NOISE PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT FROM...
Transcript of NOISE PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT FROM...
NOISE PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT FROM CONSTRUCTION SITES
NADIRAH BINTI DARUS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
NOISE PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT FROM
CONSTRUCTION SITES
NADIRAH BINTI DARUS
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Construction Management)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2014
iii
To my beloved parents, Darus bin Dir and Haslina binti Zakaria and siblings, Nadia,
Nadimi, Nabilah, Nabihah, Muhammad Nadhir Adha, Muhammad Naim, Najwa
Dayana, Najla Dania, Muhammad Nasif and Najat Damia.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah S.W.T the Almighty for
giving me the strength and ability to complete my project report successfully. Apart
from that, I am also would like to express my sincere appreciation to all parties
whose have help me in completing this project report.
Special thanks to my expert supervisor, Dr. Zaiton Haron for her impressive
ideas, knowledge, patience and understanding that she has contributed throughout the
whole completion of this project report. Deep gratitude also goes to her for
correcting various related documents with attention and care.
Thanks and appreciations to Mr. Izzudin (Project Manager), Mr. Aizam
(Project Executive) and Miss Fiza (Clerk of Work) from IOI Properties for their
helps, permission and support. My great gratitude also goes to Mr. Tan (Project
Director) and Mr. Rahman (Site Manager) from Profit Composite Sdn Bhd.
Thousand thanks to all my postgraduate friends, Zanariah, Siti Nadia,
Noradawiah and Dahlia who have helped and supported me in completing my project
report. Finally, I would like to express unending thanks and gratitude to my beloved
parents and family members for their encouragements, helps and supports.
v
ABSTRACT
Construction industry is one of the contributors to economic growth and it
has the highest tendency to generate noise. Construction noise becomes one of the
main sources of noise pollution which affect the public and construction workers.
Construction noise prediction at planning stage must be carried out and prepared
through Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). There are various methods of
construction noise prediction that have been practiced by the respected parties. The
British Standards Institution (BSI) and the Department of Environment (DOE) have
published BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 – Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control
on Construction and Open Sites and The Planning Guidelines for Environmental
Noise Limits and Control respectively. These standards and guidelines were usually
be used by the respected parties since currently, there are no specific established
noise prediction method. However, previous researches were claimed BS 5228 –
Part 1: 2009 procedures as inaccurate due to several factors. Thus, this study was
carried out to evaluate the disparity of results between construction noise predictions
using BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures and real on-site noise measurements. The
objectives of this study are to obtain noise levels from construction sites, to predict
noise levels from construction sites and to evaluate the disparity between these two
results. The real on-site noise measurements were conducted at three selected
construction sites with different stages of construction. Meanwhile, construction
noise predictions were calculated using BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures. The
disparity of the results was evaluated using statistical test in Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results of one sample T-test show the
significant differences between these two results. The disparity might due to several
affecting factors such as atmospheric and geometrical factors, operation conditions,
periods and powers and work schedules of construction activities.
vi
ABSTRAK
Industri pembinaan merupakan salah satu penyumbang kepada pertumbuhan
ekonomi dan ianya mempunyai kecenderungan besar untuk menghasilkan bunyi
bising. Bunyi bising pembinaan menjadi salah satu punca utama yang memberi
kesan kepada orang awam dan pekerja pembinaan. Ramalan bunyi bising pembinaan
pada peringkat perancangan mestilah dilakukan dan disediakan menerusi
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Terdapat pelbagai kaedah ramalan bunyi
bising yang telah diamalkan pihak berkenaan. British Standards Institution (BSI)
dan Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) masing-masing telah menerbitkan BS 5228 – Part 1:
2009 – Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open
Sites dan The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control.
