No. 14 August 3, 2006 · 2006. 8. 3. · is “weevily.” Grain is only graded weevily if it...

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No. 14 August 3, 2006

Inside this Issue...Clean-up Grain Bins to Prevent Insect

Infestations in the Bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Insect Pest Scouting Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Insect Identification Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Soybean Insect Pest Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Canola: Swathing and Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Specialty Crops-when to Swath and Combine . . . . . . . . 6Flax: Haying and Grazing Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Observations from the Wheat Quality Tour . . . . . . . . . . 7Soybean Cyst Nematode in Cass County . . . . . . . . . . . . 72005 ND Weed Control Research Books Available . . . . 8New ND Pesticide Use Survey Available . . . . . . . . . . . 8New NC Extension Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Where Are the Chemical Companies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Plant Diagnostic Lab Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

CLEAN-UP GRAIN BINS TO PREVENT INSECTINFESTATIONS IN THE BIN

You may have triumphed over insect pest problemson small grains during the growing season. So, take sometime now to prepare your storage bins and preventpotential stored insect problems through good binmanagement. Several species of insect infest stored grains- confused flour beetle, Indianmeal moth, rice weevil,lesser grain borer, red flour beetle, to name a few.

Damage caused by these insects includes reduced grainweight and nutritional value, contamination, odor, mold,and heat damage, which lowers the grain quality. Goodgrain bin management practices include:

1) Before treating with protectant, make sure that thebins are free of insect-infested grain. Left over grain shouldbe removed from the bin, and the walls should be sweptand vacuumed. All grain handling equipment includingaugers, combines, trucks and wagons should be thoroughlycleaned and grain residues removed before harvest. 2) Aresidual bin spray such as malathion, tempo, Storcide, orStorcide II should be applied to all interior bin surfaceareas 2 to 3 weeks before new grain is placed in the bin.The treatment will kill insects merging from their hidingplaces (cracks, crevices, under floors and in aerationsystems). Also, insects crawling or flying in from theoutside will be killed. Apply the spray to as many surfacesas possible, especially joints, seams, cracks, ledges andcorners. Spray the ceiling, walls and floors to the point ofrunoff. Use a coarse spray at a pressure of more than 30 lbper square inch and aim for the cracks and crevices. Spraybeneath the bin, its supports, and a 15 ft border above thebase of the outside foundation. Treat the outside surface,especially cracks and ledges near doors and fans.

Rice weevil (courtesy University of Georgia Archives,www.insectimages.org)

Lesser grain borer (courtesy Clemson University)

Red flour beetle (courtesy Clemson University)

North Dakota State University CROP & PEST REPORT August 3, 2006

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The increased use of metal bins with perforated floorsfor grain drying and aeration has helped produce a seriousinsect problem in farm-stored grain. Grain dockage(broken kernels, grain dust, and chaff) sifts through thefloor perforations and collects in the subfloor plenumcreating a favorable environment for insect development.Unfortunately, the floors are usually difficult to remove,making inspection, cleaning and insecticide spraying inthe plenum difficult if not impractical. The infestedplenum may be disinfected with an approved fumigant.Note: Fumigants are extremely hazardous for the userand only certified applicators may purchase and applyfumigants.

3) Remove any vegetation / weeds that may attractand harbor insect pests within 10 ft of a bin and preferablythe whole storage area. Follow by spraying the cleanedarea around the bin with a residual herbicide to remove allundesirable weedy plants.

4) Repair and seal all damaged area to grain storagestructures. This help prevent insect infestation and reducewater leakage which leads to mold growth.

5) Whenever fans are not operated, they should becovered and sealed to reduce the opportunity for insectsand vertebrates to enter the bin through the aerationsystem.

6) If newly harvested grain and/or insect-free grainmust be added to grain already in storage, the latter shouldbe fumigated to prevent insect infestation.

7) It is recommended that grain be treated withapproved insecticides as it is augered into the bin if it willbe in storage for one or more years. Grain protectants killinsects as they crawl about or feed on treated grain and/orgrain fragments. Do not apply grain portectants beforehigh temperatures drying because extreme heat will resultin rapid volatilization and reduced residual qualities of thepesticides.

