NML v Argentina Citibank Appeal Brief 15 August 2014
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Transcript of NML v Argentina Citibank Appeal Brief 15 August 2014
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8/11/2019 NML v Argentina Citibank Appeal Brief 15 August 2014
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0;-9>1(EOF),0;-9>
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YTJD 9>.0 EOY]OY@[D KLUEJOUTYD U[@[DCDF[
Lf `eeork`fed wlta Joe`j Yujd 9>.0 `fk Yujd 9>.0 on tad Ndkdr`j Yujds on
@ppdjj`td ]roedkurd, fof-p`rty cov`ft Eltli`fb, F.@. st`tds ta`t lt ls ` waojjy-
owfdk, lfklrdet suislkl`ry on Eltlgroup Lfe. Eltlgroup Lfe. ls ` puijlejy tr`kdk
eocp`fy ta`t a`s fo p`rdft eorpor`tlof, `fk fo puijlejy adjk eorpor`tlof owfs
0=% or cord on lts stoeb.
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 9 =1/04/9=0; 09
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[@IJD ON EOF[DF[U
]YDJLCLF@Y\ U[@[DCDF[ ............................................................................. 0
HTYLUKLE[LOF@J U[@[DCDF[ ........................................................................ ;
LUUTDU ]YDUDF[DK............................................................................................ ;
U[@[DCDF[ ON [AD E@UD ............................................................................... 4
@. [ad Ydpuijles Kdn`ujt fk Ydstrueturlfg .......................................... 4
I.
[ad Lfhufetlofs ................................................................................... 7
E.
Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`s Yojd `s Eustokl`f.............................................. 1
K.
]`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks............................................. 0=
D.
Eltli`fbs Cotlof nor Ej`rlnle`tlof ................................................... 05
N. [ad Klstrlet Eourts Gr`ft, `fk tadf Ydeofslkdr`tlof, onEltli`fbs Ydqudst nor Ej`rlnle`tlof .................................................. 0;
UTCC@Y\ ON @YGTCDF[ ............................................................................ 07
U[@FK@YK ON YD^LDW .................................................................................. 01
@YGTCDF[........................................................................................................ 01
L. [AD EL[LI@FB LFHTFE[LOF LU @F @ITUD ON KLUEYD[LOFIDE@TUD L[ LC]YO]DYJ\ LC]OUDU O]]YDUUL^D @FKLFDPTL[@IJD ITYKDFU OF @ ]@Y[\ FO[ JL@IJD [O@]]DJJDDU .............................................................................................. 01
@. [ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof loj`tds Yujds on Dqulty ............................. 01< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 5 =1/04/9=0; 09
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K. Lt Ls Lcposslijd [o Eocpjy Wlta tad Eltli`fb LfhufetlofsC`fk`td [o Klstlfgulsa Idtwddf @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t@rd Dxea`fgd Iofks `fk [aosd ta`t @rd Fot ................................... 9>
LL.
[AD EL[LI@FB LFHTFE[LOF LC]YO]DYJ\ YDU[Y@LFU]@\CDF[U [O ID C@KD WAOJJ\ WL[ALF @YGDF[LF@ ............. 97
@. [ad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks @rd Dftlrdjy Klnndrdft nroc tadDxea`fgd Iofks ta`t Wdrd tad Uuihdet on tad Lfhufetlofs ................ 91
I. [ad Nufks Idlfg Ydstr`lfdk @rd Fot Owfdk iy tad Ydpuijle .......... 9
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ; =1/04/9=0; 09
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lll
[@IJD ON @T[AOYL[LDU
E@UDU
]@GD
@n-E`p, Lfe. v. Ydpuijle on Eofgo,;>9 N.5k ;07 (4ta Elr. 9==>) ...................................................................... ;0-;9
@jdcltd Cng. Eorp. v. Ut`nn,;9 N.9k 159 (9k Elr. 0 N. Uupp. 0;;= (U.K.F.\. 0
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Eoob Lfe. v. Iostof Ueldftlnle Eorp.,555 N.5k 757 (7ta Elr. 9==5) ............................................................................ 99
Erof`f v. Uealjjlfg,0== F.\.U.9k ;7; (Uup. Et. F.\. Efty. 0 F.\.U.9k 051,10 N.5k 00>9 (9k Elr. 04 N. Uupp. 9k ;04 (U.K.F.\. 9=09) ............................................. 00, 94, 9
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Lftdr`cdrle`f Ydn. Eorp. v. [dx`eo C`r`e`lio, Lfe.,5=7 N. Uupp. 09
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vl
Ydg`j Bfltwd`r Eo. v. FJYI,59; T.U. < (0, 9=0;) (Fo. 05-
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Tfltdk Ut`tds v. Nlrst F`tj I`fb on Eal.,>
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91 T.U.E. 090=(`) .................................................................................. 50, 59, 55
91 T.U.E. 0>0=(k) .............................................................................................. 55
E]JY 4994 ........................................................................................................ 57
E]JY 4997 ........................................................................................................ 57
Ndk. Y. Elv. ]. >4(k)(9)(E) ................................................................................... 94
F.\. I`fblfg J`w 05;(;) .................................................................................. 95
F.\. I`fblfg J`w 05;(4) .................................................................................. 95
F.\. I`fblfg J`w 051(0) .................................................................................. 51
F\TEE `rt. ;-@ ................................................................................................... 54
F\TEE `rt. 4 ....................................................................................................... 54
F\TEE `rt. 1 ....................................................................................................... 5>
F\TEE 0-0=4(9) .............................................................................................. 95
F\TEE ;-0=9(9) .............................................................................................. 95
F\TEE ;-@-0=4(0)(i) ...................................................................................... 54
F\TEE 4-00>(i) .............................................................................................. 54
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 0= =1/04/9=0; 09
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F\TEE 1-00=(d) ............................................................................................... 5>
F\TEE 1-009(e) ............................................................................................... 5>
F\TEE
O[ADY @T[AOYL[LDU
A`gud Udeurltlds Eofvdftlof, `rt. ;, `v`lj`ijd `tattp8//www.aeea.fdt/lfkdx_df.pap?`et3eofvdftlofs.tdxt&elk379 ................... 57
Jdttdr nroc F.\. Ut`td Udf. Auga [. N`rjdy to Djlz`idta K. Coord,Jdglsj`tlvd Udey to Gov. C`rlo Euoco (Hujy 0, 0
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]YDJLCLF@Y\ U[@[DCDF[
Fof-]`rty Eltli`fb, F.@. (Eltli`fb) `ppd`js nroc tad orkdr on tad Tfltdk
Ut`tds Klstrlet Eourt nor tad Uoutadrf Klstrlet on Fdw \orb (Grlds`, H.) dftdrdk of
Hujy 91, 9=0; (tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof) (U]@-0;).0 [ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof
dfholfs Eltli`fbs @rgdftlfd ir`fea (Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`)`f dftlty suihdet to
@rgdftlfd hurlskletlof, j`w, `fk rdguj`tlofnroc c`blfg p`ycdfts to lts
eustocdrs of edrt`lf iofks lssudk iy tad Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf` ta`t `rd govdrfdk
iy @rgdftlfd j`w `fk p`y`ijd lf @rgdftlf` lf T.U. Kojj`rs tarouga ` joe`j
@rgdftlfd ejd`rlfgaousd `fk kdposlt`ry (tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks).
[ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof rdvdrsdk `f orkdr lssudk ` cofta d`rjldr, walea
ej`rlnldk ta`t tad swddplfg lfhufetlofs tad Klstrlet Eourt a`k dftdrdk of Fovdcidr
90, 9=09 (tad Lfhufetlofs) ko fot `s ` c`ttdr on j`wproalilt p`ycdfts iy
REltli`fb @rgdftlf`S of Rtad @rgdftlfd J`w IofksS (tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof
Orkdr). (U]@-4>) (dcpa`sls `kkdk).9 [ad Lfhufetlofs wdrd lftdfkdk to nored
tad Ydpuijle to c`bd p`ycdfts to @ppdjjdds, tad aojkdrs on kdit of walea tad
Ydpuijle a`k kdn`ujtdk lf 9==0, ln lt c`kd p`ycdfts to aojkdrs on edrt`lf iofks
0
@- rdndrs to p`gds on tad Holft @ppdfklx, nljdk @ugust 04, 9=0;. U]@-rdndrs to p`gds on tad Updel`j @ppdfklx, nljdk @ugust 04, 9=0;.
9[ad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr `ppjldk to iota T.U. Kojj`r-kdfoclf`tdk`fk ]dso-kdfoclf`tdk iofks2 tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof rdvdrsdk tad prlor orkdr ofjywlta rdspdet to tad T.U. Kojj`r-kdfoclf`tdk iofks. (U]@-5). ]`ycdfts of ]dso-kdfoclf`tdk iofks `rd fot dfholfdk. (U]@-5).
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 09 =1/04/9=0; 09
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lssudk lf dxea`fgd nor kdn`ujtdk kdit lf 9==4 `fk 9=0= (tad Dxea`fgd Iofks).
Udd Kde. 7, 9=00 Orkdr (@-097710)2 Lfhufetlofs (@-0;4>).
