Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Energy...Non-Electric Applications & Nuclear Energy: Experience...
Transcript of Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Energy...Non-Electric Applications & Nuclear Energy: Experience...
Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Energy
I. Khamis
Nuclear Power Technology Development Section
Department of Nuclear Energy
Contents
• Introduction
• An overview of current experience on non-electric applications & some recent projects
• The value of cogeneration
• The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems
• Challenges ahead
• Conclusion
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Why non-electric applications?
The wide “spectrum” of current reactors can cover all applications
Non-electric Applications & Nuclear Energy
Contents
• Introduction
• An overview of current experience on non-electric applications
• The value of cogeneration
• The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems
• Challenges ahead
• Conclusion
Facts on non-electric applications with nuclear power
� Proven technology:
� 1956: Calder Hall plant in UK provided electricity and heat to nearby fuel processing plant
� 1963: Agesta NPP in Sweden provided hot water for district heating to a suburb of Stockholm
� 1972: Aktau in Kazakhstan provided heat and electricity for seawater desalination to supply 120 000 m3/day fresh water for the city of Aktau
� 1979: Bruce in Canada heat to heavy-water production and industrial & agricultural users
� Not widely applied: Less than 1% of heat generated in nuclear reactors worldwide is at present used for non-electric applications.
Non-Electric Applications & Nuclear Energy: Experience
• 14-15% of world electricity is from nuclear powerplants
• 432 nuclear power reactors worldwide,
• 70 are being used for co-generation of hot waterand/ or steam for:
» District heating,
» Seawater desalination
» Industrial processes.
• Over 700 reactor-years of combined experience existsfor these non-electrical applications.
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IN JP PK BG CH CZ HU RO RU SK UA CH IN RU SK
Desalination District Heating Process Heating
No. of Reactors
PWR
PHWR
LWGR
FBR
1
LWGR, 15
PHWR, 9
PWR, 50
By typee
Des, 12
DH, 30
PH + DH, 27
PH, 6
By applications
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Proven technology: with 79 operative reactors and 750 reactor-years experience
Some recent activities on non-electric appl.
• India: proposed two integrated systems for seawater desalination
using with AHWR.
• Pakistan: Feasibility study for nuclear desalination plant in Karachi
costal Power projects is being considered.
• Russia: signed agreements considering nuclear desalination plant with
Egypt, Jordan, and Kazakhstan
• Saudi Arabia: considering SMART (Korea) for desalination
• China: signed MoU for HGTR with Saudi Arabia, UAE, South Africa.
China: Nuclear cogeneration for offshore oil operations
• Indonesia: considering HTGR 200 MWth for cogeneration (H2
production & liquefaction/gasification of coal)
• Japan: HTR for cogeneration (desalination)
• USA: consider integrating desalinated water from twin PWRs of
Diablo Canyon NPP into public water systems in California
NUCLEAR PROCESS HEAT REACTOR DESIGNS
Reactor Applications
ACR-700, Canada oil sand application
AVR-II & HTR-Modul & PNP, Germany nuclear assisted steam–coal gasification and steam–methane reforming
IHTR-H & Compact high temperature reactor (CHTR), India
Large scale hydrogen production
HTTR & GTHTR300C, Japan, Hydrogen & Cogeneration
H2-MHR & GT-MHR & PBMR , USA cogeneration of electricity and process heat & hydrogen
MHR-100 SMR, Russia Cogeneration of electricity and of hydrogen
NGNP, USA cogeneration of electricity and process heat
Contents
• Introduction
• An overview of current experience on non-electric applications
• The value of cogeneration
• The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems
• Challenges ahead
• Conclusion
The Value of Cogeneration: Better NPP Projects
Better EfficiencyOver 80% energy efficiencyOpen new sectors for nuclear power
Better Use of energyOptimize energy efficiencyMatch industrial application needs at the right temperature
Better FlexibilityIn future energy planningIn operating nuclear power plants/and electrical GridIn diversifying energy outputs
Better Environmental impactsReduce waste heat dumped to the environmentAdditional heat sink
The Value of Cogeneration: Cleaner Environment
Save EnergyRecover waste heatOpen new utilization of nuclear power
Save EnvironmentReduce CO2 emissionsReduce nuclear waste
Save MoneyGet cheaper energyReduce the need for fossil fuels
Implementing nuclear cogeneration !!