Grain protectants applied to 13% moisture grain will havea greater residual life than grain at 15% or great moisture.Grain treated with Storicide II has CODEX MRLtolerances, and can be shipped to international markets.Please consult the 2006 Field Crop Insect ManagementGuide for a complete list of stored grain insecticides.

http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/entomology/entupdates/ICG_06/10a_StoredGrain06.pdf

After binning, some grain protectants may be appliedas a surface treatment “top dress” to control surfacefeeding insects such as the Indianmeal moth larvae.Insecticide product should be applied into the top fewinches to improve efficacy. No-pest strips (dichlovorousimpregnated strips, DDVP) can also be hung in openspace of grain bin to help control flying insects. It isrecommended to suspend one strip per 1,000 cubic feet ofair space. No-pest strips may need to be replaced duringsummer.

When temperatures are above 50 F, bins should beinspected for insect activity every two weeks. Stored graininsect pests are generally inactive at temperatures below50 F (see diagram). Use a grain probe to determine theextent of infestation within the grain mass. It’s importantto know what species of insect pests are infesting yourstored grain. The Federal Grain Inspection Servicedifferentiates between grain that is infested and grain thatis “weevily.” Grain is only graded weevily if it containsan internal feeding insect, such as weevil or lesser grainborer. The only option with weevily infested grain is tofeed it, sell it at a discounted rate, or fumigate it.Remember, stored grain insects can be thought of a veryexpensive, unwanted livestock!


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INSECT PEST SCOUTING UPDATES:1) Continue monitoring for sunflower fields for

head insects (banded sunflower moth, red sunflowerseed weevil and Lygus bug). Field reports indicate highpopulations of all three insect pests in sporadic areas ofNorth Dakota. Scout your field to determine what yourpopulation level is. See last weeks issue no. 13 of Crop &Pest Report for scouting tips and thresholds.http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/entomology/ndsucpr/Years/2006/july/27/ent_27july06.htm#TIME

2) SOYBEAN APHIDSData from the NDSU IPM Survey indicated increasingpopulations of soybean aphids in eastern North Dakota(see maps). Winged ‘alate’ aphids are easy to find in earlyplanted, moisture-stressed soybean fields as they move tomore desirable fields - later planted field in the vegetativegrowth stages. Last year, aphid populations rebounded inthese later planted soybean fields in late August and earlySeptember. So, please be vigilant in continuing to scoutfields for aphids!


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White Dwarf Aphids: Some field reports of little“white” aphids have come in. These are live movingaphids and not casted skins of aphids. These white aphidswere reported last year in Indiana and are called “whitedwarfs” in the literature. Yes, these are soybean aphidsand are NOT “baby” aphids or diseased aphids. Aphids ofmany different species do this in response to change.Entomologists do not understand what is the cause. It maybe due to hot temperatures, higher humidity, shorter daylength, nutritional quality, or predator populations? Whitedwarfs appear to feed less than the “normal” green/yellowaphids, primarily due to their smaller size. However, thesewhite dwarf aphids should be included in any thresholdcounts.

R5/R6 Growth Stage Thresholds: Many soybean fields are approaching the R5/R6 growthstage and no one likes to run a tractor over a maturesoybean field to spray an insecticide. The recommendedeconomic threshold for R5 (seed fill) growth stage isincreasing aphid populations and above 250 aphids perplants on 80% of the plants in field. This would requiremultiple scouting trips to determine a growing aphidpopulations and not static one. For R6 (full seed) growthstage, research indicates little yield benefit to treatingsoybean aphid populations. However, please usecommon sense in determining treatments for soybeanaphid in R5/R6 soybean including yield expectations, netreturns, moisture stress, increasing or decreasing aphidpopulations.

Insecticide Efficacy: There is no “super” insecticideout there, and with high temperatures (>90 F) the upperlimit of any foliar insecticide is 2 weeks. One week to 10days is more realistic. If a company representative offersyou a free second spray or long 3-4 week residualguarantee, take them up on their offer and hold them totheir agreement. Second applications may be justified thisyear due to the high numbers of soybean aphids.

Aphid Predators: Numerous aphid predators, suchas ladybird beetles have been observed in fields. Researchhas shown that once aphid populations reach 100 aphidper plants, predators were not be able to keep up with theaphid’s reproductive potential. However, if soybeanaphids are emigrating out of a field, then predators willprobably be able to manage the declining aphidpopulation.

