Nomadic Frontiers

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Nomadic Frontiers Nomadic Frontiers Byzantium, Islam, and China Byzantium, Islam, and China 1000-1200 AD 1000-1200 AD

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Nomadic Frontiers. Byzantium, Islam, and China 1000-1200 AD. Islamic Internal Conflicts. Shiite Fatmid Caliphate in Cairo 1021 Druze al-Hakim disappears Will spawn radical Islamic splinter group Sunni Caliphate in Baghdad Hashish Assassins Guild hired by both sides. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Nomadic Frontiers

Page 1: Nomadic Frontiers

Nomadic FrontiersNomadic Frontiers

Byzantium, Islam, and China Byzantium, Islam, and China

1000-1200 AD1000-1200 AD

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Islamic Internal ConflictsIslamic Internal Conflicts

►Shiite Fatmid Caliphate in CairoShiite Fatmid Caliphate in Cairo 1021 Druze al-Hakim disappears1021 Druze al-Hakim disappears

►Will spawn radical Islamic splinter groupWill spawn radical Islamic splinter group

►Sunni Caliphate in BaghdadSunni Caliphate in Baghdad►Hashish Assassins Guild hired by both Hashish Assassins Guild hired by both

sidessides

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The Coming of the The Coming of the SteppepeopleSteppepeople

►Turks enter Middle East from Central Turks enter Middle East from Central AsiaAsia Moving because of domino effect (climate Moving because of domino effect (climate

change)change) Seljuk Turks take Baghdad in 1055Seljuk Turks take Baghdad in 1055

►““Army of God”Army of God”►Converted to IslamConverted to Islam

conquered in name of Sunni Islamconquered in name of Sunni Islam► India India ►Anatolia Anatolia ►Levant Levant

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Threat of the CrusadersThreat of the Crusaders

►Western world saw Crusades as an Western world saw Crusades as an extension of Christian power extension of Christian power

► Islamic world saw as minor nuisanceIslamic world saw as minor nuisance►Crusaders began as pilgrims Crusaders began as pilgrims

political unrest in Middle East led to political unrest in Middle East led to armed guards/escorts for pilgrimsarmed guards/escorts for pilgrims

adopt Muslim notion of “holy war” adopt Muslim notion of “holy war” ►penance penance ►justify warrior culture justify warrior culture

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Call to CrusadeCall to Crusade

►1090 Pope Urban II put together military 1090 Pope Urban II put together military expedition to take the “Holy Land”expedition to take the “Holy Land” Part of his plan for Christian unityPart of his plan for Christian unity captured Jerusalem 1099 captured Jerusalem 1099 carved out Christian kingdoms in Middle East carved out Christian kingdoms in Middle East

and increased wealth of churchand increased wealth of church

►Muslim powers too caught up in internal Muslim powers too caught up in internal struggles to pay much attentionstruggles to pay much attention

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Turkish Stabilization of M.E.Turkish Stabilization of M.E.

► c. 1150 Zengi, a Turkish chieftain comes to c. 1150 Zengi, a Turkish chieftain comes to power in Sunni part of Islamic Empirepower in Sunni part of Islamic Empire Saladin, a Kurdish general, is his second in Saladin, a Kurdish general, is his second in

command, succeeds Zengicommand, succeeds Zengi► 1197 Saladin unites Middle East under his 1197 Saladin unites Middle East under his

bannerbanner conquered Fatmid caliphate conquered Fatmid caliphate end of independent Shiite stateend of independent Shiite state

►Shiites would be a minority in Sunni dominated empires Shiites would be a minority in Sunni dominated empires until the second half of the 20until the second half of the 20thth century century

Defeated the Crusader KingdomsDefeated the Crusader Kingdoms►end of intermarriage and alliance between Christians and end of intermarriage and alliance between Christians and

Muslims Muslims Led to anti-Jewish campaigns by Christians in EuropeLed to anti-Jewish campaigns by Christians in Europe Blamed Jews for loss of Crusader statesBlamed Jews for loss of Crusader states