FeasibleOn all reactor typesExisting nuclear reactors can be retrofitted
SafeMinimal impact on reactor safetyProduct outputs is free of radioactive contamination
Value addedFor pubic use: Drinking Water, District heating/cooling
For industrial use : Steam, Synthetic Fuels, Hydrogen
Contents
• Introduction
• An overview of current experience on non-electric applications
• The value of cogeneration
• The future of non-electric applications with innovative nuclear systems
• Challenges ahead
• Conclusion
Potential non-electric applications of nuclear reactors
Nuclear Reactors
Heat
Electricity
Ionizing radiations
Material treatment
Irradiation
Neutrons
Radioisotopes
Unique products
Nuclear Vs Coal/gas
Power plants Type Nominal powerMW(e)
Estimated cost of construction
Capital Cost/Watt
Nuclear Sanmen I & II
WestinghouseAP 1000x2
2x 1100 $5.9 B ~ $ 3/Watt
Nuclear Taishan I & II
ArevaFrench EPR
2x 1660 $7.5 B ~ $ 2.5/Watt
Nuclear SMRRef. Nucleonic WeekCopyright © 2015 McGraw Hill FinancialMarch 26, 2015
FOK NuScale 600 $ 3 B ~ $ 5/Watt
12th NuScale 600 $ 2.5 B
Coal & Gas $200 M- 1.5 B $ 0.6-1.5/Watt
Optimizing the use of nuclear reactors
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Reactor((((600MWt))))
Gas turbine
He Circulator
O2
H2
H2O
Isolation
Valves
IHX
Precooler
Recuperator
ThermochemicalIS Process
850~950℃7~5 MPa
Internal Hot Coolant Flow
Cold Flow on Primary Pressure Boundary
900℃, 5.2 MPa
Distant Hydrogen Production Plant
To Grid
Cooling Water
Reactor Power Plant
Industrial heat applicationsHydrogen cogeneration
High efficiency power
generation
50 000 m3/day
Seawater desalination
Reactor outletcoolant850-950oC
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SteelmakingGas to liquid
Ammonia fertilizer
Oil refining
Tar sands oil extractionPulp & paper production
District heating
600300 900
o
C
Material processing
Market Opportunities for HTR in North America
Co-generation
75 GWt
Petrochemical,
Refinery,
Fertilizer/Ammonia
plants and others
Petrochemical,
Refinery,
Fertilizer/Ammonia
plants and others
Oil Sands/
Oil Shale
Steam, electricity,
hydrogen & water
treatment
Steam, electricity,
hydrogen & water
treatment
60 GWt
Hydrogen Market
36 GWt
Synthetic Fuels
& Feedstock
Steam,
electricity, high
temperature
fluids, hydrogen
Steam,
electricity, high
temperature
fluids, hydrogen
Electricity
110 GWt
10% of the nuclear
electrical supply
increase required to
achieve pending
Government objectives
for emissions
reductions by 2050
10% of the nuclear
electrical supply
increase required to
achieve pending
Government objectives
for emissions
reductions by 2050
125 Reactor Modules* 30 Reactor Modules 60 Reactor modules 415 Reactor Modules 180 Reactor Modules
*All module #s assume only 25% of market
249 GWt
Source: Lewis Lommers, AREVA US
Total:
810 Reactors
For petroleum industry, synthetic fuel, ammonia and hydrogen production
VHTR for desalination
Source: X. Yan, JAEA
Waste heat from PBMR for desalination
PBMR rejects heat from the pre-cooler and intercooler = 220 MWth
at 70 °C
+ MED desalination technology
Cover the needs of 55 000 – 600 000 people
Desalinated water 15 000 – 30 000 m3/day
VHTR for hydrogen production
VHTR 600 MWth Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
H2 production
rate t/d
233 66 118
H2 production
efficiency %
48.6 48.4 37.2
H2 production
cost US$/NM3
2.89 2.30 2.98
Source: X. Yan, JAEA
GEN-IV reactors for hydrogen production
JAPAN CHINA GERMANY CANADA
Nuclear power plant GTHTR300 HTR-PM HTR-SR SCWR
H2 hydrogen
production process
S-I S-I SR S-I HyS CuCl(3 steps)
CuCl(5 Steps)
Thermal efficiency
(%)
46.98 - 20.34 46.98 - 20.34 32.2
Hydrogen
production
(kg/MWthh)
12.28 10.90 102.8 4.16 6.9 7.3 7.5
Hydrogen cost
($/kg)
2.46 3.78 3.61 4.1 4.74 5.39 5.34
SCWR for hydrogen production
� SCWR– 1200 Mwe, thermal efficiency – 46.3%�Outlet temperature – 625⁰C;
Heat source for H2 Plant –downstream of 1st stage turbine - 422⁰C
G4-ECONS
HEEP H2A
H2 Unit cost, $/kg
3.61 3.56 3.58
Cost Breakdown
H2 Plant Capital Component
0.27 0.28 0.27
H2 Plant Non-energy Component
0.39 0.39 0.36
H2 Plant Energy Component
2.95 2.89 2.95
Source: R.Sadhankar, AECL, Canada
Challenges ahead
• Optimization of NPPs design and operation for cogeneration/trigeneration
• Cogeneration/Multi-generation
• Re-use of waste heat from NPPs
• Applications of non-electric applications in small grids/remote areas
• Low temperature nuclear desalination
• Upscale of hydrogen production plants
• Efficient water management
• Support of hybrid systems
• EtcI
Conclusion
�Nuclear reactors are very unique and should be exploited for high value products.
� The demand for non-electric applications in the heat and transportation market can be met by nuclear energy without GHG.
�Cogeneration could improve the overall economics of NPPs
�Non-electric applications will be introduced rather slowly
�Innovation is needed to design NPPs for non-electric applications
… Thank you for your attention.