Harvest Restriction for Soybean AphidInsecticides: The following list contains the registeredinsecticides for soybean aphid control in North Dakotaand their harvest restrictions.

Product Days BeforeHarvest(PHI)

Asana XL (esfenvalerate) 21Lorsban 4E or Yuma 4E (chlorpyrifos) 28Decis 1.5EC (deltamehtrin) 21Furadan 4F (carbofuran) 21Taiga Z or Warrior (lambda cyhalothrin) 45Lannate LV (methomyl) 14Mustang Max (zeta-cypermehtrin) 21Orthene 97 Pellets (acephate) 14Penncap-M (methyl parathion) 20Pounce 3.2 EC or Arctic 3.2 (permethrin) 60Proaxis (gamma-cyhalothrin) 45

INSECT IDENTIFICATION QUIZQuestion: What is this large caterpillar? It has beenobserved feeding on grapes and Virginia creeperthroughout North Dakota this year.

Answer: This is a larvae of the Achemon sphinx(Eumorpha achemon). Sphinx moths (Sphingidae) aremedium to large moths with robust bodies. Adult sphinxmoths are one of fastest fliers in the Lepidoptera, and afavorite among insect collectors. Achemon sphinx occursfrom Massachusetts south to Florida and west to NorthDakota and south to Texas. Caterpillars are large (3½inches long) and can be green, orange, pink or brown withpale white to yellow spots around spiracles. There is onegeneration a year in the north and two or three generationsin south. See Moth of North Dakota website:

http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/ndmoths/names/7861.htm

Janet KnodelExtension [email protected]

(courtesy G. Fauske, NDSU)


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SOYBEAN INSECT PEST QUIZ“When the pigs fly”1) I added 4 oz. of Lorsban to my pyrethroid insecticide.Have I minimized spider mite potential?2) I scouted and didn’t see any spider mites beforetreating for aphids. Does spraying a pyrethroid insecticidemean I will have a spider mite problem?3) I already sprayed for spider mites and aphids. Can Iignore them for the rest of the year and not have yieldloss?4) Will I increase the control or residual of my insecticideby adding an adjuvant?5) Most plants have very few aphids when I sprayed but afew plants along the edge had 1000s of them. Will I havelower yield because I waited?

6) Field in the area are being sprayed for soybean aphidand spider mites. Doesn’t that mean all mine need to betreated?7) Will my pyrethroid insecticide kill aphids for 21 days?8) Has yield loss already occurred at 250 aphids perplant?9) Isn’t it more important to just get the field treated thanworry about application technique?10) Shouldn’t the 250 threshold be lowered because of themoisture stress?11) Is my neighbor a genius?The correct answer to all the questions is - probably not!(Reprinted from SW Minnesot IPM Stuff 2006-10,8/1/06, B. Potter)

CANOLA: SWATHING AND HARVESTING The hot and sunny weather the past few weeks has

caused canola to come on quickly and mature to the pointthat time for swathing is fast approaching. Swathingcanola at the optimum stage of ripening reduces greenseed problems and seed shatter losses, and ensures thequality required for top grades and prices. Fieldinspections should be made every "2 to 3 days" whenthere is some color change in the first formed pods on thebottom of main stem. Canola seeds within the pod willchange color an average of 10 percent every 2 to 3 days.Under hot conditions, seed color changes can be veryrapid.

Examine only those pods on the main stem. Seeds inpods on the "bottom third" of the main stem were formedearlier and will turn color much sooner than seeds in thepods on the top third of the plant. Optimum time to swathis when overall moisture content of seed from the totalplant averages 30 to 35 percent, about 30 to 40 percent ofthe seeds in pods on the main stem only will havechanged color or have started to change color. Seeds withonly small patches of color should be counted as colorchanged. Remember, the color of the seed is moreimportant than the overall color of the field in determiningthe stage of maturity.

Most of the seeds that have changed color will befrom the bottom third of the stem. When seeds in thebottom pods slightly turn color, seeds in the top, last-formed pods are filled or nearly filled. At this time, mostof the seeds will be firm and roll, as opposed to break,when pressed between the forefinger and thumb.Seeds in all pods on a plant complete filling(physiological maturity) at about 40 percent moisture andthen slowly turn from green to light yellow, or reddish

brown to brown depending of variety. Once filled theseeds rapidly lose moisture at about 2 to 3 percent or moreper day, depending on the weather.Green Seed Problems

Cutting too early with high temperatures, hot windsand rapid drying can lead to excessive green seed count.Two percent or less green seed is currently the allowablelimit. If green seed counts are higher than the 2 percentand market discounts can occur. The key to curing thecrop is moisture. The enzyme responsible for clearing thechlorophyll requires moisture. Therefore, seed moisture iscritical. If the stems and seeds dry too rapidly afterswathing, then chlorophyll can be fixed.

