No-till transplanting processing tomatoes into cotton residue Five Points, CA 2003 No-till...

No-till transplanting processing tomatoes into

cotton residue

Five Points, CA 2003

No-till transplanting processing tomatoes into

cotton residue

Five Points, CA 2003

Surface residue in CTCC systemFive Points, CA 2003

Surface residue in CTCC systemFive Points, CA 2003

Rye / triticale / vetch cover Rye / triticale / vetch cover crop in CTCC systemcrop in CTCC systemFive Points, CA 2000Five Points, CA 2000

DiscDiscChiselChiselList BedsList BedsClean FurrowsClean FurrowsCompact FurrowsCompact FurrowsSpray TreflanSpray TreflanLillistonLillistonChain BedsChain BedsPlant Cover CropPlant Cover CropMow Cover CropMow Cover CropSpray RoundupSpray RoundupPlant CottonPlant CottonFertilize***Fertilize***CultivateCultivateSpray Grnd-Spray Grnd-Insctcds/Grwth RegInsctcds/Grwth RegSpray Grnd-Spray Grnd-Custom: DefoliantsCustom: DefoliantsSpray Air-Spray Air-Custom:InsecticidesCustom:InsecticidesHarvestHarvest

Times over fieldTimes over field

XXXXXXXX

XXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXX

2020

XXXXXXXX

XXXX

XXXX

XXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXX

2020

XXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

99

XX

XX

XXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

1111

No cover CoverNo cover Cover No cover CoverNo cover Cover

Standard TillageStandard Tillage** Conservation TillageConservation Tillage****

Comparison of Standard and Conservation Tillage Comparison of Standard and Conservation Tillage Costs and Resource Use - Cotton 2001Costs and Resource Use - Cotton 2001

OperationOperation

*30” rows **60” rows ***Applied with irrigation water*30” rows **60” rows ***Applied with irrigation water

Tomato yields 2000 – 2004(tons/acre)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

STNO 58 + 1 58 + 1 46 + 3 42 + 2 46 + 4

STCC 53 + 1 63 + 2 45 + 3 45 + 3 42 + 5

CTNO 56 + 1 62 + 2 56 + 1 54 + 4 52 + 3

CTCC 51 + 1 61 + 1 43 + 2 52 + 3 48 + 3

Cotton yields 2000 – 2005(lbs lint/acre)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

STNO 360 a 1783 1930 a 1228 ab 2217a 1528

STCC 360 a 1405 1921 a 1336 a 1990 ab 1595

CTNO 200 a 1579 1736 b 1058 b 1816 bc 1498

CTCC 372 a 1454 1252 c 1157 ab 1486 c 1528

0-15 cm

15-30 cm

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

CTCC STCC CTNO STNO

Treatment

Total Carbon

1999

2003

After 4 years:

Total C change in kg C/ha-30cm

CTCC — + 4995

STCC — + 4502

CTNO — - 2084

STNO — - 1112

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

TreatmentTreatmentSize FractionSize Fraction

Land PreparationLand PreparationDiscDiscChiselChiselList BedsList BedsRingroll BedsRingroll BedsPower IncorporatePower IncorporatePlant Cover CropPlant Cover CropMow/Chop Cvr CropMow/Chop Cvr CropCompact FurrowCompact Furrow

SubtotalSubtotal

In Season OperationsIn Season OperationsSpraySprayLillistonLillistonCultivate TomatoCultivate TomatoCultivate CottonCultivate Cotton

SubtotalSubtotal

TotalTotal

9898202012124444

127127

300300

121292923434

316316455455

Dust Production by Treatment and Operation (µg/L)Dust Production by Treatment and Operation (µg/L)

**There were detectable dust measurements for these operations, but they rounded to 0 There were detectable dust measurements for these operations, but they rounded to 0 with this number of significant figures.with this number of significant figures.

Resp.Resp.