Of Hufd 01, 9=0;, `ntdr tad Uuprdcd Eourt kdfldk tad Ydpuijles pdtltlof
nor edrtlor`rl `fk tals Eourt jlntdk lts st`y, tad Lfhufetlofs ide`cd dnndetlvd. [ad
Ydpuijle kdnldk tad Lfhufetlofs wadf, `t tad dfk on Hufd, lt p`lk cord ta`f $4==
cljjlof of tad Dxea`fgd Iofks wltaout p`ylfg @ppdjjdds`fk lt a`s s`lk ta`t lt
wljj ko so `g`lf.
[ad fdxt lftdrdst p`ycdft of socd on tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ls kud of
Udptdcidr 5=. Ln tadlr aojklfgs rdc`lf tad s`cd, Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` dxpdets to
rdedlvd `pproxlc`tdjy $4 cljjlof nor lts eustocdrs. Tfkdr @rgdftlfd j w, Eltli`fb
@rgdftlf` cust erdklt ta`t p`ycdft to lts eustocdrs or rlsb gr`vd s`fetlofs. [ad
Ydpuijle a`s kdc`fkdk ta`t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` aofor tals oijlg`tlof. UddJdttdr
nroc B. W`gfdr to E. OA`g`f Wojnd, k`tdk @ug. 05, 9=0; (Uupp. @uta. Jdttdr)
(@-99=505). Iut tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof klrdets Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` to vloj`td
iota lts oijlg`tlofs to eustocdrs `fk @rgdftlfd i`fblfg j`w.
Eltli`fb e`ffot eocpjy wlta iota on tadsd klrdetlvdsofd nroc ` Tfltdk
Ut`tds eourt `fk ofd nroc tad sovdrdlgf st`td lf walea lts ir`fea opdr`tds. [ad
hdop`rky lfto walea Eltli`fb a`s sukkdfjy iddf pj`edk w`s fot gdfdr`tdk iy `
ej`sa idtwddf tad i`fblfg j`ws on tad Tfltdk Ut`tds `fk @rgdftlf`. @s rdjdv`ft
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 05 =1/04/9=0; 09
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adrd, taosd j`ws `rd tad s`cd. Lf iota eouftrlds, i`fbs cust aofor tadlr eoftr`ets
wlta eustocdrs, `fk cust erdklt eustocdrs wlta nufks rdedlvdk of tadlr ida`jn.
[ad e`usds on ta`t hdop`rky `rd lfstd`k tardd ufprdedkdftdk, `fk
uf`ftlelp`tdk, dvdfts8
Nlrst, tad lssu`fed on c`fk`tory, iut ufdfnored`ijd, lfhufetlofs `g`lfst `
sovdrdlgf2
Udeofk, tad sovdrdlgfs kdelslof fot to oidy taosd lfhufetlofs2
@fk talrk, tad Klstrlet Eourts orkdr ta`t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` vloj`td tad
i`fblfg j`ws on @rgdftlf` `fk lts eoftr`ets wlta lts eustocdrs.
Lt ls lferd`slfgjy `pp`rdft ta`t tad c`fk`tory p`ycdft lfhufetlofs klrdetdk
to tad Ydpuijle e`ffot id dfnoredk. @fk tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof wljj fdltadr e`usd
tad Ydpuijle to eocpjy, for puflsa tad Ydpuijle nor lts n`ljurd to ko so. [ad
Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof wljj ofjy put Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, ` fof-p`rty ta`t a`s fo
jl`iljlty to @ppdjjdds, `fk ta`t ls uflqudjy suihdet to tad j`ws `fk klet`tds on tad
Ydpuijle, lf `f uftdf`ijd, `fk dxtrdcdjy k`fgdrous, posltlofwalea eoujk jd`k to
eofsdqudfeds `s sdrlous `s tad joss on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`s i`fblfg jledfsd `fk lts
t`bdovdr iy tad Ydpuijle.
[ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof ls `f `iusd on tad Klstrlet Eourts klserdtlof. Lt w`s
lssudk lf klsrdg`rk on iota eoftrojjlfg jdg`j prlfelpjds, `fk `f ufklsputdk `fk
klsposltlvd n`etu`j rdeork. [adrdnord, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof cust id rdvdrsdk
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 0; =1/04/9=0; 09
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nortawlta, `fk tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr, walea propdrjy dxejukdk Eltli`fb
nroc tad seopd on tad Lfhufetlofs, cust id rdlfst`tdk.
HTYLUKLE[LOF@J U[@[DCDF[
[ad Klstrlet Eourt orlglf`jjy a`k hurlskletlof ovdr tals `etlof ufkdr tad
Nordlgf Uovdrdlgf Lccufltlds @et on 0 (tad NUL@), 91 T.U.E. 055=,
0>=4(`)(0). Eltli`fb nljdk tlcdjy fotleds on `ppd`j on tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof of
Hujy 9
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;. Klk tad Klstrlet Eourt `iusd lts klserdtlof wadf lt lssudk tad Eltli`fbLfhufetlof iy rdstr`lflfg p`ycdfts of iofk lfstrucdfts ta`t `rd fot Dxea`fgdIofks iut e`ffot id klnndrdftl`tdk nroc Dxea`fgd Iofks, tadrdiy v`stjylferd`slfg tad seopd on tad Lfhufetlofs, lf tad n`ed on ufeoftrovdrtdk dvlkdfedta`t eocpjl`fed woujk id opdr`tlof`jjy lcposslijd?
U[@[DCDF[ ON [AD E@UD
[als `ppd`j `rlsds nroc tad lcposltlof iy tad Klstrlet Eourt (Grlds`, H.) of
Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` on swddplfg Lfhufetlofs kdslgfdk to nored tad Ydpuijle to p`y
@ppdjjdds ln lt p`ys aojkdrs on Dxea`fgd Iofks. UddEltli`fb Lfhufetlof (U]@-;).
[ad Ydpuijle a`s kdnldk tad Lfhufetlofs, `fk a`s c`kd lftdrdst p`ycdfts of lts
Dxea`fgd Iofks wltaout p`ylfg @ppdjjdds. [ad Ydpuijle a`s fot `fk wljj fot
eocpjy wlta tad Lfhufetlofs, walea a`s e`usdk ea`os. Wadf tad Ydpuijle p`ys,
Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` wljj id lf possdsslof on eustocdr nufks ta`t lt cust p`y to lts
ejldfts. Iut tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof klrdets Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` to vloj`td tad j`w
`fk lts eoftr`etu`j eustoky `eeouft oijlg`tlofs. Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, `s `f
@rgdftlfd ir`fea on ` T.U. nlf`fel`j lfstltutlof, ls uflqudjy vujfdr`ijd to
rdguj`tory `fk erlclf`j s`fetlofs `fk elvlj jl`iljlty lf @rgdftlf`pj`elfg lt
uflqudjy `t rlsb. [ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof ls `f ufj`wnuj `iusd on klserdtlof, `fk
cust id rdvdrsdk.
@. [ad Ydpuijles Kdn`ujt `fk Ydstrueturlfg
[als jltlg`tlof idg`f wlta @rgdftlf`s 9==0 kdn`ujt of lts dxtdrf`j puijle
kdit. UddFCJ E`plt`j, Jtk. v. I`feo Edftr`j kd j` Ydpijle` @rgdftlf`, >49 N.5k
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 0> =1/04/9=0; 09
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>
079, 07471 (9k Elr. 9=00) (provlklfg i`ebgroufk). Lf 9==4 `fk 9=0=, tad
Ydpuijle onndrdk aojkdrs on lts kdn`ujtdk kdit tad optlof to dxea`fgd tadlr iofks
nor fdw iofks wlta klnndrdft tdrcs, tad Dxea`fgd Iofks. [arouga tals proedss,
tad Ydpuijle rdstrueturdk `pproxlc`tdjy $1= iljjlof on lts kdit, rdsujtlfg lf tad
dxea`fgd on `pproxlc`tdjy
f.;.
[ad Dxea`fgd Iofks lfejukd T.U. Kojj`r-kdfoclf`tdk `fk Duro-
kdfoclf`tdk iofks, govdrfdk iy Fdw \orb or Dfgjlsa j`w, `fk lssudk ufkdr `
trust lfkdfturd (tad Lfkdfturd) govdrfdk iy Fdw \orb j`w dxdeutdk idtwddf tad
Ydpuijle `fk [ad I`fb on Fdw \orb Cdjjof (IF\ Cdjjof) `s T.U.-Duropd`f
trustdd. (@->4919;, `t @-799).
