Noise Polltion(2)
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Transcript of Noise Polltion(2)
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FOUNDATION COURSE II
PROJECT
NAME & ROLL NO:
VINITA - 271
KASHMIRA - 272
MANALI KOTWANI - 273
ASHWINI - 275
STANDARD : S.Y. B.COM
DIVISION: C
TOPIC: NOISE POLLUTION
SUMITTED TO: PROF. MANI IYER
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INDEX
INDRODUCTION
CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION
EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
M EASURES TTO CONTROL NOISE
POLLUTION
B IB LOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
y What is noise?In simple terms, noise is unwanted sound. Sound is a form of energy which is emitted by a
Vibrating body and on reaching the ear causes the sensation of hearing through nerves.
Sounds produced by all vibrating bodies are not audible. The frequency limits of audibility
rre from 20 HZ to 20,000 HZ
A noise problem generally consists of three inter-related elements- the source, the
receiver and the transmission path. This transmission
path is usually the atmosphere
through which the sound is propagated, but can include
the structural materials of any
building containing the receiver.
Noise may be continuous or intermittent. Noise
may be of high frequency or of low
frequency which is undesired for a normal hearing. For
example, the typical cry of a child
produces sound, which is mostly unfavorable to normal hearing. Since it is unwanted
sound, we call it noise.
The discrimination and differentiation between sound and noise also depends upon the
habit and interest of the person/species receiving it, the
ambient conditions and impact of
the sound generated during that particular duration of time. There could be instances that,
excellently rendered musical concert for example, may
be felt as noise and exceptional
music as well during the course of the concert!
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y What is noise pollution?
Noise pollution is a category of energy pollution in which off-putting, infuriating, or harmful
sounds are
without restraint capable of being heard. As with other
forms of energy pollution such as heat and light
pollution, noise pollution contaminants are not
substantial particles, but to a certain extent waves that
get in the way with naturally-occurring waves of
similar type in the same surroundings. Thus, the
explanation of noise pollution is open to dispute, and
there is no clear boundary as to which sounds may add up to noise pollution.
In the narrowest common sense, sounds are well thought-out noise pollution if they
unfavorably have an effect on natural world, human activity, or are competent of destructive
physical structures on a customary, repeating starting point. In the broadest sense of the
expression, a sound may be painstaking noise pollution if it disturbs any ordinary course of action or causes human harm, even if the sound does not take place on a habitual basis.
Prolonged introduction to noise levels higher than eighty-five decibels can damage inner ear
cells and show the way to hearing loss
The customary starting place of fake noise pollution is from transportation. In rural areas,
train and airplane noise can upset natural world
way of life, thereby affecting the manner in
which animals in areas around train tracks andairports hunt and mate. In urban areas,
automobile, motorcycle, and even amusement
noise can cause sleep interference in humans and
animals, hearing loss, heart disease as a result of
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stress, and in ruthless cases even mental flux. Even low levels of noise can be maddening or
annoying. Sudden increases in volume can make sounds aggravating this is why sirens are so
disturbing. The quieter the environment, the sharper a noise can be. As noise levels have risen,
the sound effects of noise have become plainer as the nose on your face.
Although most urbanized nations have government agencies in charge for the safeguard
of the ambiance, no nation has a single body that regulates noise pollution. Transportation noise
is more often than not regulated by the related transportation ministry, health-related work noise
is often keeping pace by health ministries and workers unions, and entertainment noise such as
loud music is a against the law crime in many areas. As the bodies to blame for noise pollution
reduction usually view noise as an annoyance rather than a trouble, and dropping that noise time
and again hurts the industry economically, little is at present being done to trim down noise pollution in urbanized countries.
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CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution like other pollutants is also a by- product of industrialization, urbanizations
and modern civilization.
