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NLP ?
• Natural Language is one of fundamental aspects of human behaviors.
• One of the final aim of human-computer communication.
• Provide easy interaction with computer
• Make computer to understand texts.
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Major Disciplines Studying Language
Discipline Typical Problem
Linguists How do words from phrases and sentences?
Psycholinguists How do people identify the structure of sentences?
Philosophers What is meaning and how do words and sentences acquires it?
Computational Linguists
How is the structure of sentences identified?
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Interaction Level
• The level that computer and human interact.
• NL used for make Interaction level near to human.
Human Computer
Command-lineNL UIGraphical UI
Interaction level
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Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Natural language processing concerns the development of computational models of aspects of human language processing such as :
• Reading and interpreting a textbook• Writing a letter• Holding a conversation• Translating a document• Searching for useful information
Such models are useful in order to write computer programs to perform useful tasks involving language processing and in order to develop a better understanding of human communication.
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Computational Lingusitics
This is the application of computers to the scientific study of human language.
This definition suggests that there are connections with Cognitive Science, that is to say, the study of how humans produce and understand language.
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Computational Lingusitics
Historically, Computational Linguistics has been associated with work in Generative Linguistics and formerly included the study of formal languages (eg finite state automata) and programming languages.
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Natural Language Understanding
Distinguish a particular approach to Natural Language Processing.
The people using this title tend to lay much emphasis on the meaning of the language being processed, in particular getting the computer to respond to the input in an apparently intelligent fashion.
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Natural Language Understanding
At one time, those who belonged to the Natural Language Understanding camp avoided the use of any syntactic processing, but textbooks that bear this title now include significant sections on syntactic processing, which suggests that the edge of the title has been rather blunted. (For instance, see Allen (1987; part 1).
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NLP History (1)
The first recognizable NLP application was a dictionary look-up system developed at Birkbeck College, London in 1948.
NLP from 1966-1980 Augmented Transition Networks
Case Grammar
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NLP History (2)
NLP from 1966-1980 Semantic representations
Schank and his workers introduced the notion of Conceptual Dependency, a method of expressing language in terms of semantic primitives. Systems were written which included no syntactic processing.
QuillianÕs work on memory introduced the idea of the semantic network, which has been used in varying forms for knowledge representation in many systems.
William Woods used the idea of procedural semantics to act as an intermediate representation between a language processing system and a database system.
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NLP History (3)
The key systems were: LUNAR: A database interface system that used ATNs and
Woods' Procedural Semantics. LIFER/LADDER: One of the most impressive of NLP systems.
It was designed as a natural language interface to a database of information about US Navy ships.
NLP from 1980 - 1990
- Grammar Formalisms
NLP from 1990- now
- Multilinguality and Multimodality
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NLP Applications
Applications can be classified in different ways, e.g. medium/modality; depth of analysis; degree of interaction
Text-based applications
NL Understanding
Dialogue Systems
Multimodal
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Text-based Applications
Processing of written texts such as books, news, papers, reports:
Finding appropriate documents on certain topics from a text database
Extracting information from messages, articles, Web pages, etc.
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Text-based Applications
Translating documents from one language to another
Text summarization
Note: Not all such applications require NLP
Keyword based techniques can used for identifying particular subject areas, e.g. legal, financial, etc.
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NL Understanding
Other kinds of request require a deeper level of analysis
Find me all articles concerning car accidents involving more than two cars in Malta during the first half of 2001
Here the system must extract enough information to determine whether the article meets the criterion defined by the query.
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NL- Understanding
A crucial characteristic of an understanding system is that it can compute some representation of the information that can be used for later inference
A crucial question for an NLP system is how much understanding is necessary to achieve the purpose of the system.
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Dialogue-based Applications
Dialogue-based applications involve man-machine communication
NL database query systems
Automated customer services, e.g. banking services
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Multimodal Applications
Involve two or more modalities of communication
Text
Speech
Gesture
Image
Text speech
Speech text
Multimodal document generation
Spoken translation systems
Spoken dialogue systems