Lazimnya, piawaian dan panduan ini digunakan pihak berkenaan kerana tiada kaedah
ramalan bunyi bising yang khusus diterbitkan pada masa ini. Namun begitu, kajian
terdahulu mendakwa kaedah BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 adalah tidak tepat disebabkan
beberapa faktor. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilaksanakan untuk menilai ketidaksamaan
antara keputusan ramalan bunyi bising menggunakan kaedah BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009
dengan keputusan ukuran sebenar di tapak pembinaan. Objektif kajian ini adalah
untuk memperolehi serta meramal tahap bunyi bising dari tapak pembinaan dan
menilai ketidaksamaan antara dua keputusan yang diperolehi. Ukuran sebenar telah
dilakukan di tiga tapak pembinaan terpilih yang mempunyai peringkat pembinaan
berbeza. Manakala, ramalan bunyi bising telah dikira menggunakan kaedah BS 5228
– Part 1: 2009. Ketidaksamaan keputusan telah dinilai menggunakan ujian statistik
dalam perisian Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Keputusan T-test satu
sampel menunjukkan perbezaan antara dua keputusan ini. Ketidaksamaan keputusan
mungkin disebabkan beberapa faktor seperti faktor keudaraan dan geometri, keadaan,
tempoh dan kuasa operasi dan jadual kerja aktiviti pembinaan.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statements 3
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 5
1.4 Scopes of the Study 5
1.5 Significances of the Study 6
1.6 Limitations of the Study 6
viii
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Sound and Noise 8
2.2.1 Physical Characteristics of Sound 9
2.3 Effects of Noise 10
2.3.1 Physical Effects 11
2.3.2 Physiological Effects 11
2.3.3 Performance Effects 12
2.4 Construction Noises 13
2.4.1 Noise Emission Limits 14
2.4.2 Noise Emission Level Measurements 16
2.4.2.1 Sound Level Meter (SLM) 16
2.4.2.2 Environmental Noise Indices 17
2.5 Construction Noise Prediction Approach 19
2.5.1 Deterministic Approach 19
2.5.2 Stochastic Approach 21
2.6 Stages of Construction 23
2.7 Conclusion 25
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 26
3.1 Introduction 26
3.2 Phase 1: Real On-Site Noise Measurements 27
3.2.1 Measurement of Noise and Frequency 33
3.2.2 Measurement of Individual Noise 36
3.2.3 Measurement of Length 39
3.2.4 Measurements of Temperature and
Wind Speed
40
3.3 Phase 2: Construction Noise Predictions 41
3.4 Phase 3: Comparison of Results 44
3.5 Conclusion 46
ix
4 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 47
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Noise Levels from Construction Works 48
4.2.1 Earthwork 49
4.2.2 Substructure (Piling Works) 57
4.2.3 Superstructure Works 65
4.3 Noise Levels of Individual Machineries 74
4.4 Construction Noise Predictions 77
4.4.1 Earthwork 78
4.4.2 Substructure (Piling Works) 81
4.4.3 Superstructure Works 84
4.5 Comparison of Real On-site Noise
Measurement and Prediction Results
87
4.5.1 Earthwork 87
4.5.2 Substructure (Piling Works) 88
4.5.3 Superstructure Works 89
4.6 Discussion of Results Disparity 90
4.7 Average Frequencies (1/3 Octave Band) 92
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Conclusions Based on Objectives of the Study 96
5.3 Recommendations for Further Study 98
REFERENCES 99
APPENDICES A - C 103
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Decibel rating of common sounds 9
2.2 Maximum permissible sound level (LAeq) by
receiving land use for planning and new
development
14
2.3 Maximum permissible sound level (percentile LN
and Lmax) of construction, maintenance, demolition
work by receiving land use
15
2.4 Environmental noise indices 18
3.1 Records of on-site measurement data 32
3.2 Sound power level of individual machineries 38
3.3 Corrections to the predicted sound level, dB (A) 43
3.4 Anticipated community response to noise 43
4.1 Computations of sound pressure levels for one hour 73
4.2 Sound power levels (Lw) of individual machineries 76
4.3 Computation of LAeq for earthworks 79
4.4 Computation of LAeq for substructure (piling works) 82
4.5 Computation of LAeq for superstructure works 85
4.6 Test of significant difference for earthworks 88
4.7 Test of significant difference for substructure
(piling works)
88
4.8 Test of significant difference for superstructure
works
89
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Block diagram of sound level meter 17
2.2 Flowcharts of construction noise predictions 20
2.3 Average spectrums of different stages 23
3.1 Earthworks 28
3.2 Substructure (piling works) 29
3.3 Superstructure works 30
3.4 Flowcharts of real on-site noise measurements 31
3.5 (a) – (b) SLM accessories 34
3.6 (a) – (b) WK1 outdoor weatherproof kits 35
3.7 (a) – (b) Pulsar acoustic toolbox 35
3.8 (a) – (b) Type 2/Class 2 3M SoundPro Model SE/DL SLM 36
3.9 (a) – (b) Hemispherical noise radiations 37
3.10 (a) – (b) Leica DISTOTM
D5 39
3.11 (a) – (b) Anemometer (AM – 4836V) 40
3.12 Flowcharts of noise prediction 42
4.1 Site layout for earthworks 50
4.2 Measurement stations for earthworks 50
4.3 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station E1 51
4.3 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station E1 52
4.4 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station E2 53
4.4 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station E2 54
4.5 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station E3 55
4.5 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station E3 56