B roadly speaking, the noise pollution has two sources, i.e. industrial and non- industrial. The
industrial source includes the noise from various industries and big machines working at a very
high speed and high noise intensity. Non- industrial source of noise includes the noise created by
transport/vehicular traffic and the neighborhood noise generated by various noise pollution can
also be divided in the categories, namely, natural and manmade. M ost leading noise sources will
fall into the following categories: roads traffic, aircraft, railroads, construction, industry, noise in
buildings, and consumer products
R oad Traffic NoiseIn the city, the main sources of traffic noise are the
motors and exhaust system of autos , smaller trucks,
buses, and motorcycles.This type of noise can beaugmented by narrow streets and tall buildings, which
produce a canyon in which traffic noise reverberates.
A ir Craft Noise
Now-a-days , the problem of low flying military
aircraft has added a
new dimension to community annoyance, as the nation
seeks to improve its nap-of the- earth aircraft operations
over national parks, wilderness areas , and other areas
previously unaffected by aircraft noise has claimed
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national attention over recent years.
Noise From R ailroads
The noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles, and switching and shuntingoperation in rail yards can impact neighboring communities and railroad workers. For example,
rail car
retarders can produce a high frequency, high level screech that can reach peak levels of 120 d B
at a distance of 100 feet, which translates to levels as high as 138, or 140 d B at the railroad
workers ear.
Construction Noise
The noise from the construction of highways, city
streets, and buildings is a major contributor to the
urban scene. Construction noise sources include
pneumatic hammers, air compressors, bulldozers,
loaders, dump trucks (and their back-up signals), and
pavement breakers.
Noise In IndustryAlthough industrial noise is one of the less prevalent community
noise problems, neighbors of noisy manufacturing plants can be disturbed by sources such as
fans, motors, and compressors mounted on the outside of
buildings Interior noise can also be
transmitted to the community through open windows and
doors, and even through building walls. These interior noisesources have significant impacts on industrial workers;
among whom noise induced hearing loss is unfortunately
common.
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Noise In BuildingApartment dwellers are often annoyed by noise in their homes, especially when the building
is not well designed and constructed. In this case, internal building noise from plumbing, boilers,
generators, air conditioners, and fans, can be audible and annoying. Improperly insulated walls
and ceilings can reveal the soundof-amplified music, voices, footfalls and noisy activities from
neighboring units.
Noise From Consumer ProductsCertain household equipment, such as vacuum cleaners and some kitchen appliances have
been and continue to be noisemakers, although their contribution to the daily noise dose is
usually not very large
Noise Due To FestivalsThere are numerous types of festivals in the
world. Though many have religious origins, others
involve seasonal change or have some cultural
significance. Like Diwali, Holi, Ganesh Utsav etc
which now a day has lead to rise in the level of noise
pollution. In Diwali the use of fire crackers, in Holi
and Ganesh Utsav use of loud speakers which are
very harmful for children, senior citizens and also
pregnant women and leads to many harmful accidents.
O ther Causes
The boilers, plumbing equipment, air conditioners, generators and fans contribute to noise pollution to some extent. Noise created by people in public places too is a major contributor
amongst different sources. Loudspeakers used in public places are responsible for creating noise
of a high degree/amplitude.
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EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
Noise Pollution Effects on Human Noise pollution effects on human health is a matter
of great concern. The reason being the adverse
consequences that high noise levels have on human
health. Noise pollution can affect us in several ways,
some of which are listed below:
Hearing Problems: Exposure to noise can damage one of the most vital organs
of the body, the ear. Hearing impairment due to noise pollution can either be temporary or permanent. When the
sound level crosses the 70d B mark, it becomes noise for the
ear. Noise levels above 80 decibels produce damaging effects
to the ear. When ear is exposed to extreme loud noise (above
100 decibels) for a considerable period of time, it can cause
irreparable damage and lead to permanent hearing loss
Cardiovascular Issues: A noisy environment can be a source of heart related problems. Studies have shown that high
intensity sound cause a dramatic rise in blood pressure as noise levels constrict the arteries,
disrupting the blood flow. The heart rate (the number of heart beats per minute) also increase.
These sudden abnormal changes in the blood increase the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases
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in the long run.