[ad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks, socd on walea `rd `jso Dxea`fgd Iofks, wdrd
fot lssudk ufkdr tad Lfkdfturd. Lfstd`k, tady wdrd lssudk ufkdr two @rgdftlfd
govdrfcdft kderdds, ofd k`tdk Kdedcidr ,
9=0=. UddKdej`r`tlof on C`xlcljl`fo K@uro, k`tdk C`y 90, 9=05 (K@uro
Kdej.) Dxs. @K (kderdds lf Up`flsa `fk lf Dfgjlsa) (@-0;1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 07 =1/04/9=0; 09
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Dxs. DN (@-0494077, 9>4 (9k
Elr. 9=09). Of Fovdcidr 90, 9=09, tad Klstrlet Eourt lssudk ` rdspofslvd oplflof
`fk tad Lfhufetlofs. Udd Oplflof (@-0;;049). Lf lts oplflof, tad Klstrlet Eourt
klrdetdk tad Ydpuijle to p`y pj`lftlnns `pproxlc`tdjy $0.55 iljjlof wadf lt c`kd
tad fdxt lftdrdst p`ycdft of tad Dxea`fgd Iofks. (@-0;;;). [ad Klstrlet Eourt
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 01 =1/04/9=0; 09
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`jso adjk ta`t `fy fof-p`rty nlf`fel`j dftlty of fotled on tad Lfhufetlofs w`s ioufk
ufkdr Yujd >4 on tad Ndkdr`j Yujds on Elvlj ]roedkurd, rujlfgwltaout `fy n`et-
nlfklfgta`t `jj suea lfstltutlofs wdrd lf `etlvd eofedrt or p`rtlelp`tlof wlta
@rgdftlf` lf proedsslfg tad p`ycdfts nroc @rgdftlf` to tad dxea`fgd
iofkaojkdrs. (@-0;4=40).
[ad Lfhufetlofs wdrd `nnlrcdk iy tals Eourt of @ugust 95, 9=05,FCJ
E`plt`j, Jtk. v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`, 797 N.5k 95= (9k Elr. 9=05), `fk tad
Uuprdcd Eourt kdfldk tad Ydpuijles pdtltlof nor edrtlor`rl of Hufd 0>, 9=0;,
Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf` v. FCJ E`plt`j, Jtk.,05; U. Et. 910< (Hufd 0>, 9=0;) (Fo.
05-
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(@-0;11< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 9= =1/04/9=0; 09
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0=
ird`ea on eoftr`et, lk. 9= (@-0; (@-0;1>).
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 90 =1/04/9=0; 09
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Lccdkl`tdjy upof rdedlvlfg ` p`ycdft nroc tad Ydpuijle, tad EY\J
tr`fsndrs `f dqu`j suc to tad E`h` kd ^`jords U.@. (tad E`h`), `f @rgdftlfd
lfstltutlof ta`t `ets `s ` sdeurltlds kdposltory, rdglstr`r, `fk p`ylfg `gdft nor iota
govdrfcdft `fk eorpor`td sdeurltlds, `fk aojks eojjdetlvd kdposlts lf tad f`cds
on p`rtlelp`tlfg lfstltutlofs `fk tadlr eustocdrs.5 Udd Djdw`ut Kdej. 7 (@-0;77)2
K@uro Kdej. 7 (@-0;1>)2 sdd `jso DC Jtk. v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`,1>4 N.
Uupp. 9k ;04, ;0< (U.K.F.\. 9=09) (E`h` ls tad eouftdrp`rt on tad Kdposltory
[rust Eocp`fy lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds).
[ad E`h` lf turf kdilts lts `eeouft wlta tad IEY@ lf `f `couft dqu`j to tad
suc kud to taosd wao aojk @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks tarouga joe`j eustoky `eeoufts,
lf tals e`sd `eeoufts c`lft`lfdk wlta Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, `fk slcujt`fdousjy
erdklts ta`t `couft to tad rdspdetlvd `eeoufts on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `fk otadr
eustokl`fs nor tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks wlta tad IEY@. Udd Djdw`ut Kdej. 1
(@-0;77)2 K@uro Kdej. 1 (@-0;17).
Ofed tad E`h` rdedlvds p`ycdft nroc tad EY\J `fk kdposlts tad p`ycdft
lf tad `eeouft on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `t tad IEY@, tad p`ycdft to aojkdrs on
@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ls eocpjdtd pursu`ft to tad tdrcs on tad @rgdftlfd J`w
5Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls fot tad dxejuslvd eustokl`f nor aojkdrs on @rgdftlfdJ`w Iofks. Otadr nlf`fel`j lfstltutlofs wlta `eeoufts `t tad E`h` provlkd talssdrvled to otadr aojkdrs on @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks.
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 99 =1/04/9=0; 09
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Iofks `fk @rgdftlfd j`w.; Udd K@uro Kdej. 0= (@-0;1711). Eofsdqudftjy,
`fy p`ycdft rdedlvdk iy Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls eustocdr propdrty. Udd lk. (@-
0;1711).
Lccdkl`tdjy upof tad rdedlpt on p`ycdft of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks lf lts
`eeouft wlta tad IEY@, Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` erdklts tad eustoky `eeouft on d`ea on
lts eustocdrs lf Iudfos @lrds, wao `rd tadf jdg`jjy dftltjdk to wltakr`w taosd
`coufts. Udd Djdw`ut Kdej. 0= (@-0;71)2 K@uro Kdej. 00 (@-0;11).
Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`s oijlg`tlof to lts eustoky `eeouft eustocdrs ls eocpjdtd wadf
tad e`sa `eeoufts on taosd eustocdrs a`vd iddf erdkltdk wlta tad `couft d`ea suea
eustocdr ls dftltjdk to rdedlvd of ta`t k`td, `fk wadf `fy lfstruetlofs lf rdspdet on
suea `eeoufts a`vd iddf e`rrldk out. Udd Djdw`ut Kdej. 09 (@-0;71)2 K@uro
Kdej. 09 (@-0;11).
;Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, `s ` p`rtlelp`tlfg nlf`fel`j lfstltutlof lf tad E`h`, a`sdftdrdk lfto ` eojjdetlvd kdposlt `grddcdft wlta tad E`h` pursu`ft to waleaEltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls kddcdk to a`vd kdjlvdrdk to tad E`h` ` spdelnle `couft onsdeurltlds nor tad `eeouft on lts eustocdrs ta`t tad E`h` aojks lf ` eojjdetlvdkdposlt, wlta ` eoccltcdft iy tad E`h` to rdturf tad s`cd fucidr `fk typd onsdeurltlds to Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `fk lts eustocdrs. Udd Djdw`ut Kdej. < (@-0;7771)2 K@uro Kdej. < (@-0;17). [ad kdposlt on sdeurltlds wlta tad E`h` lsc`kd lf tad f`cd on iota tad p`rtlelp`tlfg nlf`fel`j lfstltutlof (d.g., ` i`fb jlbdEltli`fb @rgdftlf`) `fk suea lfstltutlofs eustoky `eeouft eustocdr or eustocdrs.Udd lk. (@-0;7771, 0;17).
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 95 =1/04/9=0; 09
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D. Eltli`fbs Cotlof nor Ej`rlnle`tlof
Glvdf tad slgflnle`ft jdg`j `fk n`etu`j klnndrdfeds idtwddf tad iofks suihdet
to tad Lfhufetlofs `fk tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks, Eltli`fb klk fot idjldvd tad
Lfhufetlofs wdrd lftdfkdk to `ppjy, or propdrjy eoujk `ppjy, to p`ycdfts iy
Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks. Lfkddk, lf ` slclj`r e`sd, tad
Klstrlet Eourt rujdk ta`t propdrty lf @rgdftlf` eoujk fot id rdstr`lfdk. @urdjlus
E`plt`j ]`rtfdrs, J] v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf` (@FUDU), Fo. =7 Elv. 9704, 9=0=
WJ 7>117; (U.K.F.\. C`r. 4, 9=0=). Aowdvdr, ide`usd tad Lfhufetlofs wdrd
iro`kjy workdk to `ppjy to Dxea`fgd Iofks (@-0;>9), `fk ide`usd Eltli`fb
ufkdrstook tadf ta`t tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks lt adjk nor eustocdrs wdrd
Dxea`fgd Iofks, Eltli`fb lf C`y 9=05 covdk nor ej`rlnle`tlof ta`t tad
Lfhufetlofs klk fot `ppjy to lts p`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks.
[ad Klstrlet Eourt kdfldk Eltli`fbs lfltl`j cotlof kud to tad pdfkdfey on
`ppd`js on tad Lfhufetlofs. @ntdr tad Uuprdcd Eourt kdfldk tad Ydpuijles pdtltlof
nor edrtlor`rl nroc tals Eourts orkdr `nnlrclfg tad Lfhufetlofs, sddYdpuijle on
@rgdftlf` v. FCJ E`plt`j, Jtk., 05; U. Et. 910< (Hufd 0>, 9=0;) (Fo. 05-
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@rgdftlf` of iofks suihdet to @rgdftlfd j`w tarouga `eeoufts suihdet to @rgdftlfd
j`w `fk rdguj`tlof2 sdeofk, ta`t ide`usd tad sltuson tadsd p`ycdfts ls @rgdftlf`
nor `et on st`td purposds, tad Lfhufetlofs woujk eoftr`vdfd tad `et on st`td koetrlfd
ln `ppjldk to p`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks2 `fk talrk, ta`t ide`usd
`ppjylfg tad Lfhufetlofs to tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks woujk dxposd Eltli`fb
@rgdftlf` to gr`vd rdguj`tory `fk erlclf`j s`fetlofs `fk elvlj jl`iljlty lf
@rgdftlf`, lcposlfg suea `f dxtrdcd `fk lfdqult`ijd iurkdf upof Eltli`fb
@rgdftlf` w`s ufj`wnuj ide`usd lt wdft wdjj idyofk tad clfor `fk `feljj`ry
rdjldn pdrclttdk lf dqulty hurlsprukdfed `g`lfst ` fof-p`rty.