xii
4.6 Site layout for substructure (piling works) 58
4.7 Measurement stations for substructure
(piling works)
58
4.8 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station P1 59
4.8 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station P1 60
4.9 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station P2 61
4.9 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station P2 62
4.10 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station P3 63
4.10 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station P3 64
4.11 Site layout for superstructure works 66
4.12 Measurement stations for superstructure works 66
4.13 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station S1 67
4.13 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station S1 68
4.14 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station S2 69
4.14 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station S2 70
4.15 (a) Distribution of sound pressure levels – Station S3 71
4.15 (b) Histogram of sound pressure levels – Station S3 72
4.16 (a) – (h) Individual machineries for earthworks 75
4.17 (a) – (j) Individual machineries for substructure
(piling works)
75
4.18 (a) – (e) Individual machineries for superstructure works 75
4.19 (a) – (c) Schematic diagrams of distances for earthworks 78
4.20 (a) – (c) Schematic diagrams of distances for substructure
(piling works)
81
4.21 (a) – (c) Schematic diagrams of distances for superstructure
works
84
4.22 Average frequencies for superstructure works 92
4.23 Average frequencies for substructure
(piling works)
93
4.24 Average frequencies for superstructure works 93
4.25 Average frequencies (1/3 octave band) for three
stages of construction
94
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
dB - Decibel
dB (A) - Decibel A-weighted
Hz - Hertz
LAeq - Equivalent continuous sound pressure level
Lmax - Maximum sound level
LN - Percentile levels
Lp - Sound pressure level
Lr - Rating sound level
Lw - Sound power level
L10 - Percentile levels with values exceeding 10 % of elapsed time
L50 - Percentile levels with values exceeding 50 % of elapsed time
L90 - Percentile levels with values exceeding 90 % of elapsed time
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BSI - British Standard Institutions
DOE - Department of Environment
DOSM - Department of Statistics, Malaysia
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
FHWA - Federal Highway Administration
SLM - Sound Level Meter
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Adjustment to sound level to give resulting LAeq –
plant sound power method
(Figure F.5 BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009)
103
B Site layout for earthworks and substructure
(piling works)
104
C Site layout for superstructure works 105
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Construction industry as second large contributor has contributed 17.1% to
growth of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) of the country in 2012 (DOSM,
2013). All developing countries including Malaysia have a great development in
construction industry where it grows along with economic growth of the country.
There are various initiatives taken to reduce the environmental impacts of
construction processes, however, construction is still the main contributor to
environmental impacts and pollutions (Fuertes et al., 2013).
Various associated factors which include environmental factors must be
considered for any project development and construction in order to avoid adverse
environmental impacts. These environmental impacts are categorized into three
main category including ecosystems, natural resources and human health (Li et al.,
2010). Construction noise can be categorized under human health impacts and it is
commonly categorized as local issues. According to Zolfagharian et al. (2012),
identification of major environmental impacts of construction processes can helps to
improve effectiveness of Environmental Management System (EMS).
2
Noise can be defined as unwanted or undesired sounds (Edworthy, 1997;
Muzet, 2007; Hamoda, 2008; Fernandez et al., 2009). The main sources of noise are
including traffic noise (road and air traffic), industries, construction and public works
and the neighbors. There are various different sources of construction noise
pollution at construction sites including the use of heavy plants and machineries and
noisy tools and equipment where it has widely spread and caused serious social
problems (Manatakis et al., 2002). These construction noises must be properly
predicted and controlled in order to avoid excessive noise exposure that may affect
the public committee as well as the construction workers.
Therefore, assessment and prediction of construction noise at planning stage
is very crucial and it can improve the environmental performance of construction
processes and activities. According to DOE (2007), noise is one of the important
elements which are subjected to EIA. Practically, construction noise prediction will
be included in EIA report and it is being prepared by EIA consultants. In Malaysia,
DOE has suggested that BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures, a deterministic approach
to be used as noise prediction method. However, the methods of construction noise
prediction vary among different consultants since there is no established method to
be adopted.