S leep Disturbances: This is one of the noise pollution effects that can deter
your overall well being. Noise can interrupt a good night's
sleep, and when this occurs, the person feels extremely
annoyed and uncomfortable. People deprived of
uninterrupted sleep show a sharp dip in their energy levels
which often results into extreme fatigue. This can
considerably decrease a person's ability to work efficiently.
Interference in Verbal Communication: A noisy environment that produces more than 50-60 decibels simply does not allow 2 people
to communicate properly. Interpreting the speech of a second person becomes quite difficult and
may lead to misunderstandings.
M ental Health Problems: Exposure to loud sound can lead to elevated stress levels
as well as stimulate violent behavior. A constant noise in
the vicinity can also trigger headaches, make people tense
and anxious, and disturb emotional balance.
A bortion is caused There should be cool and calm atmosphere during the pregnancy. Unpleasant sounds make a
lady of irritative nature. Sudden Noise causes abortion in females.
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Noise Pollution Effects on A nimals M an made noise pollution has made the Earth an uncomfortable place to stay for animals as
well. Hearing loss and rapid increase in heart rate are some of the ill-effects of noise
pollution on animals. High intensity sound induces fear, forcing them to abandon their
habitat. Other effects of noise on animals is given below:
y Anxious behavior in animals is commonly observed in the form of trembling when they
are exposed to high decibel levels. Intolerable noise levels can decrease a cow's capacity
of milk production. These animals require a calm and relaxed environment to provide a
better milk yield.
y Research has proven that aircraft induced noise is
responsible for a significant decrease in reproduction
activity in a wide range of animals. Noise pollution effects
can also be seen on chicken in the form of a sharp drop in
egg production. Stunted growth in chickens due to intense
noise has also been observed.
y Underwater animals such as whales and dolphins
too experience discomfort due to noise pollution caused by
submarines, shipping companies, and sonars.
y B irds in urban areas, that use their sharp hearing
abilities to hunt prey, are at loss due to intervention of manmade noise. High noise levels
can also negatively affect the breeding and feeding patterns of some animals. This is one
of the reasons why certain species have become extinct.
y Sea animals produce varying sound levels among each other. However, the noise of
commercial ships does not allow these animals to communicate properly, which can
wreak havoc on their reproductive function. Sonar navy tests can hurt the whale's ear andreduce its ability to breed and feed.
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The Effect O f Noise O n The EnvironmentIn nature, noise causes many adverse effects on animals - here's some examples:
y B irds in a city need to call longer and louder than their country counterpartsy B irds that rely on hearing to help locate prey are seriously disadvantaged by
anthropogenic (human) noise
y Noise disturbs feeding and breeding patterns of some animals and has been identified as a
contributing factor of the extinction of some species.
y Aircraft noise and sonic booms have been implicated as a cause of lowered reproduction
in a variety of animals.
y M ilitary sonar has been responsible for
the deaths of possibly thousands of
dolphins and whales. Even outboard
motor noise can confuse some whales
and dolphins
y In dairy cows, excessive noise reduces
feed consumption, milk yield, and rate
of milk release
y Noise causes increased incidence of
miscarriages in caribou
y Intense noise can affect growth of
chickens and egg production
y Canaries can suffer hearing damage at relatively low decibel levels if the noise is
sustained
y Noise has also been showing to have a detrimental effect on the growth of some plants
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M EASURES TO CONTROL NOISE
POLLUTIONThe noise pollution can be controlled at the source of generation itself by employing Techniques
like-
R educing The Noise Levels From Domestic S ectors:
The domestic noise coming from radio, tape recorders, television sets, mixers, washing
machines, cooking operations can be minimized by their
selective and judicious operation. B y usage of carpets or any
absorbing material, the noise generated from felling of items in
house can be minimized.
M aintenance O f A utomobiles: Regular servicing and tuning of vehicles will reduce the noise
levels. Fixing of silencers to automobiles, two wheelers etc., will reduce the noise levels.
Control O ver Vibrations: The vibrations of materials may be controlled using proper foundations, rubber padding etc. to
reduce the noise levels caused by vibrations. Low voice
speaking: Speaking at low voices enough for communication
reduces the excess noise levels.