N. [ad Klstrlet Eourts Gr`ft, `fk tadf Ydeofslkdr`tlof, on
Eltli`fbs Ydqudst nor Ej`rlnle`tlof
[ad Klstrlet Eourt gr`ftdk Eltli`fbs cotlof of Hufd 97, lssulfg tad
Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr, dxejuklfg Eltli`fb nroc tad seopd on tad Lfhufetlofs.
Lf tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr, tad Klstrlet Eourt EJ@YLNLDK ta`t Rtad
LfhufetlofsS ko fot `s ` c`ttdr on j`w proalilt p`ycdfts iy REltli`fb @rgdftlf`S
of Rtad @rgdftlfd J`w IofksS. Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr (U]@->).
[ad Ydpuijle, kdnylfg tad Lfhufetlofs, a`k iy tadf c`kd tad p`ycdfts kud
of Hufd 5= of tad Dxea`fgd Iofks `fk otadr kdit, iut fot of kdn`ujtdk kdit adjk
iy @ppdjjdds. Tpof lssu`fed on tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr, Eltli`fb
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 94 =1/04/9=0; 09
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@rgdftlf` c`kd tad p`ycdfts kud to lts eustocdrs, `s pdrclttdk iy tad Eltli`fb
Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr `fk `s c`fk`tdk iy @rgdftlfd j`w.
@ppdjjdds tadf nljdk ` cotlof nor rdeofslkdr`tlof, `rgulfg ta`t tad Klstrlet
Eourt clgat a`vd ovdrjoobdk tad n`et ta`t tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks wdrd
Dxea`fgd Iofks, `s iro`kjy kdnlfdk iy tad Lfhufetlofs. Eltli`fb rdspofkdk ta`t
tals eoujk fot a`vd iddf ovdrjoobdk, fotlfg ta`t lt w`s tad vdry rd`sof ej`rlnle`tlof
a`k iddf sougat, `fk r`lsdk `jj on tad `rgucdfts `jrd`ky c`kd lf support on tad
Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr. @t ` ad`rlfg of Hujy 99, 9=0;, tad Klstrlet Eourt
n`ljdk to `kkrdss `fy on Eltli`fbs `rgucdfts, `fk lfkddk sddcdk surprlsdk ta`t tad
@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks eoujk id Dxea`fgd Iofks. [ad Klstrlet Eourt lfstd`k `sbdk
`iout tad proportlof on tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks rdj`tlvd to `jj Dxea`fgd Iofks,
`fk rdsdrvdk kdelslof uftlj ta`t lfnorc`tlof w`s provlkdk. Hujy 99, 9=0; Arg [r.
`t 058;4, 0;8 (@-905=, 9050, 90;9).
[ad k`y `ntdr tad ad`rlfg, Eltli`fb klseovdrdk`fk lccdkl`tdjy lfnorcdk
tad Eourtta`t socd @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks `rd fot Dxea`fgd Iofks `t `jj, `fk
ta`t tadsd fof-Dxea`fgd Iofks `rd nufglijd wlta `fk lfklstlfgulsa`ijd nroc tad
@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd Dxea`fgd Iofks.4
UddJdttdr nroc B`rdf D.
4C`fy on tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks wdrd lssudk ufkdr tad s`cd @rgdftlfdkderdds `s tad clforlty on @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd Dxea`fgd Iofks, `fkwlta tad s`cd Lftdrf`tlof`j Udeurltlds Lkdftlnle`tlof Fucidrs (LULFs), iut fot lfeoffdetlof wlta `fy Dxea`fgd Onndr. Udd Jdttdr nroc B`rdf D. W`gfdr to Aof.
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 9> =1/04/9=0; 09
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W`gfdr to Aof. [aoc`s ]. Grlds`, k`tdk Hujy 95, 9=0; (@-907;7>). [ad
Ydpuijle, walea `s lssudr ls uflqudjy sltu`tdk to a`vd lfnorc`tlof `iout tadsd
iofks, eofnlrcdk ta`t cord ta`f two-talrks on tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks `rd fot
Dxea`fgd Iofks, `fk ta`t tady `rd lfklstlfgulsa`ijd nroc taosd ta`t `rd. Udd
Jdttdr nroc E`rclfd K. Ioeeuzzl, Hr. to Aof. [aoc`s ]. Grlds`, k`tdk Hujy 97,
9=0; (Ioeeuzzl Jdttdr), `t 9 & f.9 (@-901=10, `t @-9010). ]j`lftlnns eofedkdk
ta`t lt w`s lcposslijd nor Eltli`fb `fk otadr nlf`fel`j lfstltutlofs wao proedss
p`ycdfts to klstlfgulsa taosd @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd Dxea`fgd Iofks nroc
taosd ta`t `rd fot. Jdttdr nroc D. Nrldkc`f to Aof. [aoc`s ]. Grlds`, k`tdk Hujy
97, 9=0;, `t ; (@-901914, `t @-9014). Fofd on tals lfnorc`tlof a`k prdvlousjy
iddf djleltdk lf tad proedss jd`klfg to lssu`fed on tad Lfhufetlofs.
Lfdxpjle`ijy, tad Klstrlet Eourt fdvdrtadjdss lssudk tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof,
dfholflfg p`ycdfts iy Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` of @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd
Dxea`fgd Iofks, `fk rdqulrlfg tad p`rtlds to kdvlsd ` w`y to klstlfgulsa
idtwddf taosd @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks ta`t `rd Dxea`fgd Iofks `fk taosd ta`t `rd
[aoc`s ]. Grlds`, k`tdk Hujy 95, 9=0; (@-9074). Ide`usd `jj iofks lssudk wltatad s`cd LULF `rd nufglijd, lt ls fot posslijd to tdjj walea @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks
`rd, `fk walea `rd fot, Dxea`fgd Iofks. Lk.(@-90747>)2 sdd `jso Kdej`r`tlof onNdkdrleo Djdw`ut, k`tdk Hujy 91, 9=0; (Uuppj. Djdw`ut Kdej.) ; (@-90
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fotkdspltd ufeoftrovdrtdk dvlkdfed ta`t kolfg so ls opdr`tlof`jjy lcposslijd.
UddEltli`fb Lfhufetlof `t ; (U]@-;)2 Uuppj. Djdw`ut Kdej. ; (@-904(k) or pdrclttdk iy dqulty hurlsprukdfed. Gdf. Ijkg. Eoftr`etors
@ssf v. ]dff, ;41 T.U. 574, 5
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Erdklto @grleoj` kd E`rt`go, 747 N.9k 40> (9k Elr. 0
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04, >4>> (9k Elr. 04(k) kods fot gr`ft ` eourt powdr so iro`k `s to c`bd puflsa`ijd tad
eofkuet on pdrsofs wao `et lfkdpdfkdftjy `fk waosd rlgats a`vd fot iddf
`khukgdk `eeorklfg to j`w. (lftdrf`j quot`tlof c`rbs oclttdk))2 en. ]dff. Eo`j
Eo. v. C`aof, 9>= T.U. 5 (0
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`f lfhufetlof wljj id rdnusdk ln suea rdjldn woujk id ufn`lr ide`usd . . . (i) tad
rdjldn woujk e`usd ufrd`sof`ijd a`rksalp or joss to . . . talrk pdrsofs.))2 Eoob Lfe.
v. Iostof Ueldftlnle Eorp., 555 N.5k 757, 7;; (7ta Elr. 9==5) (coklnylfg lfhufetlof
lf eoftr`et e`sd ide`usd lt vloj`tdRkS tad prlfelpjd ta`t lf kdtdrclflfg tad
`pproprl`td seopd on `f lfhufetlof tad hukgd cust glvd kud wdlgat to tad
lfhufetlofs posslijd dnndet of lffoedft talrk p`rtlds)2 en. Tfltdk Ut`tds v. X`fg,
7=5 N.9k 001>, 00
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eustocdrs pursu`ft to c`fk`tory @rgdftlfd j`w ls ufj`wnuj.> Udd, d.g.,Tfltdk
Ut`tds v. Nlrst F`tj Elty I`fb, 57< T.U. 571, 51; (04) (e`utloflfg ta`t
ovdrsd`s tr`fs`etlofs `rd ontdf e`ugat lf ` wdi on dxtr`tdrrltorl`j `etlvltlds `fk
nordlgf j`w idyofk tad bdf on our ndkdr`j eourts or tadlr eocpdtdfed `fk eltlfg `s
dx`cpjds lfhufetlofs ta`t woujk vloj`td nordlgf j`w . . . or pj`ed rdspofkdft ufkdr
`fy rlsb on kouijd jl`iljlty)2 sdd `jso Lf rd Ud`jdk E`sd, 194 N.9k ;
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woujk id dxposdk to erlclf`j jl`iljlty lf tad nordlgf eouftry, `fk wadrd tad i`fb
w`s ` fof-p`rty).