Leaving canola in the swath longer can help eliminatesome green seed problems or potential. A rain will alsohelp reduce green count in canola. Once the moisturecontent of seed is 20 percent, chlorophyll will begin to bemoved out. In some cases however, when swathed toogreen in hot weather the chlorophyll will not be reducedto any great extent. Cool temperatures and light frosts inAugust and September slow the enzyme activity thatbreaks down chlorophyll. Frosts from 32 to 33 F disruptsthat system, and more specifically it can reverse it andrestart the synthesis process. This is very sensitive in theseed development stage, and the window is very narrow.This can cause differences between adjacent fields that areonly days apart in maturity, or differ in uniformity ofmaturity. Even canola swathed four to six days before afrost will retain relatively high levels of chlorophyll. Thinstand counts can result in plants with more branching andmore variability in seed maturity and are more likely tohave immature seed at swathing. Late seeded canola maybe impacted by all these situations.


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Uneven Stands-mixed maturityWhen looking at uneven stands, its suggested that

one do a count early on the ratio of early emerged canolawhich is bolting or starting to flower and the late emergedflush of young more immature plants.

If one knows the ratio of "early to late" emergedcanola plants, a better decision can be made as to howsoon to swath or wait until the later crop catches up. If thestand is on 20-25% early and 75-80% late, then waiting tocut later may be the best strategy to reduce the amount ofgreen seed. One would take the chance of shatter in theearly maturing canola but would avoid the problem ofgreen seed count and market discount. One could alsoswath at night or in the early morning hours to avoidshattering in the fields where portions of the canola areahead in maturity and development.

Two years of NDSU research has shown that at 0-5seed color at swathing time resulted in 3.5 percent greenseed content which is higher than the 2% allowed in themarket place before a discount will occur. Approximately180 lbs/A of yield gain was noted when swathing wasdelayed to the 15-20 percent seed color change.

Another sign of canola being very near the swathingstage is the natural yellowing and senescence of leavesand leaf drop. When canola plants consist only of stems,stem branches and pods, it is probably very near theoptimum time for swathing.

Canola should be allowed to cure and ripen from tento 14 days in the swath before combining. If combined tooearly, the chance if increased green seed in the harvestedcrop is much greater. "Be in a hurry to swath on time andprevent shattering, but take your time in moving thecombine in the field to ensure maximum drying,maturation and quality of your harvested canola."

SPECIALTY CROPS-WHEN TO SWATH AND COMBINEHot weather and drought in many areas this summer of 2006, has tended to push many crops to mature at an increased rate.

Questions on when to swath and harvest certain alternative crops are being asked. Below are some comments and suggestions:

Crop Information to consider:Lentil Swath when lowermost pods are tan colored and rattle when shaken. Thresh when seeds test 18% moisture

content or lower. Over dried lentils (8-10%) are hard and difficult to process or consume. Plants may still begreen when pods are ripe. Crop typically matures in patches. Some shatter loss usually occurs.

Yellow Field Pea

Swath when peas are pea vines are yellow colored. Thresh when seeds are firm and can no longer be penetratedwith thumbnail. 20% moisture content or lower. Some shatter loss usually occurs. Mixing wet soil with peascan cause staining - a discount grading factor.

Feed Pea Swath when pea vines are yellow colored. Vines are often prostrate. Seeds are firm, but no longer penetrablewith a thumbnail. Combine settings and operation are not as critical to feed peas as to human food peas. Admixture of various pea kinds are allowed. Some bleached peas, split, cracked or split peas, and earth taggedpeas are accepted for feed peas.

Millet, Proso Swath when seeds in the upper one-half of the panicle have matured. Seeds in lower portion will be in doughstage but will have less color. Harvest millet when its below 13% moisture. Shatters easily if not cut on time.