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Prohibition O n Usage O f Loud
S peakers:
B y not permitting the usage of loudspeakers in the habitant zones except for important meetings /
functions. Now-a-days, the urban Administration of the metro cities in India is becoming
stringent on usage of loudspeakers.
S election O f M achinery: Optimum selection of machinery tools or equipment reduces excess noise levels. For example
selection of chairs or selection of certain machinery/equipment which generate less noise
(Sound) due to its superior technology etc. is also an important factor in noise minimization
strategy.
M aintenance O f M achines:
Proper lubrication and maintenance of machines, vehicles etc. will reduce noise levels. For example, it is a common experience that, many parts of a vehicle will become loose while on a
rugged path of journey. If these loose parts are not properly fitted, they will generate noise and
cause annoyance to the driver/passenger. Similarly is the case of machines. Proper handling and
regular maintenance is essential not only for noise control but also to improve the life of
machine.
Car
Alarms:
The service is empowered to break into vehicles to
disarm defective alarms and also to remove the
vehicles to a safe place where necessary. The costs
involved will be recovered from the owner of the
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vehicle. The owners details are obtained from DVLA.
Precautions During Festivals:
y Crackers producing noise should not be burst between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.
y Crackers which bear the Supreme Court instructions and noise pollution levels alone
should be purchased.
y Wear earplugs when going to rock concerts or fireworks exhibits. Earplugs, properly
worn, can reduce noise by 15 to 30 decibels.
y Prohibit setting of crackers in the silence zones (that is the areas within 100 meters of
hospitals, educational institutions, courts and religious
places).
y In case of ear trauma, it is advisable not to instill any
eardrop, nor try to clean the ear by oneself or by
untrained personnel.
y B an fire-crackers with a decibel level of more than
100 at a distance of 4 meters from the bursting point.
y Protect your children by avoiding loud noise. M inor damage at a young age can lead to
major hearing loss.
y Noise from a firecracker, even at what might seem to be a safe distance, can lead to
hearing loss in just minutes. Hearing loss come side effects such as balance problems,
permanent ringing in the ears and headaches.
y Please refrain from buying fire crackers which exceeded prescribed noise limit.
y People should make this festival clean, green and healthy
y Pledge cracker-free Diwali and motivate your friends and relatives to promote No
Crackers campaign and save environment.
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Controlling Noise Pollution by Planting Trees The modern lifestyle and workforce has gotten many of us to stay in the urban area. B uses,trains, cars, bulldozerswe get to hear any type of noises. This is called urbanization. M ost of us
would prepare a quiet place to live in but we can\t as our work forces us to be in towns rather than a quiet and warm countryside.
After a long day\s work, a quiet moment is all we need. Since many of us can\t afford to buildsoundproof walls, the next best alternative is to plant trees. Planting trees is way better thananything else and going green is the best way to live in today\s age of modern technology.
This method is very suitable for homes with sufficient garden lawn. B ut be patient with thegrowth of trees as it\s not an overnight process but you\ll them once you start.
These are what you need to consider when purchasing your favorite trees:
y The volume of bushes
Plant trees with leaves that have thick volume so that some of the nearby noise especially fromthe traffic will be absorbed. B esides that, leaves like these are most likely able to withstand thedust from retarding the growth.
y Tree roots
You need strong roots trees so that they won\ttumble on the ground when storm or strong windhits. B ut at the same time, make sure that youtrees won\t have their roots crawling under thecompound where your house is built on or elseyou will be facing structural complications later on when the trees mature.
Now, the job doesnt\t stops here. Trees are likehumans. They need nutrition to remain strong andto continue growing luscious leaves or else all youwill get are dry branches. So, remember to takecare of your trees by feeding them with fertilizersand daily watering. B y taking care of your trees,they in return will take care of the noise pollutionand also provide valuable oxygen for your household freshness.
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There, you have it now, your own sense of peace and quietness. No more disturbing, no moredisturbances and that\s how peace feels like!