Adrd, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof ls fot i`sdk of ` eofejuslof ta`t tad i`fblfg
j`ws on tad Tfltdk Ut`tds `fk @rgdftlf` `rd lfeocp`tlijd `fk ta`t Eltli`fb
@rgdftlf` e`ffot eocpjy wlta iota. Of tad eoftr`ry, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof
klrdets Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` to vloj`td @rgdftlfd j`w ta`t ls eofslstdft wlta T.U. j`w
sojdjy ide`usd tad Ydpuijle a`s rdnusdk to oidy tad ufprdedkdftdk `fk
ufdfnored`ijd Lfhufetlofs lssudk iy tad Klstrlet Eourt.
Iut puttlfg Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `t dxtrdcd rlsb iy orkdrlfg lt to vloj`td
@rgdftlfd j`w wljj fot e`usd tad Ydpuijle to oidy. Of tad eoftr`ry, tad Ydpuijle
jlbdjy wljj eoftlfud to kdny tad Lfhufetlofs fo c`ttdr wa`t Eltli`fb kodslfkddk,
lt a`s rdpd`tdkjy s`lk ta`t lt lftdfks to eoftlfud to p`y `jj kdit otadr ta`f kdn`ujtdk
kdit. Ofjy Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `fk lts eustocdrs, wao a`vd fo jl`iljlty to
@ppdjjdds, wljj id puflsadk. [ad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof tadrdnord sdrvds fo v`jlk or
jdg`j oihdetlvd, `fk nufk`cdft`j prlfelpjds on j`w `fk dqulty tadrdnord kdc`fk
ta`t lt id rdvdrsdk `s ` grldvous `iusd on klserdtlof iy ` hukgd wao lgfordk iota
tad dvlkdfed idnord alc `fk tad jdg`j eofsdqudfeds on ta`t dvlkdfed.
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 54 =1/04/9=0; 09
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E. Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` Ls Fot lf @etlvd Eofedrt or
]`rtlelp`tlof wlta tad Ydpuijle Wadf Lt ]roedssds
]`ycdft of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks nor Lts Eustocdrs
Adrd, tad Lfhufetlofs spdelnle`jjy ilfk fof-p`rty ]`rtlelp`ftsl.d., taosd
pdrsofs `fk dftltlds wao `et lf `etlvd eofedrt or p`rtlelp`tlof wlta tad Ydpuijle, to
`sslst tad Ydpuijle lf nujnljjlfg lts p`ycdft oijlg`tlofs ufkdr tad Dxea`fgd
Iofks. Lfhufetlofs 9(d), (n) (@-0;>5>;). Lf tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof, tad
Klstrlet Eourt wdft nurtadr to aojk ta`t tad Lfhufetlofs `ppjy to Eltli`fb
@rgdftlf`s nuturd p`ycdfts to eustocdrs, `pp`rdftjy of tad i`sls on Yujd >4.
Iut tad n`ets c`bd c`flndst ta`t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls fot lf `etlvd eofedrt
or p`rtlelp`tlof wlta tad Ydpuijle. Ndk. Y. Elv. ]. >4(k)(9)(E). Eltli`fb
@rgdftlf` kods fot `sslst tad Ydpuijle lf nujnljjlfg lts p`ycdft oijlg`tlofs ufkdr
tad Dxea`fgd Iofks. Lfhufetlofs 9(n) (@-0;>5). [ad Ydpuijles p`ycdft
oijlg`tlofs `rd eocpjdtd ofed tad E`h` rdedlvds p`ycdft nroc tad EY\J, `fk
kdposlts tad p`ycdft lf tad `eeouft on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `t tad IEY@. K@uro
Kdej. 0= (@-0;1711). Ofed tad Ydpuijle tr`fsndrs nufks to tad EY\J, lt josds
eoftroj on tad nufks `fk tady ideocd eustocdr propdrtyidnordtady rd`ea
Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`. Udd, d.g., 9==4 ]rospdetus Uuppjdcdft `t U->7, U-75 (@-791,
75;)2 sdd `jsoDC Jtk., 1>4 N. Uupp. 9k `t ;959;. Fo dftlty lf tad p`ycdft ea`lf
idnord Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls suihdet to T.U. hurlskletlof.
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 5> =1/04/9=0; 09
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[adrdnord, wadf tad Ydpuijle c`bds tad fdxt seadkujdk p`ycdft, `s lt
surdjy wljj, Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` wljj id rdqulrdk, iy @rgdftlfd j`w `fk sovdrdlgf
klrdetlvd, to p`y lts eustocdrsdx`etjy `s lt woujk id rdqulrdk to ko ln lt rdedlvdk
p`ycdfts nor eustocdrs lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. @ i`fb ta`t oidys i`fblfg j`w ls fot
`etlfg lf eofedrt wlta tad Ydpuijle or `lkRlfgS or `idtRtlfgS tad RYdpuijleS lf `
eofedrtdk `ttdcpt to suivdrt tad proserlptlofs on tad Lfhufetlofs. Yoebwdjj
Gr`pale Uys., Lfe. v. KD^ Lfkus., Lfe.,
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eocpjy wlta tad Eourts klrdetlvd. @s ` rdsujt, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof dnndetlvdjy
dfholfs Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` nroc c`blfg p`ycdft of `jj@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks,
lfejuklfg taosd ta`t `rd fot Dxea`fgd Iofks, ydt `fotadr rd`sof to rdvdrsd tad
Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof. UddNorseafdr Grp., Lfe. v. @rrow [r`klfg Eo., Lfe., 09;
N.5k ;=9, ;=> (9k Elr. 0
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@rgdftlf` lf walea tad Ydpuijle a`s fo lftdrdst, `fk to walea @ppdjjdds a`vd fo
ej`lc or rlgat.
@.
[ad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks @rd Dftlrdjy Klnndrdft nroc tad
Dxea`fgd Iofks ta`t Wdrd tad Uuihdet on tad Lfhufetlofs
@s `f lfltl`j c`ttdr, tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks `rd dftlrdjy klnndrdft nroc tad
Dxea`fgd Iofks ta`t wdrd tad suihdet on tad prlor proeddklfgs idnord tad Klstrlet
Eourt ta`t jdk to tad lssu`fed on tad Lfhufetlofs. Lf lts oplflof lssudk lf
eoffdetlof wlta tad Lfhufetlofs, tad Klstrlet Eourt kdserlidk tad iofks`fk tad
rdjdv`ft p`ycdft proedsst`rgdtdk iy tad Lfhufetlofs8
[ad proedss `fk tad p`rtlds lfvojvdk lf c`blfg p`ycdfts of tadDxea`fgd Iofks `rd `s nojjows. @rgdftlf` tr`fsndrs nufks to tadI`fb on Fdw \orb Cdjjof (IF\), walea ls tad lfkdfturd trustdd lf` [rust Lfkdfturd on 9==4. ]rdsuc`ijy tadrd ls ` slclj`r lfkdfturd nortad 9=0= dxea`fgd onndr. IF\ tadf norw`rks tad nufks to tadrdglstdrdk owfdr on tad Dxea`fgd Iofks. [adrd `rd two rdglstdrdk
owfdrs nor tad 9==4 `fk 9=0= Dxea`fgd Iofks. Ofd ls Edkd & Eo.`fk tad otadr ls tad I`fb on Fdw \orb Kdposlt`ry (IF\Kdposlt`ry). Edkd `fk IF\ Kdposlt`ry tr`fsndr tad nufks to `ejd`rlfg systdc suea `s tad Kdposltory [rust Eocp`fy (K[E).[ad nufks `rd tadf kdposltdk lfto nlf`fel`j lfstltutlofs, `pp`rdftjyi`fbs, walea tadf tr`fsndr tad nufks to tadlr eustocdrs wao `rd tadidfdnlel`j lftdrdst aojkdrs on tad iofks.
(@-0;4=).
[ad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks `rd taus c`tdrl`jjy klnndrdft nroc tad Dxea`fgd
Iofks kdserlidk lf tad Oplflof8 tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks wdrd lssudk ufkdr
@rgdftlfd kderdds, fot tad Lfkdfturd govdrflfg tad otadr Dxea`fgd Iofks2
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 5< =1/04/9=0; 09
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94 N. Uupp. 9k `t ;0>07. Eltli`fb covdk to v`e`td tad rdstr`lfts to
tad dxtdft tady prdvdftdk Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` nroc c`blfg p`ycdfts on lftdrdst to
lts eustocdrs aojklfg suea iofks. Lk.`t ;07.
Lf lts oplflof v`e`tlfg tad dx p`rtdrdstr`lft, tad Klstrlet Eourt kdserlidk lf
kdt`lj tad njow on nufks nor p`ycdfts of tad iofks, walea w`s tad s`cd `s lt ls nor
tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks. [adrd, `s adrd, tad Ydpuijle tr`fsndrrdk nufks lf
@rgdftlf` to tad EY\J, tad EY\J tadf tr`fsndrrdk tad nufks to tad E`h`, `fk tad
E`h` lf turf erdkltdk `eeoufts on Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `s eustokl`f nor lts
iofkaojkdr eustocdrs. Lk.`t ;0
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50
Ydpuijle a`k slclj`rjy jost `jj lftdrdst lf tad nufks `t lssud wadf lt kdposltdk tadc
nor klstrliutlof to iofkaojkdrs. DC Jtk., 1>4 N. Uupp. 9k `t ;95 (quotlfgIrowf,
;= F.\.U.9k `t 955).
