PROCESS

� TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS �

Introduction

Initial Brainstorming

Initial Project Description

Initial Scenario 1

Initial Scenario 2

Initial Scenario 3

Initial Ideas HF

Presentation at NASA

Feedback from NASA

Radiation Analysis

Function Analysis

Problem Analysis Solar Flare

Detailed Scenario

Selected Scenario

4-5

6-7

8-9

10-11

12-13

14-15

16-17

18-19

20-21

22-23

24-25

26-29

30-35

36-37

� �INTRODUCTION

After several lectures, discussion and round tours we started to have an idea about which challenges NASA faces with the goal of going to the Moon by 2020. By brainstorming different themes such as communication, different health kits and radiation protection we came to the conclusion that protect-ing against the harmful solar flares was the most crucial one and gave us the greatest challenge.

INTRODUCTION

� �INITIAL BRAINSTORMING INITIAL BRAINSTORMING

� �

Noah´s Ark - Emergency Radiation Protection

Our goal is to design a solution that will protect thelunar explorers from the harmful effects of radiation.It will function as an emergency shelter when a solarflare event occurs.

Overall Vision

We would like to create a solution that facilitates every day life for humans in space and by design visualize complex concepts such as Noah’s Ark.

Background

Without the protection of the Earth’s atmosphere and magnetosphere as-tronauts are exposed to high levels of radiation. Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) gives constant radiation but is only lethal if exposed over a longer period of time. Solar Particle Events (SPE) and Solar Flare Event (SFE) on the other hand can kill an unprotected person in a single burst. In the habitat the crew will be protected but on longer excursions the astronauts might not have enough time to return if they receive a solar flare alarm. Within 30 minutes they have to be able to protect themselves for up to 4 days.

Assumptions

- The solution should be implementable on the moon 2020.

- The crew will use a pressurized vehicle to explore the surface.

- The maximum excursion duration will be 7 days.

INITIAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION INITIAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION

- The solution has to protect 2 crew members for up to 4 days.

- It is possible to utilize Regolith as a part of the protection solution.

- Within 30 minutes the crew has be in protection.

- The solution will set out from an existing rover concept or an already established lunar surface scenario.

Noah and Larry seek protection under the rover

They connect to the LSS via “umbilical cords”...

...and an additional suit layer fills up with water...and an inflatable shield folds out and fills up with water

Solar flare alarm goes off!

Water tanks in the rover floorfunctions as additional protection

NoahLarry

10 11INITIAL SCENARIO 1INITIAL SCENARIO 1

Noah and Larry transfer through a hatch

They park the rover above the bunker and lower the chassis

NoahLarry

Solar flare alarm goes off!

...or Noah and Larry use explosives to create a bunker

The regolith functions as a natural protection

An inflatable structure deploys

The bunkers are “pre-made”...

1� 1�INITIAL SCENARIO 2INITIAL SCENARIO 2

1�

...and Larry connects to the LSS

...and helps Larry to get in through a suit lock

Noah parks the rover above the hole and lowers the chassis

INITIAL SCENARIO 3

Solar flare warning goes off!

The shelter deploys and Noah transfers through the hatch...

Larry goes into the “pre-made” bunker

Noah

Larry

INITIAL SCENARIO 31�

1�INITIAL IDEAS HF 1� INITIAL IDEAS HF

1� 1�PRESENTATION AT NASA PRESENTATION AT NASA

�0 �1

Trust the soil?

Will cavities col-lapse when rover drives overDifferent soil compositions on different parts of moon

Dig holes in ad-vance

rover digs or in advance or on location.

Shape charges

safety, all ready exists ex-plosives in space? explosive bolts?

HMX explosives(her majesties exp.)PETN10-15 grams booster

PROTECTIONREGOLITH

Liquid Hydrogen

Best protection

Extra water tanks?

Might need ad-ditional water for protection...

Wastewaterrecycling

Water as protec-tion4 inches good protection = 10,16 cm

PROTECTIONWATER

Inflatable struc-ture has to adjust to hole, otherwise it will lift the rover

Zipper

Inflatable struc-ture folds down from two sides and connects with airtight zipper (like on spacesuits)

Belly lowers into bunker

PROTECTIONROOM STRUCTURE

Rotate water tanks

Lunar Water towersso water tanks can be refilled when needed

FEEDBACK FROM NASAFEEDBACK FROM NASA

Radiation monitors on their suits

Radiation sensors

up in rover, know when it is a safe to return.

COMMUNICATION MONITORSUPDATE STATUS

radiation levels..highs and lows

Scenario 1

More realistic because of lack of explosives(no holes)

Back-up systems

Combination of the different scenarios.Different levels of actions.