1414113377

2020

4444

33442288

1717

TotalTotal

8181111111113939939344

222299

270270

2828222222250250

TotalTotal

10101122

242477

tracetrace**9966

5858

2210101212

TotalTotal

55

7575

8080

TotalTotal

22

44

66

TotalTotal

21216161

8282

22

7575

7777

TotalTotal

4466

99

11

77

88

STNOSTNO STCCSTCC CTNOCTNO CTCCCTCC

Planting / HarvestPlanting / HarvestPlant CottonPlant CottonTransplant TomatoTransplant TomatoClean FurrowClean FurrowShred-BedShred-BedMowMowUndercutUndercutHarvest CottonHarvest Cotton

SubtotalSubtotal

Cumulative Cumulative Dust ProductionDust Production

1122

3838292911118181

837837

Dust Production by Treatment and Operation (µg/L)Dust Production by Treatment and Operation (µg/L)(continued)(continued)

**There were detectable dust measurements for these operations, but they rounded to 0 There were detectable dust measurements for these operations, but they rounded to 0 with this number of significant figures.with this number of significant figures.

tracetrace**tracetrace**

663322

1111

7272

5599

515127271111

103103

623623

1111

662222

1212

8282

441717

1212

884040

120120

1122

44

2288

1414

1414171737372222

1313103103

262262

11225588

331919

3636

STNOSTNO STCCSTCC CTNOCTNO CTCCCTCC

• Reduced tillage can cut fuel-CO2 emissions by half

• Integration of reduced tillage with cover cropping!

Greenhouse gas budget: Five Points

SOC tCO2e ha-1

STNO STCC CTNO CTCCCotton -0.11 -2.42 -0.92 -4.20Tomato -0.65 -2.53 -0.87 -3.71

N2O 297

Cotton 1.62 1.04 1.33 0.80Tomato 1.69 1.63 1.36 1.17

CH4 31

Cotton -0.11 -0.12 -0.11 -0.11Tomato -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11

Fuel-CCotton 0.51 0.57 0.25 0.27Tomato 0.63 0.85 0.30 0.34

SUMCotton 1.91 -0.93 0.54 -3.25Tomato 1.56 -0.17 0.68 -2.31

system 1.73 -0.55 0.61 -2.78Six et al., 2005

Standard tillage land preparation following alfalfa or winter forage consisting of disking

cross checks prior to broadcast disking entire field

No-till planting corn intowheat forage residue

Turlock, CA 2005

Sampling agricultural dust emissionsDairy corn production field,

Tipton, CA 2004

Harvesting winter forage wheat, strip-tilling and planting corn, Tipton, CA, May 2005

Barcellos Farms, Tipton, CA

• CT emissions reduced 93%

• CT emissions reduced 88%

Operations

AVG. EF

(mg/m2)

CARB EF

(mg/m2)Test

GradesAvg

GWCDisk (0ff-Set) 252 135 A,C,B 0.062nd Disk (0ff-Set) 917 135 A,A,A 0.06Listing 615 90 B,A,A 0.07Disk-Bedder (Go-Devil) 25 135 B,B 0.15Bed Mulcher 89 135 A,A 0.11Ring Roller 566 90 A,A 0.10Planter 96 90 A,G 0.14Ring Roller 186 90 C,B 0.08

CT Drill 198 90 B,E 0.26

CT Corn

SPRING 2004ST Corn

Operations

AVG. EF

(mg/m2)

CARB EF

(mg/m2)Test

GradesAvg

GWC

Disk (0ff-Set) 51 135 A,A,A 0.212nd Disk (0ff-Set) 123 135 A,A,A 0.19Circle Harrow w/ Roller 264 1403 B,C,D 0.18Listing 466 90 B,B,B 0.19Disk-Bedder (Go-Devil) 109 135 A,B,B 0.17Bed Mulcher 384 135 B,A,A 0.15Planter 481 90 B,A,A 0.17