Lf tals e`sd, `jtaouga tad Ydpuijle ls dfholfdk nroc c`blfg p`ycdfts of
Dxea`fgd Iofks ln lt kods fot p`y @ppdjjdds, lt wljj fdvdrtadjdss surdjy ofed `g`lf
vloj`td tad Lfhufetlofs `fk c`bd tad p`ycdfts. Wlta rdspdet to tad @rgdftlfd J`w
Iofks, tad Ydpuijle wljj lfltl`td p`ycdfts to tad EY\J, walea wljj p`y tad E`h`.
[ad E`h` wljj tadf p`y Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`. Tfkdr `ppjle`ijd j`w, tad nufks wljj
ideocd tad propdrty on tad iofkaojkdrs `s soof `s tady rd`ea tad EY\J. [adrd ls
tadrdnord fo jdg`j i`sls upof walea Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` e`f rdstr`lf tadsd eustocdr
nufks.
E. [ad Nufks Idlfg Ydstr`lfdk @rd Fot lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds
Tfkdr tad NUL@, nufks on tad Ydpuijle ta`t `rd fot usdk nor ` eoccdrel`j
purposd lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds `rd lccufd nroc rdstr`lft. Udd 91 T.U.E. 0>0=(`).
Adrd, dvdf ln tad Ydpuijle a`k ` eoftlfulfg lftdrdst lf tad nufks adjk iy Eltli`fb
@rgdftlf` nor lts eustocdrswalea lt lfklsput`ijy kods fottad nufks `rd fot lf
tad Tfltdk Ut`tds, for `rd tady pdrsofs, or lftdrdsts lf talfgs, prdsdft wltalf lts
tdrrltory`fotadr n`et ta`t prdejukds tad rdstr`lft lcposdk iy tad Eltli`fb
Lfhufetlof. Ydst`tdcdft ([alrk) Nordlgf Ydj`tlofs J`w on tad Tfltdk
Ut`tds ;=9(0)(i) (01< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;9 =1/04/9=0; 09
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fot rdstr`lf propdrty tad sltuson walea w`s lf @rgdftlf`, 9=0= WJ 7>117;,`t * 9,
`fk nurtadr noufk tad sdp`r`td dftlty rujd lfstruetlvd lf kdtdrclflfg ta`t propdrty
adjk iy tad @rgdftlfd ir`fea on ` T.U. i`fb klk fot a`vd ` T.U. sltus, lk.`t * 5.
Lf tad jltlg`tlof jd`klfg to tad@FUDUkdelslof, tad Klstrlet Eourt lfltl`jjy
lssudk rdstr`lflfg orkdrs `fk orkdrs on dxdeutlof klrdetdk to sdeurltlds eustoky
`eeoufts adjk `t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` iy @FUDU, tad @rgdftlfd `gdfey rdspofslijd
nor c`blfg p`ycdfts to @rgdftlfd pdfslofdrs. Lk. `t *0. Eltli`fb covdk to v`e`td
tad rdstr`lfts, of tad groufks ta`t tady eoujk fot rd`ea eustocdr `ssdts lf eustoky
`eeoufts joe`tdk lf @rgdftlf`, dvdf ln tad sdeurltlds adjk lf tad `eeoufts wdrd
propdrty on tad Ydpuijle.
[ad Klstrlet Eourt rdeogflzdk ta`t, ufkdr tad NUL@, sovdrdlgf `ssdts eoujk
id suihdet to `tt`eacdft or dxdeutlof ofjy wadrd tady eofstltutdk propdrty lf tad
Tfltdk Ut`tds on ` nordlgf st`td . . . usdk nor ` eoccdrel`j `etlvlty lf tad Tfltdk
Ut`tds. Lk.`t *9 (quotlfg 91 T.U.E. 0>0=(`)). @ntdr rdhdetlfg pj`lftlnns
`rgucdft ta`t tadrd ls ofd Eltli`fb, tad eocp`fy ad`kqu`rtdrdk lf tad Tfltdk
Ut`tds, fot cujtlpjd Eltli`fbs, `fk lts eorojj`ry ta`t tad sltus on tad lft`fglijd
propdrty Rof kdposlt wlta Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`S ls tad Tfltdk Ut`tds, lk.`t *9, tad
Eourt eofejukdk ta`t tad @FUDU `ssdts wdrd ufqudstlof`ijy joe`tdk lf @rgdftlf`,
fot lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds8
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;5 =1/04/9=0; 09
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@jj tad kd`jlfgs on @FUDU lf sdttlfg up tad `eeoufts, kdposltlfgsdeurltlds lfto tad `eeoufts (wadtadr djdetrofle`jjy or iy p`pdr),glvlfg lfstruetlofs to Eltli`fb rdg`rklfg tad `eeoufts, rdedlvlfg`kvled rdg`rklfg tad `eeoufts, klrdetlfg tad s`jd `fk purea`sd onsdeurltlds`jj wdrd c`kd idtwddf @FUDU `fk tad Eltli`fb ir`fea lf@rgdftlf`. @jtaouga tad propdrty ls propdrjy rdg`rkdk `s lft`fglijdpropdrty, tadrd wdrd `fk stljj `rd `etu`j jlvd tr`fs`etlofs rdg`rklfg ta`tpropdrty, `jj on walea a`vd t`bdf pj`ed, `fk `rd t`blfg pj`ed, lf@rgdftlf`. @s n`r `s tad usd on tad `ssdts nor wa`tdvdr `etlvlty tady`rd usdk nor, tals woujk surdjy lfvojvd kd`jlfgs lf @rgdftlf` iy@FUDU, `fk idtwddf @FUDU `fk tad Eltli`fb ir`fea tadrd.
[aus, tad eourt eofejukds ta`t tad propdrty lf qudstlof ls fot joe`tdk
lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. [ad eourt nurtadr eofejukds ta`t, dvdf ln tadpropdrty ls idlfg usdk nor eoccdrel`j `etlvlty, tals usd ls fotoeeurrlfg lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. [aus tad `ssdts lf tad eustokl`j`eeoufts `rd lccufd nroc `tt`eacdft, rdstr`lft `fk dxdeutlof.
Lk. `t *;.
[aus, waljd Eltli`fb ls, tarouga lts ir`feads, joe`tdk lf c`fy eouftrlds,
lk.`t *9, tad Klstrlet Eourt rujdk ta`t lt ls fot tad e`sd ta`t lft`fglijd propdrty,
rdsujtlfg nroc kdposlt tr`fs`etlofs idtwddf @FUDU `fk tad Iudfos @lrds ir`fea
on Eltli`fb, e`f id eofslkdrdk `s propdrty lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds `fk propdrty . . .
usdk nor ` eoccdrel`j `etlvlty lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. Lk.`t *; (quotlfg 91 T.U.E.
0>0=(`) `fk (k)).
Kdspltd tad Klstrlet Eourts `ebfowjdkgdcdft ta`t tad dx p`rtdorkdrs lt a`k
lssudk wdrd on kouitnuj v`jlklty, Arg [r. `t 9>80701, @urdjlus E`plt`j
]`rtfdrs, J] v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`, Fo. =7 Elv. 9704 ([]G) (U.K.F.\. C`r. 0,
9=0=) (Koebdt Fo. 55>), tad rdstr`lfts wdrd eoftlfudk pdfklfg `ppd`j, dxposlfg
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;; =1/04/9=0; 09
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5;
Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` `fk lts onnledrs to lcclfdft elvlj, rdguj`tory, `fk erlclf`j rlsb
lf @rgdftlf`.
Eltli`fb nljdk `f dxpdkltdk `ppd`j nroc tad st`y on tad Klstrlet Eourts
kdelslof v`e`tlfg tad orkdrs, `fk `f dcdrgdfey cotlof to v`e`td tad st`y of tad
groufks, `cofg otadrs, ta`t tad rdstr`lflfg orkdrs woujk fot id rdeogflzdk lf
@rgdftlf`. [als Eourt qulebjy v`e`tdk tad st`y ide`usd tad klstrlet eourt klk fot
nlfk, for wljj tad rdeork support, ` jlbdjlaook ta`t Rtad pj`lftlnnsS wljj sueeddk of
tad cdrlts on ` ej`lc ta`t tad eustokl`j `eeoufts `t lssud `rd idlfg usdk nor
eoccdrel j `etlvlty lf tad Tfltdk Ut`tds. @urdjlus E`plt`j ]`rtfdrs, J] v.
Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`, Fo. 0=-157-ev (J), sjlp op. `t 9 (9k Elr. C`r. 9;, 9=0=).
Nor tad vdry s`cd rd`sofs, tad p`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks adrd e`ffot
id rdstr`lfdk ide`usd tady `rd c`kd waojjy wltalf @rgdftlf`.
K. Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` Ls Dftltjdk to tad ]rotdetlof
on tad Udp`r`td Dftlty Yujd
Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls `jso dftltjdk ufkdr tad sdp`r`td dftlty koetrlfd to
protdetlof nroc `f orkdr rdqulrlfg lt to vloj`td tad j`ws `fk klrdetlvds on tad
eouftry lf walea lt opdr`tds. Tfkdr tad sdp`r`td dftlty rujd, tad sltuson propdrty
adjk iy ` ir`fea i`fb ls `t tad ir`fea, `fk ta`t propdrty ls suihdet to tad j`ws on
tad hurlskletlof wadrd tad ir`fea ls joe`tdk. Tfkdr tals rujd d`ea ir`fea on `
i`fb ls ` sdp`r`td dftlty-ta`t ls, sdp`r`td nroc tad ad`k onnled `fk sdp`r`td nroc
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;4 =1/04/9=0; 09
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otadr ir`feads. @FUDU, 9=0= WJ 7>117;, `t *5.7 [ad sdp`r`td dftlty koetrlfd ls
` rujd uflqud to lftdrf`tlof`j i`fbs rdnjdetlfg pojley eofslkdr`tlofs Rta`tS
eoftdcpj`td, `cofg otadr lssuds, tad lftojdr`ijd iurkdf ta`t woujk otadrwlsd id
pj`edk of i`fblfg `fk eoccdred ln cdrd sdrvled on ` wrlt to ` Fdw \orb ir`fea
eoujk suihdet nordlgf i`fb ir`feads to eocpdtlfg ej`lcs. Ua`addf Uports, Lfe. v.
@sl` Lfs. Eo., Fo. >>7 (9k Elr. 0=0, walea`utaorlzds f`tlof`j i`fbs to dst`ijlsa nordlgf ir`feads, rdqulrds ta`t ` p`rdft i`fb`fk lts nordlgf ir`feads id eofslkdrdk `s sdp`r`td dftltlds lf eoffdetlof wlta tadlrrdspdetlvd rlgats `fk oijlg`tlofs ufkdr ` jdttdr on erdklt lssudk iy tad p`rdft i`fb`fk fdgotl`tdk iy ofd on lts nordlgf ir`fea onnleds. [als prlfelpjd a`s iddfeoklnldk lf @rtlejd 4 on tad F\TEE `s lt rdj`tds to lftdrir`fea jdttdrs on erdklt,F\TEE 4-00>(i), `fk lf @rtlejd ;-@ on tad F\TEE `s lt rdj`tds to lftdrir`feawlrd tr`fsndrs, F\TEE ;-@-0=4(0)(i). Udd `jso Ua`addf Uports, 9=09 WJ;, `t *5.
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 ;> =1/04/9=0; 09
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5>
Ualpplfg Eorp., 5;0 N.9k 4=, 45 (9k Elr. 04)2Hoaf Wljdy & Uofs, Lfe. v.
Blrts`dfg, Fo. =1 Elv. 715;, 9==< WJ 5==59;9, `t *5 (U.K.F.\. Udpt. 04, 9==
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eourt adjk ta`t tad propdrty w`s fot suihdet to turfovdr pursu`ft to E]JY 4994
or 4997 i`sdk of tad eourts hurlskletlof ovdr tad Fdw \orb ir`fea ta`t opdr`tdk
tad ejd`rlfg systdc tarouga walea tad sdeurltlds wdrd adjk. Udd41 N. Uupp. 9k `t
4;44. (9k Elr. 09 (U.K.F.\. 0
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nroc nordlgf i`fbs iy sdrvlfg tad suipodf`s of tadlr Fdw \orb ir`feads,
oisdrvlfg ta`t RtSad lcport`fed on tad sdp`r`td dftlty rujd ls ufkdrjlfdk iy tad
dxlstdfed on j`ws lf tad nordlgf hurlskletlofs lf walea tad lfstltutlofs `rd
ad`kqu`rtdrdk or lf walea otadr on tadlr ir`feads `rd joe`tdk, j`ws provlklfg nor
sdrlous elvlj `fk erlclf`j s`fetlofs lf tad dvdft on tadlr ird`ea. Lk.`t 410, `nnk,
(0st Kdpt 9=0;).
[ad sdp`r`td dftlty koetrlfd a`s `jso iddf eoklnldk to protdet ` ir`fea ta`t ls
suihdet to tad kd n`eto `utaorlty on ` joe`j sovdrdlgf. Udetlof 051(0) on tad Fdw
\orb I`fblfg J`w provlkds ta`t ` Fdw \orb i`fb ls jl`ijd nor lts ir`feas
eoftr`ets ofjy to tad dxtdft ta`t ` joe`j i`fb woujk id jl`ijd ufkdr joe`j j`w, `fk
dxprdssjy provlkds ta`t8
[ad j`ws on suea nordlgf eouftry nor tad purposd on tals sdetlof sa`jjid kddcdk to lfejukd `jj `ets, kderdds, rdguj`tlofs `fk orkdrsprocujg`tdk or dfnoredk iy ` koclf`ft `utaorlty `ssdrtlfggovdrfcdft`j, cljlt`ry or pojled powdr on `fy blfk `t tad pj`ed wadrd`fy suea ir`fea onnled ls joe`tdkR.S00
00Udetlof 051, walea w`s df`etdk to protdet Fdw \orb i`fbs nroceofnjletlfg eross-iorkdr j`ws `fk `khukle`tlofs suea `s taosd fow eofnroftdk iyEltli`fb `fk Eltli`fb @rgdftlf`, w`s `cdfkdk lf 0ta Elr. 0
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555.
Waljd cost on tad e`sds ta`t `rlsd ufkdr tad sdp`r`td dftlty koetrlfd lfvojvd
dnnorts to `tt`ea or dxdeutd `g`lfst propdrty adjk onnsaord, tad prlfelpjds ta`t
`flc`td tad koetrlfd `ppjy adrd ` nortlorlide`usd tad propdrty idlfg rdstr`lfdk
onnsaord kods fot dvdf idjofg to tad hukgcdft kditor.
Adrd, Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` ls suihdet to tad joe`j j`ws on lts aocd hurlskletlof,
@rgdftlf`, lfejuklfg tad `ets on lts koclf`ft `utaorltldswao a`vd kdc`fkdk ta`t
Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` c`bd p`ycdfts to lts eustocdrs wadf tad Ydpuijle p`ys of tad
wdft `g`lfsteurrdft T.U. pojley, F.\. pojley, tr`kltlof`j i`fblfg pr`etleds `fk tadrdeoccdfk`tlofs on ndkdr`j i`fb rdguj`tory `gdfelds `fk RtSals iljj saoujk adjpT.U. i`fbs id eocpdtltlvd wlta nordlgf i`fbs wao `rd fot idlfg adjk jl`ijd norjossds ta`t oeeur lf tadlr nordlgf ir`feads ide`usd on pojltle`j rlsb), lf01< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 4= =1/04/9=0; 09
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;=
@rgdftlfd J`w Iofks.09 [adrdnord, tad sdp`r`td dftlty rujd, v`rlous st`tutds, `fk
nufk`cdft`j prlfelpjds on j`w `fk dqulty rdqulrd ta`t tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof id
rdvdrsdk `fk tad Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr id rdlfst`tdk.
LLL. ]YLFEL]JDU ON EOCL[\ [A@[ UT]]OY[ [AD @E[ ON U[@[D
KOE[YLFD ]YDEJTKD @]]JLE@[LOF ON [AD EL[LI@FB
LFHTFE[LOF [O ]@\CDF[U C@KD WL[ALF @YGDF[LF@
[ad Ydpuijle eocpjdtds p`ycdfts of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks dftlrdjy
wltalf @rgdftlf`. [adrdnord, tad `et on st`td koetrlfd `fk tad rdj`tdk kdndfsd on
nordlgf sovdrdlgf eocpujslof, jso prdejukd fy lfhufetlof proaliltlfg Eltli`fb
@rgdftlf` nroc c`blfg p`ycdfts to eustocdrs on nufks adjk lf eustoky nor tadc
lf @rgdftlf`.
[ad `et on st`td koetrlfd a`s lts orlglfs lf prlfelpjds on eoclty `fk rdspdet
nor otadr st`tds.05 Udd Ueaoofdr Dxea`fgd v. CeN`kkdf, 00 T.U. (7 Er`fea) 00>,
09Onnlel`js on tad Ydpuijle wlta `utaorlty ovdr Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` a`vdc`kd pj`lf tadlr vldw ta`t eocpjl`fed wlta tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof woujk vloj`td@rgdftlfd j`w, kdc`fklfg ta`t Eltli`fb @rgdftlf` eoftlfud `etlfg lf n`vor `fknor tad protdetlof on tad Aojkdrs on @rgdftlfd RJ`wS Iofks, `fk ta`t ` n`ljurd toko so ide`usd on tad Lfhufetlofs woujk vloj`td @rgdftlfd j`w `fk lcp`lrRS@rgdftlfd puijle orkdr. UddUupp. @uta. Jdttdr (Dx. I) (@-99=
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;0
05> (0109) ([ad hurlskletlof on tad f`tlof wltalf lts owf tdrrltory ls fdedss`rljy
dxejuslvd `fk `isojutd. Lt ls susedptlijd on fo jlclt`tlof fot lcposdk iy ltsdjn . . . .
