NOISE POLLUTION

by

Maria Cherlene P. Mangabat

English IV-2

Febraury , 2012

Ms. Febrelinda Estole

Teacher

Outline

I. IndentificationII. Deinition of Noise PollutionIII. Causes of Noise Pollution

A. Roadway NoiseB. Aircraft NoiseC. Industrial Noise

IV. Effects of Noise PollutionA. Human healthB. Eildlife health

V. ReduceA. Noise mitigation

1. Roadway 2. Aircraft3. Architectural solutions4. Industrial

B. Noise regulation1. Noise control Act. Of 1972

C. Noise controlVI. Conclusion

1. Sound insulation2. Sound absortion3. Vibration damping4. Vibration isolation

Chapter II

Definition of Noise Pollution

Noise pollution generally refers to unwanted sound produced by human activities – unwanted in that it interferes with communication, work, rest, recreation, or sleep. Unlike other orms of noise pollution, suchas air, water, and hazardous material, noise does not remain long in the environment.1 However while its efects are immediate in terms of annoyance, they are cumulative in terms of temporary or permanent hearing lost. Society has attempted to regulate nois since the early days o Romans, who by decree prohibited the movement of chariots in the streets at night.2

1 http://www.answers.com/topic/noise-pollution#ixzz1ShWRtJK022Ibid.

Chapter III

Causes o Noise Pollution

A. Roadway NoiseRoadway noise has provided little reduction in vehicle noise, except for the development of the hybrid noise nevertheless, hybrid use will need to attain a market share of roughly fifty percent to have a major impact on noise source reduction of city streets. Other contributions to reduction of noise at the source are: improved tire tread designs for trucks in the 1970s, better shielding of diesel stacks in the 1980s, and local vehicle regulation of unmufled vehicles.

B. Aircraft NoiseHas been made in quelling aircraft noise at the source, other than elimination of loud engine designs from the 1960s and earlier. Because of its velocity and volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise defies reduction by any simple means. The most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement are through land planning, flight operations restrictions and residential soundproofing.

C. Industrial NoiseThis circumstance is the most dramatic, there are many other office type environments where sound levels may lie in the range of 70 to 75 decibels, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, and even exterior noise intrusion.3 The latter environments can also produce noise health effects provided that exposures are long term.4

3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_mitigation.4 Op. cit.

Chapter IVEffects of Noise Pollution

A. Human healthNoise health effects describe problems in both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage physiological and psychological health. Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression,hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks.5

B. Wildlife health

Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals, increasing the risk of death by

changing the delicate balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance, and

interfering the use of the sounds in communication especially in relation to

reproduction and in navigation. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or

permanent loss of hearing.

An impact of noise on animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy

areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the

path to extinction. Noise pollution has caused the death of certain species of

whales that beached themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of

military sonar.6

5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution.6 Loc.cit.

Chapter VReduce

A. Noise mitigationNoise mitigation is a set of strategies to reduce noise pollution. The main areas of noise mitigation or abatement are: transportation noise control, architectural design, and occupational noisecontrol. Roadway noise and aircraft noise are the most pervasive sources of environmental noise worldwide, and little change has been effected in source control in these areas since the start of the problem, a possible exception being the development of hybrid and electric vehicles.

1. RoadwayRoadway noise has provided little reduction in vehicle noise, except for the development of the hybrid vehicle; nevertheless, hybrid use will need to attain a market share of roughly fifty percent to have a major impact on noise source reduction of city streets. Other contributions to reduction of noise at the source are: improved tire tread designs for trucks in the 1970s, better shielding of diesel stacks in the 1980s, and local vehicle regulation of unmuffled vehicles.

2. Aircraft Little progress has been made in quelling aircraft noise at the source, other than elimination of loud engine designs from the 1960s and earlier. Because of its velocity and volume, jet turbine engine exhaust noise defies reduction by any simple means. The most promising forms of aircraft noise abatement are through land planning, flight operations restrictions and residential soundproofing. Flight restrictions can take the form of preferred runway use, departure flight path and slope, and time-of-day restrictions. These tactics are sometimes controversial since they can impact aircraft safety, flying convenience and airline economics.

