NO x Chemistry for Biomass and Coal
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Transcript of NO x Chemistry for Biomass and Coal
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NOx Chemistry for Biomass and Coal
Larry BaxterBrigham Young University
Provo, UT 84602
17th Annual ACERC ConferenceSalt Lake City, UTFebruary 21, 2003
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Initial Fuel Compositions Vary
Pine King Sawdust Alfalfa Switchgrass
C 49 49.7 49 49.8
H 6 6.43 6 6.59
O 44 43.8 42 43.19
N 0.07 0.011 2 0.279
S 0.032 0.101
Cl 0.6
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Initial Fuel Compositions Differ
Wood Composition (% daf fuel): Initial FinalC 49 80H 6 2.5N 0.07 0.4O 44 17
• Wood has less nitrogen and no chlorine compared with alfalfa.
• Alfalfa has large fraction of amine nitrogen. Wood has essentially no amine nitrogen.
• C:H ratios and dry ash free heating values are very similar.
• Alfalfa has much more ash than wood, with much more silica in the ash.
Alfalfa Composition (% daf fuel): Initial FinalC 49 80H 6 1N 2 1O 42 18Cl 0.6 0.5
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Coal CHNO Release Rates1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Fra
ctio
na
l L
oss,
[-]
1.00.80.60.40.20.0
Fractional Mass Loss, daf [-]
devolatilization oxidation
carbon nitrogen parity
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Biomass (Alfalfa) CHNO and Cl
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
mass loss, daf
Ele
me
nt
Lo
ss
, da
f
C HN OCl
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A Reburning Issue
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
% O2
NO
x w
ith R
ebur
n / N
Ox
Bas
elin
e(e
ach
corr
ecte
d to
3%
O2)
H2
CH4
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Particle Effect
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.02 1.12
Reburn Stoichimetry
No
rmal
ized
NO
x (b
oth
dry
at
3%)
No fly ash
Fly ash
No ash, 4/5
Ash, 4/5
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Hydrogen vs Solid Fuels
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Solid Fuel Fraction
Nor
mal
ized
NO
x (b
oth
dry
at 3
% O
2)
All H2 All Solid Fuel
Wheel/H2
Graphite/H2
Coal/H2
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Natural Gas vs Solid Fuels
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Solid Fuel Fraction
Nor
mal
ized
NO
x (b
oth
dry
at 3
% O
2)
All CH4 All Solid Fuel
Wheel/CH4
Coal/CH4
Alfalfa/CH4
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Alfalfa Generates NH3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Sig
nal (
arb
itrary
)
112511201115111011051100
Wavenumber (cm-1
)
Calibration @ 1000 ppm NH3
Alfalfa Calibration @ 250 ppm NH3
Natural Gas
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NH3 Reacts with NO
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Sig
nal (a
rbitra
ry)
112511201115111011051100
Wavenumber (cm-1
)
Conditions Entering Reburn Region NO = 250 ppm NO = 500 ppm
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Stoichiometry and Temperature Impacts
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Nominal Reburn Zone Equivalence Ratio
No
rma
lize
d N
Ox
(bo
th d
ry a
t 3
% O
2)
900 C, 250 ppm
1200 C, 500 ppm
900 C, 500 ppm
1200 C, 250 ppm
Alfalfa
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Coal: Stoichiometry and Temperature Impact Results
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Nominal Reburn Zone Equivalence Ratio
Nor
mal
ized
NO
x (b
oth
dry
at 3
% O
2)
900 C, 250 ppm
1200 C, 500 ppm
900 C, 500 ppm
1200 C, 250 ppm
Coal
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Ammonia Chemistry (GRI Mech)
0.E+00
1.E-04
2.E-04
3.E-04
4.E-04
5.E-04
6.E-04
7.E-04
8.E-04
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
time (s)
Mol
e fr
actio
n
1500 K 1600 K
1700 K 1800 K
1900 K 2000 K
2100 K 2200 K
2300 K 2400 K
2500 K
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NH3 Chemistry (Kilpenen)
0.E+00
1.E-04
2.E-04
3.E-04
4.E-04
5.E-04
6.E-04
7.E-04
8.E-04
9.E-04
1.E-03
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
time (s)
Mo
le fr
act
ion
1500 K 1600 K
1700 K 1800 K
1900 K 2000 K
2100 K 2200 K
2300 K 2400 K
2500 K
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HCN Chemistry
0.0E+00
5.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.5E-03
2.0E-03
2.5E-03
3.0E-03
3.5E-03
4.0E-03
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
time (s)
Mol
e fr
actio
n
1500 K 1600 K
1700 K 1800 K
1900 K 2000 K
2100 K 2200 K
2300 K 2400 K
2500 K
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Stoichiometry and Temperature Impacts
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Nominal Reburn Zone Equivalence Ratio
No
rma
lize
d N
Ox
(bo
th d
ry a
t 3
% O
2)
900 C, 250 ppm
1200 C, 500 ppm
900 C, 500 ppm
1200 C, 250 ppm
Alfalfa