@jj dxedptlofs, tadrdnord, to tad nujj `fk eocpjdtd powdr on ` f`tlof wltalf lts owf
tdrrltorlds, cust id tr`edk up to tad eofsdft on tad f`tlof ltsdjn.). @s norcuj`tdk
iy tad Uuprdcd Eourt8
Dvdry sovdrdlgf Ut`td ls ioufk to rdspdet tad lfkdpdfkdfed on dvdryotadr sovdrdlgf Ut`td, `fk tad eourts on ofd eouftry wljj fot slt lf
hukgcdft of tad `ets on tad govdrfcdft on `fotadr kofd wltalf lts
owf tdrrltory. Ydkrdss on grldv`feds iy rd`sof on suea `ets cust idoit`lfdk tarouga tad cd`fs opdf to id `v`ljdk on iy sovdrdlgf powdrs`s idtwddf tadcsdjvds.
Tfkdraljj v. Adrf`fkdz, 0>1 T.U. 94=, 949 (01 T.U. 744 (0
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;9
purports to eoftroj tad nordlgf st`tds eofkuet wltalf lts owf iorkdrs. Irldn on tad
Tfltdk Ut`tds `s @cleus Eurl`d `t 0905,@n-E`p, Lfe. v. Ydpuijle on Eofgo, ;>9
N.5k ;07 (4ta Elr. 9==>) (Fo. =4-400>1) (lfv`jlk`tlfg ` turfovdr orkdr dftdrdk iy
tad klstrlet eourt `g`lfst tad Eofgo `fk v`e`tlfg eoftdcpt orkdr of tad groufks
ta`t iota wdrd i`rrdk iy tad NUL@).
Lf@jjldk I`fb Lftdrf`tlof`j v. I`feo Erdklto @grleoj` kd E`rt`go, 4>> N.
Uupp. 0;;= (U.K.F.\. 0 N. Uupp.
`t 0;;5, tad `et on st`td koetrlfd rdqulrdk ta`t tad klstrlet eourt glvd dnndet lf Fdw
\orb to tad Eost` Yle`f cor`torluc. [als Eourt lfltl`jjy `nnlrcdk, iut tadf
rdvdrsdk of rdad`rlfg `fk adjk ta`t, ide`usd tad sltuson tad kditlts pj`ed on
p`ycdftw`s Fdw \orb nor `et on st`td purposds, tad Eost` Yle`f kderdd woujk
fot id glvdf dnndet outslkd Eost` Yle` to prdvdft p`ycdft. 747 N.9k `t 490. [als
Eourts kdelslof lf@jjldk I`fbpj`lfjy supports tad eofvdrsd proposltlof8 wadrd `
sovdrdlgf `et suea `s tad p`ycdft on lts kdit oeeurs sojdjy wltalf tad sovdrdlgfs
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 45 =1/04/9=0; 09
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;5
iorkdrs, tad `et on st`td koetrlfd wljj i`r tad rdvldw or dfholfkdr on tad `et iy
eourts on tad Tfltdk Ut`tds.0; Udd lk.
Ydj`tdkjy, eourts a`vd `jso rdeogflzdk ` kdndfsd on nordlgf sovdrdlgf
eocpujslof8
[ad kdndfsd on nordlgf sovdrdlgf eocpujslof . . . noeusds of tad pjlgaton ` kdndfk`ft wao ls suihdet to eofnjletlfg jdg`j oijlg`tlofs ufkdrtwo sovdrdlgf st`tds. Y`tadr ta`f idlfg eofedrfdk wlta tadklpjoc`tle lcpjle`tlofs on eofkdcflfg `fotadr eouftrys onnlel`j `ets,tad nordlgf sovdrdlgf eocpujslof koetrlfd rdeogflzds ta`t ` kdndfk`ft
trylfg to ko iuslfdss ufkdr eofnjletlfg jdg`j rdglcds c`y id e`ugatidtwddf tad provdril`j roeb `fk ` a`rk pj`ed wadrd eocpjl`fed wltaofd eouftrys j`ws rdsujts lf vloj`tlof on `fotadrs.
Lf rd ^lt`clf E @ftltrust Jltlg., 41; N. Uupp. 9k 4;>, 440 (D.K.F.\. 9==1).04
[ad jogle ufkdrjylfg tals kdndfsd ls ta`t ReSoccdred c`y dxlst `t tad wljj
on tad govdrfcdft, `fk to lcposd jl`iljlty nor oidkldfed to ta`t wljj woujk
djlclf`td nor c`fy eocp`flds tad `iljlty to tr`fs`et iuslfdss lf nordlgf j`fks.
0;@t tad outsdt on jltlg`tlof ovdr tad Ydpuijles rdstrueturdk kdit, tadKlstrlet Eourt ppjldk@jjldk I`fb to aojk ta`t tad Ydpuijle eoujk fot r`lsd ` v`jlk`et on st`td kdndfsd wlta rdg`rk to p`ycdfts to id c`kd outslkdon @rgdftlf`.
Jlgatw`tdr Eorp. v. Ydpuijle on @rgdftlf`, Fo. =9 Elv. 51=; ([]G), 9==5 WJ0171;9=, `t *4 (U.K.F.\. @pr. 0;, 9==5). Adrd, aowdvdr, tad p`ycdfts `rd c`kddftlrdjy lfslkd@rgdftlf`. Tfkdr@jjldk I`fb, lt ls pj`lf ta`t rdstr`lflfg p`ycdfts
lf @rgdftlf` of tad @rgdftlfd J`w Iofks woujk vloj`td tad `et on st`td koetrlfd.04Lf rd ^lt`clf E @ftltrust Jltlg`tlof ls eurrdftjy pdfklfg idnord tals Eourt.
UddFo. 05-;71< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 4; =1/04/9=0; 09
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;;
Lftdr`cdrle`f Ydn. Eorp. v. [dx`eo C`r`e`lio, Lfe., 5=7 N. Uupp. 09 (U.K.F.\. Kde. 9=,
09) (Ln, on eoursd, tad kdndfk`fts `etlvltlds a`k iddf rdqulrdk iy Uwlss j`w,
tals eourt eoujk lfkddk ko fotalfg. @f @cdrle`f eourt woujk a`vd ufkdr suea
elreucst`feds fo rlgat to eofkdcf tad govdrfcdft`j `etlvlty on `fotadr sovdrdlgf
f`tlof.)2 [rugc`f-F`sa, Lfe. v. F.X. K`lry Ik., (U.K.F.\.
0
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;4
a`s `ebfowjdkgdk tad kdndfsds `ppjle`iljlty wadrd tad eofkuet on tad `ppdjjdds
a`s iddf eocpdjjdk iy tad nordlgf govdrfcdft. UddO.F.D. Ualpplfg Jtk. v. Njot`
Cdre`ftd Gr`feojocil`f`, U.@., 15= N.9k ;;
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;>
EOFEJTULOF
Nor tad rd`sofs sdt norta, tad Eltli`fb Lfhufetlof saoujk id rdvdrsdk `fk tad
Eltli`fb Ej`rlnle`tlof Orkdr rdlfst`tdk.
K`tdk8 Fdw \orb, Fdw \orb@ugust 04, 9=0;
K@^LU ]OJB & W@YKWDJJ JJ]
Iy8 /s/ B`rdf D. W`gfdr
B`rdf D. W`gfdrH`cds J. BdrrC`ttadw Yowj`fkJlfksdy [. Bf`pp
;4= Jdxlfgtof @vdfudFdw \orb, Fdw \orb 0==07[djdpaofd8 (909) ;4=-;===N`eslcljd8 (909) 7=0-41==
@ttorfdys nor Cov`ft-Lftdrdstdk
]`rty-@ppdjj`ft Eltli`fb, F.@.
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 47 =1/04/9=0; 09
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EDY[LNLE@[D ON EOC]JL@FED WL[A YTJD 59(@)
[als irldn eocpjlds wlta tad typd-vojucd jlclt`tlof on Ndk. Y. @pp. ].
59(`)(7)(I) ide`usd lt eoft`lfs 00,57= works (i`sdk of tad Clerosont Work
workeouft nufetlof), dxejuklfg tad p`rts on tad irldn dxdcptdk iy Ndk. Y. @pp. ].
59(`)(7)(I)(lll).
[als irldn eocpjlds wlta tad typdn`ed rdqulrdcdfts on Ndk. Y. @pp. ].
59(`)(4) `fk tad typd styjd rdqulrdcdfts on NY@] 59(`)(>) ide`usd lt a`s iddf
prdp`rdk lf ` proportlof`tdjy sp`edk typdn`ed uslfg Clerosont Work lf [lcds Fdw
Yoc`f, 0;-polft typd.
K`tdk8 Fdw \orb, Fdw \orb Iy8 /s/ B`rdf D. W`gfdr
@ugust 04, 9=0; B`rdf D. W`gfdr
;4= Jdxlfgtof @vdfudFdw \orb, Fdw \orb 0==07[djdpaofd8 (909) ;4=-;===N`eslcljd8 (909) 7=0-41==
E`sd8 0;-9>1< Koeucdft8 0=4 ]`gd8 41 =1/04/9=0; 09