Non destrucutive Testing
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Non Destructive
Testing Sudip Prajapati U12ME052
Devang Marvania U12ME066
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Contents @ a glance Introduction Six most commonly used NDT methods Process of each NDT Method Advantages and limitations of NDT methodsConclusion
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Non Destructive Testing
Non Destructive Testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing any damage to the system.
Non Destructive Testing is used to investigate the material integrity of the specimen under test and can also be used for quality control.
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm
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Six Common NDTDye PenetrantVisual
Ultrasonic
Magnetic Particle
RadiographyEddy Current
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Few Others• Tap Testing• Microwave• Thermography• Acoustic Emission• Acoustic Microscopy• Magnetic Measurements• Flux Leakage• Laser Interferometry• Replication
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Visual Testing Visual testing is the most basic and
common inspection method involves in using of human eyes to look for defects. But now it is done by the use of special tools such as video scopes, magnifying glasses, mirrors, or borescopes to gain access and more closely inspect the subject area.
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BorescopesVideoscope
AdvancedVideoscope
Robotic Crawlers
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Dye Penetrant Testing• This method is commonly used for detect the
surface cracks or defects. Dye penetrant Testing (DPT) is one of the most widely used nondestructive Testing (NDT) methods. DPT can be used to inspect almost any material provided that its surface is not extremely rough.
• Three Liquids are used in this method.I. CleanerII. PenetrantIII. Developer
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At first the surface of the material that is to be tested is cleaned by a liquid. The liquid is called cleaner. Then a liquid with high surface wetting characteristics is applied to the surface of the part and allowed time to seep into surface breaking defects. This liquid is called penetrant. After five or ten minutes the excess penetrant is removed from the surface.
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Then another liquid is applied to pull the trapped penetrant out the defect and spread it on the surface where it can be seen. This liquid is called deveoper.
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Magnetic Particle Testing
• This method is suitable for detection of surface and near surface discontinuities in magnetic material, mainly ferrite steel and iron.
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Principle of MPT
• In the first figure the magnetized metal has no crack and there only two poles that is north pole and south pole. And in second figure the magnetized metal has a crack and at the crack point there creates another north and south pole for the magnetic flux leakage.
N S
Magnetic Flux Line
SNS N
CrackMagnetic Flux Leakage
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The first step in a magnetic particle testing is to magnetize the test component by a MPT equipment.
If there any defects on the surface or near to the surface are present, the defects will create a leakage field.
Then finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment are applied to the specimen. These particles are attracted to magnetic flux leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly over the defects. This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting conditions.
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Ultrasonic Testing This technique is used for the detection of
internal surface (particularly distant surface) defects in sound conducting materials.
In this method high frequency sound waves are introduced into a material and they are reflected back from surface and flaws. Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, and inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen showing the depth of features.
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Basic Principle• In the figure below, the reflected signal strength is displayed
versus the time from signal generation, when a echo was received.
• Signal travel time can be directly related to the distance.
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Eddy Current Testing• This method is applicable to electrically
conductive materials only. In this method eddy currents are produced in the product by electromagnetic induction.
• This is used for Crack DetectionCorrosion MonitoringMaterial Thickness MeasurementsCoating Thickness MeasurementsConductivity Measurements
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Crack Detection• Crack detection is one of the primary uses of
eddy current inspection. Cracks cause a disruption in the circular flow patterns of the eddy currents and weaken their strength. This change in strength at the crack location can be detected.
Magnetic FieldFrom Test Coil
Magnetic Field From
Eddy Currents
Eddy Currents
Crack
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