Based on BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures, there are three methods have
been suggested to predict the noise (BSI, 2009). The first method (the most accurate
prediction) is carrying out noise measurements of a similar construction plant and
equipment, the same operation mode and power over a time period with sufficient
operation cycles. Generally it is measured at appropriate distance of ten meter or
other distances with correction to ten meter. The second method is using the sound
power levels, Lw and values of activity LAeq as provided in the standard. The third
method is obtaining the maximum permitted Lw of the construction plant, adjusting
the Lw based on the variation and applying correction for distance ratio.
3
1.2 Problem Statement
Construction activities or processes cannot be hindered from creating noises.
These noises have affected many people including the public as well as the
constructions workers. Due to this situation, complaints related to this problem are
continuously increased and reported all over the time by the affected parties
especially the public committee or local residents. As reported in NST (2012), the
local residents of Persiaran Halia, George Town, were affected by air and noise
pollutions of the nearby building construction. These pollutions were arising from
rock blasting at the nearby construction site and have affected the local residents in
term of health aspects and daily life.
The Star (2012a) also reported similar case where the residents of Taman
Yarl, Kuala Lumpur were disturbed by the noise from tractors due to the sewerage
construction works beyond the permitted working hours. Other than that, the public
who are local residents of Taman Nusa Indah, Kiara Hill in Johor Bahru were
troubled by noise from construction sites. They were sleepless during night due to
24 hours construction and blasting works of water tower nearby their houses (The
Star, 2012b). Any construction projects or activities must consider the impacts on
environment and the public in order to avoid excessive environmental impacts, noise
exposures and complaints from the public committee.
The most important element to control this problem is by having an effective
noise management. Prediction of construction noise at planning stage is very
essential to ensure the construction noise levels expose to the public and construction
workers are within the limit. There are various methods of noise prediction that have
been adopted by the EIA consultants in predicting noise prior to construction of a
project. However, currently, there is no specific established method to predict
construction noise. Basically, there are two main types of construction noise
prediction method such as deterministic (e.g.: BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 procedures)
and stochastic (e.g.: Monte Carlo Analysis) approaches.
4
One of the methods to predict the noise is noise modeling. Modeling can be
considered as a good tool in assessing environmental impact of noise but noise
predicting models are limited due to various types of construction sites, complex
interaction between noise levels, distance from the noise source, project size, type of
construction equipment used and construction stages. Other than that, BS 5228 –
Part 1: 2009 – Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and
Open Sites and The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and
Control also can be used as reference for noise prediction. However, different
methods of noise prediction vary among different consultants.
Based on previous researches, Carpenter (1997) was claimed BS 5228 – Part
1: 2009 procedures for construction noise prediction (LAeq prediction) as inaccurate
(Haron et al., 2008). This is due to fluctuation of noise from construction sites where
it involves different sources of noise, possibility of simultaneous operations, different
acoustical characteristics, different conditions and locations. According to Haron et
al. (2009), noise levels generated from construction sites are vary with time where it
is due to different conditions and variations. Thus, this study was carried out to
evaluate the disparity of results between predictions using BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009
procedures and real on-site noise measurements.
5
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to compare the prediction and real on-site
measurement of construction noise emission levels produced from construction sites.
The objectives of this study are as follows:
a) To obtain noise levels from construction sites.
b) To predict noise levels from construction sites.
c) To evaluate the disparity between results obtained in a) and b).
1.4 Scopes of the Study
The scopes of this study are as follows:
a) This study focused on different stages of construction including earthworks,
substructures (piling works) and superstructure works.
b) The prediction and on-site measurement of construction noise were focused
on equivalent continuous sound pressure level, LAeq.
c) The real on-site measurements of construction noise were carried at
construction sites which are located at Kempas and Skudai, Johor.
d) The predictions of construction noise were done using BS 5228 – Part 1:
2009 procedures.
6
1.5 Significances of the Study
The significances of this study are as follows:
a) The measured sound power level, Lw of construction plants and machineries
at construction sites can be reference to the related parties in predicting
construction noise.
b) The disparity between predicted and measured results can be used as proves
to encourage related parties to use stochastic approach instead of
deterministic approach in predicting noise from construction sites.