Mustard Swath when seed moisture content is 25%. Oriental-75% yellow seeds. Brown-60% reddish brown seeds. Yellow (White)-100% yellow seeds. Straight combine yellow mustard whenever possible. Watch for crackedseeds. Moisture content of seed should be 13% or lower. Swaths are fluffy and subject to wind damage. Layswaths in direction of prevailing winds. Immature green seed will not change in color in the swath. Use swathroller.

Safflower Crop has finished blooming. Seeds heads are tan to brown in color. Leaves and heads are spiny with little greenevident. Crop should be straight combined if evenly matured. Mature seed is striped or white and rubs freelyfrom the heads.

Buckwheat 75% of the seed coats have turned brown. Flowering is nearly complete. Difficult to penetrate seed withthumbnail. Seeds continue to fill in the window or after light frost for about 3 days. Bottom seeds will likely belost due to shattering.

Canaryseed Straw is bleached, hulls are shiny and golden colored. Seeds are reddish-brown. Delay cutting canaryseed untilit is fully mature. Canary seed will not thresh cleanly until the heads are dry. Canaryseed is resistant toshattering and weathering. Dehulled seed is severely discounted.


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FLAX: HAYING AND GRAZING DANGERThis is an alert to the effect that grazing or haying of

droughty flax can result in problems of HCN poisoning(Prussic acid). Had previous communication from Dr.Jack Carter the expert on flax and also former chair of ourPlant Sciences Dept. Green flax straw should not be fedor grazed. The danger of prussic acid poisoning is muchhigher. Also if the immature flax is frozen and then fed tolivestock according to the Canadian flax literature.

He recalled that cattle had died when breaking out offences and eating the flax strips on fallow which had beenplanted for wind erosion. The test for HCN in flax isdifferent than it is for Sudangrass or Sorghum-sudan.

Duane R. BerglundNDSU Extension Agronomist

[email protected]

OBSERVATIONS FROM THE WHEAT QUALITYTOUR

Last week, I participated in the annual Wheat QualityTour organized by the Wheat Quality Council. This yearthere were 41 participants from various segments of thewheat sector. During the three day tour, most wheatproducing counties were visited by at least one group andyields were estimated from more than 300 wheat fields. Estimates were based spike and spikelet numbers countedin random areas of the fields. For the state as a whole, thegroup estimated that yields were going to be down anaverage of 4 bu/acre from last year. This average figure,however, masks the tremendous variation observed inyields, which ranged from 66 to 0 bu/acre. Yields werelowest in the south central region of the state wheredrought has been severe and prolonged. Furthermore,there may have been an overestimation of yields in dryerregions as estimates were based on a standard kernelweight which will likely not be achieved due to poor grainfilling. In eastern ND, yields were estimated to berelatively good given the high temperatures and limitedrainfall this season (I just received a call from a growernear Fargo whose yields were in the 70-80 bu/acre rangeso maybe the tour’s assessment significantlyunderestimated the crop in the east!). The good new forthis region is that there is little or no scab.

In general protein levels will be high, but test weightsmay be light, especially in late planted fields. Winterwheat yields look to be very good this year and wereestimated to be up 14 bu/acre from last year. Winterwheat because of it earlier development was less affectedby the heat and drought than spring planted wheat. Earlyplanted fields of spring wheat and durum showed asignificant yield advantage over later planted fields. Infact, in the northwest, many participants described thewheat crop as the “tale of two crops”, with the earlyplanted crop looking reasonable and the late planted croppoor. Durum yields were estimated to be off by 6 bu/acrefrom last year, largely due to the fact that most of thedurum fields visited had been planted late. Early planting

was a management practice that will payoff big this year. Including some winter wheat also appears to have been aprofitable practice for many areas of the state.