Guidelines

Make recommen-dation for future rover designs.

GENERAL

Polyethylene good protection

10 inches enough = 25,4 cm

Food supply...

can be used for radiation shielding

PROTECTIONOTHER MATERIALS

INFORMATION

All in one

Optimize the most likely scenario but accomondate all of them so the solu-tion works for all 3 scenarios

Leapfrog system

Don’t drive around with all the supply

Shelters prepared in advance

IDEAS

PROBLEMS

OPINION

��RADIATION ANALYSISRADIATION ANALYSIS

RADIATION PROTECTION

COMMUNICATION

SAFETY

EFFICIENCY

WEIGHT

vOLUME

SYSTEM THINKING

CONSEqUENCES

TIME

POLITICS

RECYCLING

APPEARANCE

ROUTINES

TRANSFORMATION

FUTURE POSSIBILITIES

HEALTH

GEOLOGICAL IMPACT

warning system, fast, accurate, intuitive, status update, 2-way (between hab/rover/earth)

man-made bunkers

monitor, diagnose, treat, psychological health, physical health

nanotechnologies, prevention medicine/vaccination, magnetic field protection, exact prediction of solar flare events

explosive, from invisible to functional

standardized, speed of use, well rehearsed

protective, calming, mode indicating, ergonomic

closed loop ecosystem, supply as protection, waste as protection

moral dilemmas, cultural differences

day, night, work outside, work inside, drive, little time for preparation, excursion duration < 7 days, in protection 2h-4days

nausea, cancer, death, abandoned moon/no further exploration, economic

use rover’s life support system, umbilical cords, closed loop, leapfrog system, pre made solutions, reusable

compact when not in use, deployable/flexible structure, inflatable, ISRU

mobile, light-weight material/solution, ISRU

intuitive, user guidelines, minimal interaction, easy of use

back-up system (lifeboat), reliable, foolproof

��

�� ��FUNCTION ANALYSIS

USE EXISTING LSS

UMBILICAL CORDS

LEAPFROG SYSTEM

PRE-MADESOLUTIONS

REUSABLE

SYSTEM THINKING

DF

NF

NF

DF

DF

CLOSED LOOP DF

ECOSYSTEM

SUPPLY ASPROTECTION

WASTE AS PROTECTION

PROTECTIvE

CALMING

CLEAR INDICATION

ERGONOMICS

RECYCLING

APPEARANCE

DF

NF

DF

NF

NF

DF

DF

ROUTINES

STANDARDIZED

SPEED OF USE

REHEARSED

DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

PHYSICALWELLBEING

DF

TRANSFORMATION

NF

NF

NF

NF

DF

DF

NF

FAST

PASSIvE TOACTIvE

PSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEING

NF

MONITOR DF

HEALTH

FUNCTION ANALYSIS

COMMUNICATION

WARNING SYSTEM

FAST

ACCURATE

INTUITIvE

STATUS UP-DATE

2-WAY(hab/rover/earth)

BACK-UP SYSTEM

RELIABLE

FOOLPROOF

INTUITIvE

USER GUIDELINES

MINIMAL INTERACTION

EASE OF USENF

SAFETY

EFFICIENCY

DF

NF

DF

NF

DF

DF

NF

NF

NF

DF

DF

DF

WEIGHT

MOBILE

LIGHT-WEIGHT

ISRU

NF

vOLUME

DF

NF

NF

NF

COMPACT

FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE

ISRU DF

TIME

LITTLE TIME TO PREPARE

<4 DAYS IN BUNKER

NF

NF

HF=Head Function

NF=Necessary Function

DF=Desirable Function

RADIATION

SFE PROTECTION

GRR PROTECTION

HF

DF

�� ��

Rover navigation failure

Rover mobility failure

Too far to habitat

Stay on location someexposure

Prepare shelter

Back-up transport

Arriving at habitat

Picked up by other rover

Walk to habitat

Fast back-up system

Back to rover, some exposure, less time to prepare the shelter

IN PROTECTION

Pre made shelters

Rover mobility failure

Rover LSS failure

Rover navigation failure

Rover power failure

No rover back-up system

Rover back-up system

Manual back-up system

Drive back to habitat

Rover breakdown

Arriving at habitat

Picked up byother rover

Walk to habitat

Picked up byother rover

PROBLEM ANALYSIS SOLAR FLARE

Failure

Transport from earth

On the moon

Crash

Return to earth

SOLAR FLARE

Habitat

Excursion

Pressurized rover

Unpressurized rover

EvA

Alarm

No alarm

In rover

Outside rover

Return to habitat

Too far to rover

Return to rover

Solar flare detected

Solar flare not detected

PROBLEM ANALYSIS SOLAR FLARE

�� ��

Too far to habitat

Prepare shelter

IN PROTECTION

Rover mobility failure

Rover LSS failure

Rover navigation failure

Rover power failure

No rover back-up system

Rover back-up system

Manual back-up system

Transport from earth

On the moon SOLAR FLARE

Excursion

Pressurized rover

Alarm

In rover

Outside rover

Return to rover

PROBLEM ANALYSIS SOLAR FLAREPROBLEM ANALYSE SOLAR FLARE

Blast bunker (explosives)Pre made bunker/shelter-in connection to rover-stand aloneProtection in rover (heavy)Potential point of failure