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Saharan IslamSaharan Islam

►Political unrest in Muslim Sahara led to Political unrest in Muslim Sahara led to Christians retaking Spain/N. Africa c. Christians retaking Spain/N. Africa c. 11001100

►Muslims rulers recruited nomadic tribes Muslims rulers recruited nomadic tribes to save kingdomto save kingdom Almoravids Almoravids

►radical Islam radical Islam ►Re-conquer Spain and N. AfricaRe-conquer Spain and N. Africa►move south in W. Africa move south in W. Africa

GhanaGhana GaoGao

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Healing Islamic ConflictsHealing Islamic Conflicts

►New philosophy of Sufism surfacesNew philosophy of Sufism surfaces pop with peasants, not upper class pop with peasants, not upper class Mystical rather than legalist IslamMystical rather than legalist Islam

►al-Ghazali unified Sufism w/ mainstream Islamal-Ghazali unified Sufism w/ mainstream Islam►Sufi mystics became most tolerant of Islamic Sufi mystics became most tolerant of Islamic

peoplespeoples

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ByzantiumByzantium

► Archaic, inflexible governmentArchaic, inflexible government church controlled by statechurch controlled by state

►Byzantine Emperor de facto head of Byzantine Orthodox Byzantine Emperor de facto head of Byzantine Orthodox Church Church

Governmental systems dating back to Constantine Governmental systems dating back to Constantine ► Shrinking as Islam grows Shrinking as Islam grows

turn to missions and diplomats turn to missions and diplomats ►converted Russia (Vladimir of Kiev)converted Russia (Vladimir of Kiev)►monopolized literacy monopolized literacy

Built commonwealth of Orthodox buffer statesBuilt commonwealth of Orthodox buffer states►Used ceremony and ornamentation to awe ‘barbarians’Used ceremony and ornamentation to awe ‘barbarians’

Mechanical fire-breathing lionsMechanical fire-breathing lions Fragile stabilityFragile stability

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Emperor Basil II 976 ADEmperor Basil II 976 AD

► deal with conflict between large landowners and deal with conflict between large landowners and thronethrone destroyed many landowners and gave land to destroyed many landowners and gave land to

peasants peasants

►made peace with Arabsmade peace with Arabs► set realistic geographic boundaries set realistic geographic boundaries

Danube to the Euphrates Danube to the Euphrates

► est. large standing army to enforce internal est. large standing army to enforce internal control control Levied large tax on aristocracyLevied large tax on aristocracy filled treasury filled treasury

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Basil’s HeirsBasil’s Heirs

►Basil dies without an established heirBasil dies without an established heir►Power given to nieces Power given to nieces

Zoe Zoe Theodora Theodora

►Powerful women led to a rise in Powerful women led to a rise in esteem for familyesteem for family Fertility admired as much as virginityFertility admired as much as virginity Elite rebelled against “unnatural” female Elite rebelled against “unnatural” female

leadershipleadership

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Empress ZoeEmpress Zoe

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Conflicts in ChristianityConflicts in Christianity

► Eastern (Orthodox) vs. Western (Catholic) Eastern (Orthodox) vs. Western (Catholic) ChurchChurch Latin vs. GreekLatin vs. Greek

►common language = common culturecommon language = common culture

Disagreements over DOGMA Disagreements over DOGMA ►Absolute authorityAbsolute authority

Pope vs. PatriarchsPope vs. Patriarchs

Possibility of unity vs. common enemiesPossibility of unity vs. common enemies► IslamIslam

Failure to unite leads to Byz. losing most of Anatolia to Failure to unite leads to Byz. losing most of Anatolia to TurksTurks

►Normans (descendents of the Vikings)Normans (descendents of the Vikings) Normans convert to Latin (Catholic) ChristianityNormans convert to Latin (Catholic) Christianity

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Byzantium and the CrusadesByzantium and the Crusades