CT Drill 224 90 C,B 0.19CT Corn

SPRING 2005ST Corn

Mike NutcherWestern Stanislaus County350 acres of forage1200 cows

Unverferth “Ripper Stripper”6 row 30 inch strip till implement

Conventional 6 row corn planter followingstrip till operation

Comparison of Costs Strip Tillage to Conventional Tillage

• Strip tillageA) strip till pass $15.00 per acreB) planting pass $15.00 per acre

• Conventional tillageA) discing pass $10.00 per acreB) ripping pass $18.00 per acreC) discing pass $10.00 per acreD) pre-irrigation $8.00-$15.00 per acreE) finish tool pass $12.00 per acreF) planting pass $15.00 per acre

Conservation Tillage planting and postharvest stalk management studyBorba Farms, Riverdale, CA 2001 - 2003

Conservation Tillage planting and postharvest stalk management studyBorba Farms, Riverdale, CA 2001 - 2003

Cover crop was sprayed or sprayed and choppedCover crop was sprayed or sprayed and chopped

Ridge-till plantingRidge-till planting

Strip-tilling ahead of planting

Strip-tilling ahead of planting

Spray glyphosate herbicide to kill cover crop

Chop cover crop

Disk

Disk

Chisel

Disk

List beds

Plant cotton

Ring roll

Apply glyphosate over the top

Cultivate

Harvest cotton

Shred stalks

Disk

Disk

Subsoil / relist beds







Chop cover crop Chop cover crop Chop cover crop

No-till plant cotton with JD 1430 planter

No-till plant cotton with JD 1430 planter

Ridge-till plant cotton with Buffalo 8000 planter

Ridge-till plant cotton with Buffalo 8000 planter

Strip-till seed bed

Strip-till seed bed







Plant cotton

Plant cotton

Cultivate

Cultivate

Cultivate Cultivate

CultivateCultivateHarvest cotton Harvest cotton

Harvest cotton

Harvest cotton

Shred stalks

Shred stalksShred stalks Shred stalks

Shred stalks

Harvest cotton Harvest cotton

Shred stalks

Root pull stalks and/or Terratill subsoiler with rotaty harrows to relist beds



Root pull stalks and/or Terratill subsoiler with rotaty harrows to relist beds Root pull stalks

and/or Terratill subsoiler with rotaty harrows to relist beds


System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4 System 5 System 6 System 7

Standard till No-till chopped cover

No-tillno chop

Ridge-till cover chopped

Ridge-till no-chop

Cover chopped Strip-till no-chop

Preplant and postharvest operations used in tillage systems evaluation at Borba Farms, Riverdale, CA, 2001 - 2003

Pounds of cotton lint / acre for cotton tillage systems evaluation at

Borba Farms, Riverdale, CA, 2001 - 2003

Standard tillage

No-till chopped cover crop

No-till sprayed cover crop

Ridge-till chopped cover crop

Ridge-till sprayed cover crop

Strip-till chopped cover crop

Strip-till sprayed cover crop

1183 abc

1081 bc

1292 ab

1229 abc

993 c

1352 a

1262 ab

1258 a

1215 a

709 b

809 b

1311 a

1278 a

1223 a

1156 ns

1283 ns

1291 ns

1258 ns

1303 ns

1365 ns

1340 ns

2001 2002 2003

Comparison of cover crop and tillage system tractor operations, estimated fuel use and production costs per acre

Standard tillage

No-till chopped cover crop

No-till sprayed cover crop

Ridge-till chopped cover crop

Ridge-till sprayed cover crop

Strip-till chopped cover crop

Strip-till sprayed cover crop

17

9

8

9

9

10

9

19.5

8.5

7.5

8.5

7.5

10.2

9.2

$237

$199

$195

$199

$195

$204

$200

Times over field

Gallons of fuel

Total operating costsFarming System

No-till planting of winter forage into alfalfaRiverdale, CA 2002

No-till drilling sorghum sudaninto corn forage residue

Tipton, CA 2005

Strip-tilling into burned down alfalfaHelm, CA

2005

No-till transplanting processing tomatoes into cotton residue Five Points, CA 2003 No-till...

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