Joel RansomExtension Agronomist - Cereal Crops

[email protected]

SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE IN CASS COUNTYA soybean field in Cass County near Argusville was

recently confirmed by NDSU Plant Pathologist BerlinNelson as being infested with soybean cyst nematode(SCN). This is the first confirmation of SCN in CassCounty. The field apparently had a fairly high populationof SCN, and most likely has been infested for a few years. Richland County was the first and only county in NorthDakota with confirmed SCN prior to this find. Across theriver in Minnesota, SCN was confirmed in Clay Countyfor the first time this year as well. The importance ofthese new findings are that SCN is not limited to only onearea in the state. Once established, SCN cannot beeradicated; it can only be managed. SCN is spread by themovement of infested soil, which can be moved in avariety of ways including wind, water, on implements,etc. As mentioned in the June 22nd Crop & PestReport, the hot and dry weather may be conducive forplants to show the above-ground symptoms of SCNinfection such as stunting, yellowing, and prematuredeath. More info on SCN is included in the June 22nd

article as well.Many have asked what type of economic threshold

for SCN exists. The answer is: there is no threshold. Once SCN is found in a field, the time for managementpractices is NOW. Although at very low populations theeconomic damage to soybean may be low, the reality isthat on susceptible varieties, the SCN population maygrow very quickly to a overwhelmingly damagingpopulation in only one season of a susceptible variety. The keys to management are good crop rotation practices(NO MORE SOYBEAN ON SOYBEAN) and the use ofadapted resistant varieties. There are currently a littlemore than a handful of SCN resistant varieties that areadapted to our growing conditions and maturity, but moreare on the way.

If you suspect that SCN is in your field, then sendsoil samples from the affected areas and the margins ofthe affected areas to a laboratory that will test for SCN.

Carl A. BradleyExtension Plant Pathologist

[email protected]


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2005 ND WEED CONTROL RESEARCH BOOKSAVAILABLE

Many of you may be aware that the NDSU WeedScience group publishes field research results in the NDWeed Control Research books. These books contain thecompiled summary of most all weed research conductedby NDSU weed scientists, area agronomists, andexperiment station scientists. The Weed Science grouphas been printing their weed research data in this formsince the mid 70s.

Due the diligence of Cal Messersmith, JanetDavidson-Harrington, computer programers, and time sliphelp, much of the data has been entered into a "first-of-a-kind" computer data base that will allow searching on awide range of factors to get most any kind of datacomparisons.

We printed more books from the 2005 field weedresearch than needed. If any of you would like to receiveone, send back this email with your address. It will cost ussome money to send these books so we will try to send aslong as the budget holds out so if any of you are in Fargoand want to stop and pick one up give me some advancednotice and we can have set out for you. Send me a note at: [email protected]

NEW ND PESTICIDE USE SURVEY AVAILABLE It is almost an embarrassment to announce this but

the 2004 North Dakota Pesticide Use Survey has finallybeen printed and now available from the NDSUDistribution Center.The publication is W-1308 Pesticide Use and PestManagement Practices in North Dakota 2004. You canorder by emailing Ardis at the distribution center [email protected] or calling 701 231-7882.

It will soon be available on the web at the NDSUWeed Science web site: www.ndsu.edu/weeds/Here is summary information that might be interesting:

Historical ranking of herbicides based on use.Rank 1978 1992 2004

1 2,4-D 2,4-D Glyphosate

2 Trifluralin MCPA MCPA

3 MCPA Dicamba Fenoxaprop

4 Far-Go Trifluralin 2,4-D

5 Barban Tribenuron Bromoxynil

6 EPTC Thifensulfuron Dicamba

NEW NC EXTENSION PUBLICATIONSExtension Weed Scientists in the North Central

Region have embarked on a plan to develop a series ofextension publications on weed management fromglyphosate. This includes weeds that are or might becomeresistant, troublesome, and tolerant in glyphosate systems.The series will also include glyphosatestewardship/management publications.

Extension specialists are writing publications onhorseweed, wild buckwheat, common lambsquarters,waterhemp, common and giant ragweed, and others.The horseweed publication was printed a couple of years.Mike Moechnig, SDSU, Dallas Peterson, KSU, andmyself competed the wild buckwheat publication.

GWC-10 Biology and Management of WildBuckwheat can be ordered from the NDSU ExtensionDistribution Center by emailing Ardis [email protected] or calling 701 231-7882.External funding sources paid for the printing but theremight a slight charge for shipping and handling.

These publications are also available on the web atthe NDSU Weed Sci Web site:

http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/weeds

Dr. George Kegode, NDSU Weed Ecologist and Ihave just completed the next one, Biology andManagement of Biennial Wormwood. It will not be a NCRegional publication in that it seems to only inflict ND.But, it will be an NDSU Extension publication and will bein the same format as the horseweed and buckwheatpublication. It will be printed and available within thenext month or so.