►1097 Latin crusaders arrive to “help” 1097 Latin crusaders arrive to “help” Byzantium against the TurksByzantium against the Turks divided by religious squabbledivided by religious squabble Crusaders more interested in grabbing Crusaders more interested in grabbing

power than helping Byzantinespower than helping Byzantines►Anna ComenaAnna Comena►crusaders did not return any Byzantine landscrusaders did not return any Byzantine lands

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Anna ComnenaAnna Comnena

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Conflict w/ VeniceConflict w/ Venice

► Byzantine agriculture fails in 1100sByzantine agriculture fails in 1100s focus entirely on trade to feed populacefocus entirely on trade to feed populace

►partners w/ Venicepartners w/ Venice Italian PiratesItalian Pirates Coveted Byzantine tradeCoveted Byzantine trade

► In 1204 the 4In 1204 the 4thth Crusade needed Venetian fleet Crusade needed Venetian fleet to move them to the Holy Landto move them to the Holy Land Crusaders conquered Constantinople and gave Crusaders conquered Constantinople and gave

Venice trade rights in exchange for passage to Venice trade rights in exchange for passage to the Holy Landthe Holy Land

Byzantine power never recoveredByzantine power never recovered► Lasting legacy of Byzantium mostly in Lasting legacy of Byzantium mostly in

preservation of Greek and Roman learningpreservation of Greek and Roman learning

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China and the New China and the New BarbariansBarbarians

►End of the TangEnd of the Tang series of disasters 800-1000 ADseries of disasters 800-1000 AD Emperor dies with out heir 859 ADEmperor dies with out heir 859 AD Uighars (10000) driven out of central Asia Uighars (10000) driven out of central Asia

into Chinese landsinto Chinese lands►Bandit gangs grew into armiesBandit gangs grew into armies

renegade students renegade students displaced monksdisplaced monks

►Armies fight over control of stateArmies fight over control of state political disunity political disunity Loss of Mandate of HeavenLoss of Mandate of Heaven

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Rise of the Song DynastyRise of the Song Dynasty

►960 AD rebel general proclaimed self-960 AD rebel general proclaimed self-emperoremperor

►Dynasty lasts til 1279 ADDynasty lasts til 1279 AD constant conflict with “barbarians”constant conflict with “barbarians”

►Liao KingdomLiao Kingdom►central Mongoliacentral Mongolia►led by warrior empresses led by warrior empresses

Chunjin 926-947 ADChunjin 926-947 AD Xiao 982-1009 ADXiao 982-1009 AD

►pushed S to Yellow Riverpushed S to Yellow River►achieved equality with Song 1004achieved equality with Song 1004

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New Barbarians cont.New Barbarians cont.

►Xia KingdomXia Kingdom between Tibet and Gobibetween Tibet and Gobi 1044 treaty of equality with Song1044 treaty of equality with Song

►1115 AD Jurchen moved out of N. Manchria1115 AD Jurchen moved out of N. Manchria Hunter people forced south during global Hunter people forced south during global

warmingwarming conquered Liaoconquered Liao most of N. Chinamost of N. China achieved parity with Chineseachieved parity with Chinese

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Song ExpansionSong Expansion

► forced S. centered on Yangtzeforced S. centered on Yangtze►expanded SW and dominated expanded SW and dominated

indigenous peopleindigenous people► internal expansioninternal expansion

new rice from Vietnamnew rice from Vietnam draining wetlandsdraining wetlands 2 crop system2 crop system

►double food supplydouble food supply

deforestationdeforestation

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Song EconomySong Economy

►money economymoney economy Replaced earlier non-universal monetary Replaced earlier non-universal monetary

and barter systemsand barter systems minting coinsminting coins

►developed by putting less and less precious developed by putting less and less precious metal in coinsmetal in coins

paper moneypaper money

►huge urban growthhuge urban growth

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Women in Song ChinaWomen in Song China

►Urban growth led to changing view of Urban growth led to changing view of womenwomen In pastoral settings, women had to workIn pastoral settings, women had to work Seen as commodities in urban settingSeen as commodities in urban setting

►foot binding to keep from escaping or being foot binding to keep from escaping or being able to do independent workable to do independent work

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