Communication -status update (access rover equipment when radiation is lower)-hab/second crew/second roverLSS-oxygen-food-water-hygiene-thermal control-air pressureHuman factors-physical comfort (ergonomics, light, colors)-psychological comfort (colors, occupancy)

mechanical solutiondisconnect parts long umbelicalcordsmanual blasting

Mobility failureManual backup-push rover into position-disconnect parts for protection-portable solution for EvAsSpare parts for replacementAlternative to wheels-walk, role,crawl, glide, jump, flyLast way out (stay in rover)-water sleeping-bag-compressed materialLifeboat system -if leapfrog systems existsRover controlled from outside

Navigation failureUse existing backup systemSee project by Emma Lööf (flags, low tech solution)

Power failureUsing existing backup systemSolar panelsPower generator, additional batteryNuclear power bar

LSS failureUse existing backup systemExternal lifesupport (portable)Possibility to access rover during radiation minimumEmergency food supplyOxygen masks

Weight/ volumeLimited possibility to bring extra material-pressurized rover + fuel-radiation protection material

Pre positioned supplies?-pressurized rover/rovers-navigation system-pre made radiation shelters

Crew needs quick protectionotherwise the outcome might be lethal

Pre planned excursionsScientific research is the main focusExplore as much as possible of the surface

Functions as mini habitatMore than one rover? -facilitates collaborationLonger excursions are possibleFlexibility / Mobility-no space suit while driving-preparations inside rover-easier to communicate-sort and evaluate samplesLSS, self sufficient <7 daysPartial environment protection

Possibility to use existing solutions?Alarm in rover (monitors & warning system)Alarm on spacesuits (personal warning system)Potential point of failure

Bunkers are constructed in advance ac-cording to planned excursion route

Leapfrog system

Solar flare alarms are located on the rover and the space suits. More detailed information is found on a monitor inside the rover.

When a solar flare alarm occurs the astronauts have to return to the rover. Three scenarios are possible:-both are out on excursion-one of them is on excursion and the other one is in the rover-both are in the rover

The astronauts transfer into the rover through suitlocks. It takes approx. 15min.

Explosives are used as a back-up sys-tem to quickly create a bunker substi-tute if a pre made bunker is unavailable

PROBLEM ANALYSIS SOLAR FLAREPROBLEM ANALYSE SOLAR FLARE�0 �1

The rover is either driven or remote controlled over the bunker

The rover lowers down and seals the cavity

If a mobility failure occurs a part of the rover structure containing water and food can manually be moved to seal the cavity

If a power failure occurs the rover can be pushed into position and mechani-cally lowered

The shelter structure deploys The rover pressurizes the shelter

�� ��PROBLEM ANALYSIS SOLAR FLAREPROBLEM ANALYSE SOLAR FLARE

�� TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ��

The astronauts transfer down into the shelter through a hatch in the rover floor

The astronauts are now in protection, 30min has elapsed. When outside the shelter, umbilical cords are used to connect to the LSS.

ROvER FLOOR DETAILThe astronauts have access to the LSS through the floor:-water-food-light-oxygen-communication system-staus up-date

On radiation minimum the astronauts can transfer back into the rover to utilize hygene facilities and advanced equipment.

When danger is over the rover is moved. If the shelter has been used it folds back into the rover floor.

When danger is over the astonauts are picked up by a second rover

In the future it might be possible to leave the shelter for other explorers to use. After some time there will be an infrastructure of shelters on the moon

The astronauts drive back to the habitat

��

The astronauts transfer down into the shelter through a hatch in the rover floor

The astronauts are now in protection, 30min has elapsed. When outside the shelter, umbilical cords are used to connect to the LSS.

The astronauts have access to the LSS through the floor:-water-food-light-oxygen-communication system-staus up-date

The rover lowers down and seals the cavity

The shelter structure deploys The rover pressurizes the shelter

SELECTED SCENARIOSELECTED SCENARIO��

�� TABLE OF CONTENTS