Nokia Research & UCB - Chesschess.eecs.berkeley.edu/pubs/890/PEMP Feb 2012 UCB Dreams.pdfNokia...

NRC Berkeley

Nokia Research & UCBBerkeley, Jan 31 2012

11

Per LjungPerformance Efficient Mobile PlatformsNokia Research, [email protected]

•Background• Nokia• Nokia Research• Nokia Research Berkeley

•Opportunities for Energy Savings• energy sources & sinks• what can we expect

NRC Berkeley

Nokiachallenger mindset

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•High-end Windows Phone• 3rd ecosystem• first devices just announced ... lots more coming

• Connect the Next Billion• developing world• similar capabilities, different price points

• Future Disruptions• energy efficiency, big data, form factors, ...

NRC Berkeley

Nokiawhat is going on?

13

•Telecom industry• interesting times with M&A, exits, fails• Q3’2011 mobile > PC • 4.6B handsets ~ global population

•Largest mobile manufacturer• shipped +1B mobile devices • 450M/year = 100M high-end + 350M low-end• typical product 10M• 130k employees

+1M every day

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Nokiawhat is going on?

14

• OS• Symbian is end-of-lifed

• ... expect to ship another +100M

• Meego is dead• linux is dead, long live linux• ... Qt/linux on $25 Raspberry Pi using a BCM chipset

• Windows• just announced first phones ... lots more coming• working with W8, WP, MSR

NRC Berkeley

NRCprototypes, patents, publications, tech transfer

15

•Nokia Research• 25th anniversary• 11 labs worldwide ~400 hc• NRC NA, 100 hc

• Palo Alto• Cambridge• Berkeley, ~25 hc & growing

• Radio• Performance Efficient Mobile Platforms

•Some recent successes• BTLE, NFC, WebCL• indoor positioning, indoor maps• computational photography• CityScene augmented reality• Sesame Street virtual reality• MirrorLink automotive• XXX tech transfer to 5k hc• 50% of IPR

NRC Berkeley

NRC Berkeleyperformance efficient mobile platforms

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•Projects in Energy Efficiency• a CTO-level “Future Disruption”

• +50 hc• prototypes

• demonstrate ULP• low power radios/displays/cpus• linux kernel mods

• enable always-on apps

•UCB• collaboration & funding with Parlab, BWRC, LoCal

• Parlab Next “mobile” + “energy”• grants to researchers• recruiting• internships

50-3000mW, 5Wh+1 day

5-100mW, 1Wh+10 days

1-100mW, 5Wh+1 year

NRC BerkeleyNokia Confidential

Opportunities for Energy Savings in Mobile Devices

•Battery•Display •Communication•Computation•User

Per LjungPerformance Efficient Mobile PlatformsNokia [email protected]

17

pJ/op and nJ/bit


Mobile Energy Efficiency

• battery• 5Wh

• display• 0.5W → 10h

• computation• 1GHz, 1000 pJ/op, 1W → 5h

• communication• 1 Mbps, 1000 nJ/bit, 1W → 5h

Yesterday: Race to Haltmin comp timemin comm timemin display time

Today: background smart-phone apps(email, voip, social, streaming, gps, ...)

are battery killers

18

how much functionality?


handsets?

handsets?


• Apple & Samsung leaders• best case 2x better energy efficiency

• WP7 vs iphone4• n900 vs iphone3gs

• EU FP7 (EARTH)• demo 2x in 2 years • Ericsson, Alcatel, NXP, Docomo, ...• €10M• www.ict-earth.eu

• Bell Labs GreenTouch• roadmap 1000x by 2015• China mobile, AT&T, Broadcom, Huawei, Samsung, ...• www.greentouch.org

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SW not HW

free money, low ambition

ambitious

players & directions



20

!" #$%%&'()*+ ,-./0% 1(2%34%$ 56!6

!"#$%&'&()*(+',-$-&&(.'"/(0"-,1%(0**'2'-"2%

3$$4&5,#5')"(67,)417(8#2,)(9-$$()*(:#;'4&(<==>

8);-$'"1(!&&4>?5')"&•3"*'"'5-(@+•!"5-""#(1#'"(AB(;@'•C)'&-(*'14,-(D(;@•@$;1(?-"-5,#5')"(E=(;@•F#57G$)&&(-H?)"-"5(IJK•L7#;)M(*#;'"1(K(;@(&5;(;-N