1.6 Limitations of the Study
The limitations of this study are as follows:
a) The study only focused on deterministic approach (BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009
procedures) in predicting noise from construction sites where stochastic
approach (e.g.: Monte Carlo Analysis) was not included.
b) The different stages of construction were taken from several construction
sites instead from the same site due to time constraint and on-site
construction work progress.
c) The period of on-site measurements is one hour only instead of eight hours
(full working hours per day) due to time constraint and limited usage of
required instruments where the usage must be properly managed.
REFERENCES
Ballesteros, M. J., Fernandez, M. D., Quintana, S., Ballesteros, J. A. and Gonzalez, I.
(2010). Noise Emission Evolution on Construction Sites - Measurement For
Controlling and Assessing Its Impact on the People and on the Environment.
Building and Environment. 45, 711-717.
Bell, J. (1993). How to Complete Your Research Project Successfully (A Guide for
First – Time Researchers). London: UBS Publisher’ Distributors Ltd.
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T. and Schwela, D. H. (Eds.) (1999). Guidelines for
Community Noise. London: World Health Organization (WHO).
British Standards Institution (BSI) (2009). BS 5228 – Part 1: 2009 Code of Practice
for Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open Sites. The United
Kingdom: BSI Group Headquarters.
Burge, P. L. and Thalheimer, E. (2012). Five Myths of Construction Noise. Sound
and Vibration. 46(12), 15-17.
Cozby, P. C. (2005). Methods in Behavioral Research. (9th
ed.) New York: McGraw-
Hill.
Department of Environment (DOE) (2007). The Planning Guidelines for
Environmental Noise Limits and Control. (2nd
ed.) Malaysia: Department of
Environment.
Department of Statistics, Malaysia (DOSM) (2013). Press Release Gross Fixed
Capital Formation (GFCF) 2005-2012. Malaysia.
Duerden, C. (1970). Noise Abatement. London: Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.
Edworthy, J. (1997). Noise and Its Effect on People: An Overview. International
Journal of Environmental Studies. 51, 335-344.
100
Fernandez, M. D., Quintana, S., Chavarria, N. and Ballesteros, J. A. (2009). Noise
Exposure of Workers of Construction Sector. Applied Acoustics. 70, 753-760.
Field, H. L. and Solie, J. B. (2007). Introduction to Agriculture Engineering
Technology – A Problem Solving Approach. (3rd
ed.) New York: Springer
Science + Business Media, LLC.
Fisher, C. (2004). Researching and Writing a Dissertation for Business Students.
England: Pearson Education Limited.
Fuertes, A., Casals, M., Gangolells, M., Forcada, N., Macarulla, M. and Roca, X.
(2013). An Environmental Impact Causal Model for Improving
Environmental Performance of Construction Processes. Journal of Cleaner
Production. 52, 425-437.
Gannoruwa, A. and Ruwanpura, J. Y. (2007). Construction Noise Prediction and
Barrier Optimization Using Special Purpose Simulation. Simulation
Conference, 2007 Winter. 9-12 December. Washington, DC, 2073-2081.
Gibson, G. E., Wang, Y. R., Cho, C. S. and Pappas, M. P. (2006). What is Preproject
Planning, Anyway? Journal of Management in Engineering. 22, 35-42.
Glatthorn, A. A. (1998). Writing the Winning Dissertation a Step-by-Step Guide.
The United States of America: Corwin Press, Inc.
Hamoda, M. F. (2008). Modeling of Construction Noise for Environmental Impact
Assessment. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries. 13(1), 79-89.
Haron, Z., Oldham, D., Yahya, K. and Zakaria, R. (2008). A Probabilistic Approach
for Modeling of Noise from Construction Site for Sustainable Environment.
Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering. 20(1), 58-72.
Haron, Z. and Yahya, K. (2009). Monte Carlo Analysis for Prediction of Noise from
a Construction Sites. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries. 14(1),
1-14.
Haron, Z., Mohd Noh, H., Yahya, K., Omar, W. and Abd Majid, Z. (2012).
Assessing Noise Emission Levels from Earthwork Construction Equipment.
Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering. 24(1), 13-28.
Hickling, R. (2006). Decibels and Octaves, Who Needs Them? Journal of Sound and
Vibration. 291, 1202-1207.
Huizingh, E. (2007). Applied Statistics with SPSS. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
IBM Corporation. (2012). IBM Software Business Analytics. The United States of
America: IBM Corporation Software Group.
