

40.5-42.5GHz

42.5-43.5GHz

45.5-47GHz

47-47.2GHz

47.2-47.5GHz

47.5-47.9GHz

47.9-48.2GHz

48.2-48.9GHz

48.9-50.2GHz

50.4-51.4GHz

51.4-52.6GHz

66-76GHz

81-86GHz

Milliers

Spectrum(GHz)understudyforIMTidentificationbyWRC-19

UnderStudyforIMT UnderStudyforHAPS UnderStudyforNGSOFSS

• 33.25 GHz of spectrum under study for IMT• 12.25 GHz also under study for HAPS and/or NGSO FSS

Bangkok 2017

Space debris

Bangkok 2017

Starting from 1 elliptical orbit system

Bangkok 2017

Adding another elliptical orbit system

Bangkok 2017

Plus 1 equatorial orbit system

Bangkok 2017

… and 1 Mega constellation

Bangkok 2017

…and another one

Bangkok 2017

…and another one

Bangkok 2017

…and another one

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…and another one

Bangkok 2017

…how it compares with GSO

Bangkok 2017

All objects in space (excl. mega NGSO)

Bangkok 2017

Bangkok 2017

Space debris