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WHERE ARE THE CHEMICAL COMPANIES?Perhaps this it more trivia than useful information,

but Arnold Appleby, a renowned weed scientist, recentlysummarized the trend in herbicide companies thatsynthesized, developed, and sold their own herbicides inthe U.S. and Canada. In the last 35 years, the estimatednumber of herbicide companies decreased from 46 to 8(Table 1). The eight remaining companies listed wereBASF, Bayer, Chemtura, Dow, DuPont, FMC, Valent,and Syngenta.

Table 1. Number of herbicide companies in the U.S.Year Approximate number of companies

1970 46

1975 35

1980 29

1985 23

1990 17

1995 15

2000 10

2005 8

The cause of this decrease is largely due to buy-outsand mergers and is driven by market forces such as highercosts to develop products because of higher registrationrequirements and greater competition among a manyexcellent herbicides on the market.

Why might this information be important? Justconsider it in the context of new herbicide discovery anddevelopment. If there are fewer companies, it is logical toexpect that there may be fewer new herbicide ingredientsbeing developed. This is good justification to preserveexisting herbicides. If you are curious about where yourfavorite herbicide company disappeared to (perhaps youreally liked their hats) or simply cannot remember (likeme), you can check the web site of Herbicide Company“Genealogy” athttp://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/herbgnl/descr.htmlThis chart tracks the herbicide companies names, dates oforigin, and dates of merger or acquisition. So, where didVelsicol end up? How about Shell? Rhone-Poulenc?Stauffer? If you want to know, just check the“Genealogy” for the answers.

Source: Appleby, A. P. 2005. A history of weedcontrol in the United States and Canada. WeedScience 53:762-768.

Richard ZollingerNDSU Extension Weed Specialist

[email protected]


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PLANT DIAGNOSTIC LAB SUMMARYBelow is a summary of samples diagnosed from July 5, 2006 to July 19, 2006 (research samples and seed health testingresults are not included):

HOST COMMONNAME

COMMON NAME TAXONOMIC NAME LOCATIONCOUNTY

Apple (ornamental) Sudden Oak Death Phytophthora ramorum Ward

Ash; Green; red Insect Damage Abiotic pathology Cass

Bean; Dry Bacterial Brown Spot Pseudomonas syringae PV. syringae Pembina

Coral Bells Scorch Abiotic pathology La Moure

Kidney Bean Bacterial Brown Spot Pseudomonas syringae PV. syringae Morrison

Manshurian Ash Scorch Abiotic pathology Logan

Soil; Scn test sample Out of state




Soil; Scn test sample Soybean Cyst Nematode (Scn) Heterodera glycines Out of state


Soybean Growth Regulator Effect Abiotic pathology Out of state

Soybean Growth Regulator Effect Abiotic pathology Out of state

Soybean Soybean Mosaic Virus Virus; potyvirus: Potyviridae (SBMV) Out of state

Sunflower Environmental Stress; Problem Abiotic pathology Out of state

Sunflower Scorch Abiotic pathology Out of state

Tomato Environmental Stress; Problem Abiotic pathology Out of state

Unidentified tree Powdery Mildew Microsphaera sp. Hettinger

Kasia KinzerNDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab

Website: www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/diaglabe-mail: [email protected]

Telephone: 701-231-7854206 Waldron Hall, PO Box 5012

Fargo, North Dakota 58105

North Dakota State UniversityCROP & PEST REPORTExtension EntomologyHultz Hall 202Fargo, ND 58105-5346

Janet Knodel, editorEntomology231-7582 phone231-8557 fax

Plant Pathology231-8866 phone231-7851 fax

Plant Sciences231-7972 phone231-8474 fax

Soils231-8881 phone231-7861 fax

Weeds231-7972 phone231-8474 fax

Ag Engineering231-7261 phone231-1008 fax

Helping You Put Knowledge To WorkThe information given herein is for educational purposes only. References to a commercial product or trade name is made with theunderstanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the North Dakota Extension Service is implied.

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NDSU Crop and Pest Report http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/entomology/ndsucpr/index.htm

No. 14 August 3, 2006 · 2006. 8. 3. · is “weevily.” Grain is only graded weevily if it...

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Transcript of No. 14 August 3, 2006 · 2006. 8. 3. · is “weevily.” Grain is only graded weevily if it...