3. Architectural solutionsAircraft noise has been a steady trend to design quieter buildings with regard to sources within and without the structure itself. In the case of construction of new (or remodeled) apartments, condominiums,hospitals and hotels, many states and cities have stringent building codes with requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants. With regard to exterior noise, the codes usually require measurement of the exterior acoustic

environment in order to determine the performance standard required for exterior building skin design.

4. IndustrialInvolve primarily manufacturing settings where industrial machinery produces intense sound levels, not uncommonly in the 75 to 85 decibel range. While this circumstance is the most dramatic, there are many other office type environments where sound levels may lie in the range of 70 to 75 decibels, entirely composed of office equipment, music, public address systems, and even exterior noise intrusion. The latter environments can also produce noise health effects provided that exposures are long term. In the case of industrial equipment, the most common techniques for noise protection of workers consist of shock mounting source equipment, creation of acrylic glass or other solid barriers, and provision of ear protection equipment. In certain cases the machinery itself can be re-designed to operate in a manner less prone to produce grating, grinding, frictional or other motions that induce sound emissions.

B. Noise regulationNoise rugulation includes statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national, state or provincial and municipal levels of government. After the watershed passage of the United States Noise Control Act of 1972, other local and state governments passed further regulations. Although the UK and Japan enacted national laws in 1960 and 1967 respectively, these laws were not at all comprehensive or fully enforceable as to address generally rising ambient noise, enforceable numerical source limits on aircraft and motor vehicles or comprehensive directives to local government.1. Noise control Act of 1972

The Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972 is a statute of

the United States initiating a federal program of regulating noise

pollution with the intent of protecting human health and minimizing

annoyance of noise to the general public.The Act established

mechanisms of setting emission standards for virtually every source

of noise, including motor vehicles, aircraft, certain types of heating,

ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment and major

appliances. It also put local governments on notice as to their

responsibilities in land use planning to address noise mitigation.

This noise regulation framework comprised a broad data base

detailing the extent of noise health effects.

C. Noise control

Noise control is an active or passive means of reducing sound

emissions, often incentivised by personal comfort, environmental

considerations or legal compliance. Practical and efficient noise control

is wholly reliant on an accurate diagnosis of what is causing the noise,

which first involves finding the source of noise. Once the source of

noise has been found, the focus is reducing the noise at source by

engineering means.

1. Sound insulation: prevent the transmission of noise by the introduction of

a mass barrier. Common materials have high-density properties such as

brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc.

2. Sound absorption: a porous material which acts as a ‘noise sponge’ by

converting the sound energy into heat within the material. Common sound

absorption materials include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams

and fiberglass

3. Vibration damping: applicable for large vibrating surfaces. The damping

mechanism works by extracting the vibration energy from the thin sheet

and dissipating it as heat. A common material is sound deadened steel.

4. Vibration isolation: prevents transmission of vibration energy from a

source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element or a physical break.

Common vibration isolators are springs, rubber mounts, cork etc.

Chapter VI

Conclusion

Noise is produced by almost everything we humans do. It makes sense, then, that we would get used to it. But unfortunately this attitude also leads us to accept excessive and damaging amounts of noise. Exposure to noise no louder than people shouting for eight hours a day, five days a week can lead to substantial hearing loss in a matter of a few years, yet we continue to work and allow others to work amidst heavy machinery, impact tools, and screaming turbofan jet engines. And we live along approach paths to the major airports of the world. We accept hearing loss as a part of the normal aging process, even though in many cases it doesn't have to be. Many of the problems discussed here are the result of ignorance, and that is where this website fits into the scheme of things. Ignorance may be bliss, but it is a lonely, frustrating bliss when you can't hear a word spoken to you unless it's shouted. Educating oneself may not guarantee a lifetime of good hearing, but it certainly gives a person better odds. And the people around them, too. A parent educated in safe auditory practices has kids who will grow up in a safe environment and who will learn safe auditory practices themselves. And maybe with enough educated parents, teachers, co-workers, and policy-makers our children and our children's children won't have to grow up in an annoying world, a world where it is difficult to communicate, a world where noise-induced hearing loss is accepted as part of the normal aging process.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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