Shannon Limit

Rx ~ 10-12 nJ/bit(Received energy per

bit for single link in limit of

zero spectral efficiency)Tx

100 nJ/bit

Tx102 nJ/bit

Grid Power106 nJ/bit

Ideal Small CellsRadius ~ 50 m

Ideal Macro CellsRadius ~ 500 mSimulation Result

Opportunity~104 path losses

Opportunity~10 MIMO~10 Ant. Gain & Improved Rx

Opportunity~102 High BW

6HO(:P(5,#"&>'5(?M,

:HO(:P(,-2-'N-(?M,

TH

10-4 nJ/bitTx

10-2 nJ/bit

Opportunity~10 MIMO~10 Ant. Gain &Improved Rx

Residual Losses~108

Tx105 nJ/bit

Actual Macro CellsRadius ~ 500 m

Opportunity~10 Efficient PAs, low power electronics, passive cooling, etc.

Other~ 10 margin for QoS, overheads, nonidealities, etc.

Shannon Limit

•Q41-(;'**-,-"2-(RAS(),;-,&()*(>#1"'54;-T(U-5M--"(5,#"&>'55-;(

?)M-,(#";(>'"'>#$(,-V4',-;(,-2-'N-;(?)M-,

•@-&5(M#%&(5)(2#?'5#$'W-()"(#U)N-()??),54"'5%! L>#$$(9-$$&

! !"5-""#(1#'"&(R838XY(-52JT

! 3"2,-#&-;(U#";M';57

circuits, transport, coding, architecture, protocols

1E17 mobile inefficiency

asymmetric TX 1W UE vs.120W BS

use small cells

thermal noise boundsactually interference limited

Green Touch 1000x/5 years



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• handsets• ~80% time stationary• use cheapest radio

•500x cheaper display• bi-static, no backlight

•1000x cheaper radio• ANT, ZigBee, BTLE ... not 3G/4G/wifi• tiny cells ... exploit your laptop• cheap & frequent data notifications

•100x cheaper processor• streaming/stack ... not RISC• embedded, not generic linux

2 nJ/bit vs 2 uJ/bitavailable today

10 pJ/op vs 1000 pJ/opavailable today

1 mW vs 500 mWavailable today

enable tomorrow’s cloud/streaming apps

general case: mobile

special case: home, office

100x doable now?


Battery life

• typical handset• 32g, 13cc, 5.5Wh = 17kJ • +5h charging @ max 1W• 20mW static power = 10 days standby• 150mW notifications = 1.3 day standby• “typical usage” 5kJ active +12kJ standby = 1 battery charge

• iPad2• 25Wh = 90kJ• Apple: 10h use = avg 2.5W• MacWorld: video play 8.4h = 3W

•Kindle3• 6.5Wh = 23kJ• Amazon: “30days @ 30m/day” = 60h = avg 110mW• B&N: 56h @ 1page/min

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how long between recharges?


Energy sources

• battery• 4% cagr• typical +5h charging time @ max 1W• super-cap like charging rates with nano-

structure anode & cathode• 30m charging @ 15A instead of 5h

• energy density • 7x to Al-air, 12x to dynamite

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1,000

10 100 1,000 10,000

10h 1h 0.1h

36s

3.6s

0.36s

36ms

Libattery

supercaps

Al electrolyticcaps

Spec

ific

ener

gy W

h/kg

Specific power W/kg

combustionengine

lead

aci

d

redox N

iCd

fuel cell

Al air

Zn a

ir

23

limited opportunity


Energy sources

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2004: Nokia’s Fuel Cell operated Bluetooth Headset

fuel cell

• high energy, low power• need accumulator


Energy sources

25

1997: Nokia 1611

2011: Nokia Liidokki

• best 320mW• sun 100mW/cm2

• typical area 20 cm2

• typical efficiency 16%, world record 42%

• typical ZTE S316• 17h @ 120mW = 2.1Wh full charge• 2.5h charge = 0.3Wh = 24h @ 12mW standby + 2m @ 390mW voice

solar


Energy sources

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!"#$%&'&()*+,-.&%/ 01

23"4*5""-/*!"#$%&'&()!"#$%&'()%*+,-".'/%#"01-+-/"%.#+-0*'.."#%

'-%+%&+-20".