101
Kerr, A. W., Hall, H. K. and Kozub, S. A. (2002). Doing Statistics with SPSS.
London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Leary, M. R. (2004). Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods. (4th
ed.) The
United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.
Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg. (2011). Leica DISTOTM
D5. Switzerland: Leica
Geosystems.
Leica Geosystems (2013). Leica DISTO D5. Retrieved from http://www.laser-
measure.co.uk/leica-disto/leica-disto-d5.html on 9th July 2013.
Li, X., Zhu, Y. and Zhang, Z. (2010). An LCA-Based Environmental Impact
Assessment Model for Construction Process. Built and Environment. 45,
766-775.
Luxon, L. M. and Prasher, D. (Eds.) (2006). Noise and Its Effects. England: Whurr
Publishers Limited.
Manatakis, E. and Skarlatos, D. (2002). A Statistical Model for Evaluation and
Prediction of the Noise Exposure in a Construction Equipment Area. Applied
Acoustics. 63, 759-773.
Muzet, A. (2007). Environmental Noise, Sleep and Health. Sleep Medicine Reviews.
11, 135-142.
Naoum, S. G. (2007). Dissertation Research and Writing for Construction Students.
(6th
ed.) The United States of America: Elsevier Ltd.
Naravane, S. (2007). Effect of Industrial Noise on Occupational Skill Performance
Capability. Masters: Mumbai University.
New Straits Times (NST) (2012). Sleepless Nights Due to Construction. Retrieved
from www.nst.com.my/streets/northern/sleepless-nights-due-to-construction-
1.46668 on 7th
July 2013.
Occupational Health and Safety Division. (2012). System Solution Pocket Guide for
Occupational and Environmental Health Professionals. The United States of
America: 3M Company.
Pulsar Instruments Plc. (2013a). Model 33 Real Time Analyzer with 1:1 & 1:3
Octave Band Filters & Sound Level Meter One Instrument – ‘A World of
Solutions’. The United Kingdom: Pulsar Instruments Plc.
Pulsar Instruments Plc. (2013b). Model 105 & 106 Acoustic Calibrators. The United
Kingdom: Pulsar Instruments Plc.
102
Saran, S. (2006). Analysis and Design of Substructures – Limit State Design. (2nd
ed.)
The Netherlands: Taylor & Francis/Balkema.
Stangor, C. (2007). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. (3rd
ed.) The
United States of America: Charles Hartford.
Suter, A. H. (2002). Construction Noise: Exposure, Effects and the Potential for
Remediation; A Review and Analysis. American Industrial Hygiene
Association. 63, 768-789.
Syal, M. G., Grobler, F., Willenbrock, J. H. and Parfitt, M. K. (1992). Construction
Project Planning Process Model for Small-Medium Builders. Journal of
Construction Engineering and Management. 118, 651-666.
The Star (2012a). Construction Works Beyond Permitted Hours Irks Resident.
Retrieved from www.thestar.com.my on 6th
July 2013.
The Star (2012b). Kiara Hill Residents are Troubled by Noise from Construction
Site. Retrieved from www.thestar.com.my on 6th
July 2013.
U.S Department of Transportation. (2011). Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA) – Special Report. Retrieved from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
environment/noise/ construction_noise/special_report/hcn03.cfm on 22nd
July
2013.
Vaucher de la Croix, D. and Freneat, C. (2013). Permanent Vibration and Noise
Monitoring as a Valuable Tool to the Construction Industry. Acoustical
Society of America. 19, 1-5.
White, D., Finlay, T., Bonton, M. and Bearss, G. (2002). Press-In Piling: Ground
Vibration and Noise During Pile Installation. Deep Foundations. 363-371.
Xianren, Z. and Yanyan, Z. (2013). Noise Radiation Measure – Sound Power and Its
Test Methods. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and
Technology. 6(1), 57-62.
Zhou, J., Li, Y. and Ma, H. (2012). Study on Prediction and Assessment of Noise
Environment Impact during the Construction Period. International Journal of
Advancements in Computing Technology (IJACT). 4(6), 1-9.
Zolfagharian, S., Nourbakhsh, M., Irizarry, J., Ressang, A. and Gheisari, M. (2012).
Environmental Impact Assessment on Construction Sites. Construction
Research Congress 2012. 1750-1759.