3"+20".%1#%2'045+$%

6#'0.%2'045+$

7"#01-+5%+#"+%"-"#,$%-".81#9

! "#

$%&'()*+$%),-./)0-(1

7:;<=>?@AB%)' C(D%$"+# >EF:@GH D(I%$"+#0%

:BJBF:>3 I(K%$"+#0%%

6'#"5"00%"-"#,$%.#+-0*'00'1-%'-%&1*"%21*+'-%%L6'?#'/'.$M%

2/)/3(0-%)"4+53%6-./7+(..-0-%)(1+,3//.%&+%,++&%6/&/)0+8

2/)/3(0-%)+!4+9(7-:+0/:;)%1%<*=+7>,,-:-/)0+,%3+&%70+'>3'%7/78

! "

wireless charging

• effective within 3 coil diameters• lots of proximity chargers coming


Display

• LCD+, AMOLED, E-Ink, Pixel Qi, Mirasol, ...

• mobile LCD• 300-800mW (backlighting on)• 30mW (graphics driver)• assume 2.5h/day

• LCD 0.5*2.5 = 1.25 Wh (23% of 5.5 Wh battery)• E-Ink 0.1*2.5 = 0.25 Wh (5%)• Mirasol 0.03 = 0.1 Wh (1%)

• tablet LCD• +4x backlighting power

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bistatic, transflectance, color, video, ...


Communication• 2G

• ~20mW standby, 0.6W, 9h talktime

• 3G• ~20mW standby, 1W, 5.5h talktime• massive overhead from t1, t2 timers• +1s setup latency• “worst case” sending 1 byte is 0.6W*2s=1.2J

• “best case” sustained 100,000x more efficient• newer low power idle modes, CPC, DTX/DRX, FastDormancy• proprietary QuickRelease not allowed by some operators

• notifications, keep-alive signals• email + skype = 150mW notifications = 1.3 day standby• want to aggregate/reduce

• wifi• 100mW standby, 1W active

• LTE• 100mW standby, +1W active• ~0s latency, min overhead

t1DCH

PCH

t2FACH

IDLE

data

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Nokia Energy Profiler

voice, data, notifications


Communication

• 1000x cheaper radio • ANT, Zigbee, BTLE instead of 2G/3G/wifi (2 nJ/bit vs 2uJ/bit)• tiny cells, connect to your laptop• AT&T femto is 10x worse (t1=4m)

• parallel voice+data • share channel, 0.6x energy

• striping data • avoids TCP slow restarts, 0.6x energy

• enqueue & aggregate notifications • avoid T1 overhead, 0.25x energy

• burst (not streaming)• enable sleep, 0.6x energy

• protocols • E(N*data) << N*E(data)

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Pow

er [W

]

Ener

gy [J

]

time [s]

t1

t2

Pow

er [W

]

Ener

gy [J

]

time [s]

t1

t2

aggregated

voice, data, notifications


Computation

•optimize performance != optimize energy• hw specialization• typical risc +500 pJ/op• re-compute vs re-use

•many-cores, conservation cores• Denard power scaling dead• low activation = dark silicon• offload cpu to conservation cores

• Amdahl’s law for energy• assume 95% runs in 0 energy → max 20x improvement

180-250nm

50nm

16 mm

0.3 pJ/op

1.7 pJ

17 pJ

400 pJ

ALU

1mm

10mm

off-chip

reg.readram.read

0.6 pJ3 pJ

45-90nm

1,000,000

1

10

100

1000

10,000

100,000

1998-2002 ISSCC designs

pJ/

op

cpu

dsp

asic

task energy relative

comp

on-chip comm

off-chip comm

off-handset comm

0.3 pJ 1

3 pJ 10

400 pJ 1,000

8 uJ 25,000,000

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applications & processors


Computation

•hibernation• min static power = normally off, modem on• wake-on-event (voice, sms, data, local info, ...)• meego: 20s suspend, 3s resume

• secondary low-power processor• context recognition (radio, location, activities, gestures)• e.g. TI Omap5

•offload• proxy in remote cloud / local femto• e.g. vnc “pc-over-ip” 1W wifi, Onlive gaming 100ms latency• wake-by-cloud (filter data)

•100x cheaper processor• streaming or stack (10pJ/op), not risc (1000 pJ/op)

•native vs web• E(native) ≤ E(javascript), E(ajax) < E(html)• comm protocol dominates -- avoid slow servers• web-based phone

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NRC Berkeley

OffCallphone is normally off, wake on event

N900 Existing Proposed

standby

typical

0.04W marketing = 4 days0.16W w/ notifications = 1.3 days

0W marketing = ∞ days0.005W w/ notifications = 32x

night 8h events=0, freq=Infcommute 1h events=0, freq=Infwork 9h events=27, freq=20mcommute 1h events=1, freq=60mevening 5h events=10, freq=30m

active 2.4h=5.1kJstandby 21.6h=12.4kJtotal 24h=17.5kJ

1 day battery

hibernate if no event within 4mactive 2.4h=5.1kJstandby 21.6h=1.6kJtotal 24h=6.7kJ

2.6x battery life

•OffCall = NoBoot + events•Meltemi liason, sw, device

P

tnight commute commutework evening

hibernate

event

applications & processors

NRC Berkeley


Computation

10 8 10 6 10 4 10 2 100 102104

105

106

107

108

109

1010

1011

1012

1000

pJ/in

str10

0pJ/i

nstr

10pJ

/instr

1pJ/i

nstr

0.1pJ

/instr

Watt

IPS

NXP Coolflux (65nm)TI MSP430 (65nm)Atmel AT89LPAtmel AVRPCH7970HTC 80C51Xemics XE88LCOEM6607Intel Core Duo Yonah (65nm)Intel Atom (45nm)Arm Cortex A9 (65nm)Arm Cortex M0 (90nm)MIPS 1074K (40nm)Qualcom SnapDragon (65nm)Xmos XS1 G4 (65nm)SPI SP16HP (130nm)Tilera Gx100 (40nm)GreenArrays GA144 (180nm)PicoChip PC203 10 (65nm)UCB nems adderUCB saptlSkansky adderUMich SubliminalUMich PhoenixStanford ELM (90nm)

4G

3G low power

risc

many-core

academic

1/N-coreregister/stack/streaming

sync/asyncsub/near/super threshold

cmos/nems

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+100x improvement?


User

•usage feedback• power, energy• apps, trends• frequency → priority

• location• local offload• find historical cheap down/uploads, defer expensive• sync with cheapest radio• sync when charging

•activity• driving, commuting, meetings, sleeping• wake-by-cloud (e.g. Mom calling at 2am)• “essentials mode” 2G voice-only

general case: mobilespecial case: home, office

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flexible QoS with context recognition


P&E summary

•Battery• 1-2x energy content• 10x faster charging

•Display • 4x eliminate backlight• 500x bi-static

•Communication• 4x aggregate notifications• 1000x tiny cells

•Computation• 3x hibernation• 100x processor

•User• 1-2x context

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some interesting opportunities


UCB projects

•ULP processor• GreenArrays

• microforth, 18b, 64 word instructions, 16 word stack• 144 cores @ 750MHz = 100 GOPs• async, 25uW-625mW, 7pJ/op

• 2-day training, course/project?• hw-like schematic design, compiler possible?• move 180nm to <45nm with BWRC?• apps for networking, audio, UI, SDR, location-aware

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wishlist

•offloading• architecture for local/remote/cloud• re-factored box

• low-energy proxy• aggregate/enque, scheduling• filtering for wake-by-cloud

•mote-like• ULP for voice, notifications, sensors

• immersive UI• ultrasonic gesture recognition• uW transducer, mW algorithms?


ThanksQuestions?

36

Sound interesting?We are looking for PhDs and interns

[email protected]

Nokia Research & UCB - Chesschess.eecs.berkeley.edu/pubs/890/PEMP Feb 2012 UCB Dreams.pdfNokia...

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