Nlpمقتطفات من ريتشارد باندلر
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Transcript of Nlpمقتطفات من ريتشارد باندلر
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NLP for Testers – a short introduction
Alan Richardson
Compendium Developments
http://compendiumdev.co.uk/nlp(Supporting Paper and Web Links)
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What NLP Have you Experienced?
• Trainings
• Books
• Anything at all?
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What is NLP?
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How is NLP advertised?
• Improve your relationships,
• master rapport with anyone in moments,
• sell anything to anyone, and do it ethically,
• gain more flexibility,
• cure any phobia in seconds,
• get more of what you really want,
• Create instant motivation and confidence
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What is it really?
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Neuro Linguistic Programming
LinguisticLanguage and nonverbal communication systems through which neural representations are coded, ordered, and given meaning.
ProgrammingThe ability to organize our communication and neurological systems to achieve specific desired goals and results.
NeuroNervous system through which experience is received and processed
through the five senses.
http://www.purenlp.com/nlpis1.htm
“…the study of the structure of subjective experience.”
www.richardbandler.tv
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No, What is it really?
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Roots of NLP
“The Structure of Magic” volume 1, Richard Bandler & John Grinder
Virginia Satir
Fritz Perls
Frank Farrelly
Milton Erickson
Others
Transformational Grammar
Roots of NLP
Family Therapy
Congruence
Groups
Change
Gestalt Therapy
Context
Provocative Therapy
Attitude
Humour
Challenge
Explore limits
Honesty
Hypnosis
Ambiguity
Conversational Change
George Miller
Gregory Bateson
Alfred Korzybski
Edward Sapir
Mathematical Logic
Deep structure
Surface Structure
Deletion
Distortion
Generalization
[NLP is a Synthesis]
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Modelling
“The NLP modeling process involves finding out about how the brain (“Neuro”) is operating by analyzing language patterns (“Linguistic”) and non-verbal communication. The results of this analysis are then put into step-by-step strategies or programs (“Programming”) that may be used to transfer the skill to other people and areas of application.”
Modeling with NLP,Robert DiltsMeta Publishing, 1998
Most techniques and tools of NLP have been derived by…
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Presuppositions of NLP
• The Map is not the Territory
• Life and Mind are systemic processes
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NLP and Testing are related
• Questioning
• Modelling
• Communication
• Effectiveness
• Attitude
• Synthesis Knowledge Systems
• Literalism
• Identify Ambiguity
• Honesty
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Exercise: Attributes of a tester
• Identify…
• Attributes or Qualities of a tester
• Descriptions of a tester
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Results
• Adjectives? Phrases?
• Were the attributes positive?– Any useful negative attributes?
• How many apply to you?
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Attributes vs States
Attributes
• Person ‘has’
• Context?
• “IS” of identity
States
• Person ‘feels’
• Context State
• Behaviour
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Exercise: Convert attributes into states
• Can you generate and feel those states in yourself?
• Can you say things to other people to generate those states? (Elicitation)
• When would those states be appropriate?
• Can you identify a time when you used those states positively? Negatively?
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Meta-Model
• Identify Ambiguity Early
• Apply to the communication we give
• Apply to the system
• A Model of Analysis (Req, Spec, etc.)
• Apply to our beliefs and values about testing
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Deep Surface• Meta-Model based on transformational grammar model• Words affect experience
Deep StructureSurface Structure
Primary ExperienceSensory & Emotional
Secondary ExperienceLinguistic Derivation
Transformation
Surface Structure
Surface Structure
Surface Structure
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• Transformations (Distortion, Deletion, Generalization) can create ambiguity
• Ambiguous statement: – “The daily trade file must be processed in under
5 seconds when the system starts up.”
DeletionDistortion
Generalization
Meta Model
Simple Deletion
Comparative Deletion
Lack of Referential Index
Unspecified Verb
Nominalization
Cause and Effect
Mind Reading
Complex Equivalence
Lost Performative
Universal Quantifier
Modal Operators
Presuppositions
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• Processed by what? How?
• Daily trade file – contains what? From where?
• 5 seconds – based on what?
• Starts up? How, When, How often?
"The daily trade file must be processed in under 5 seconds when the system starts up"
LP
SD (1) MO UV (1) SD (3) SD (4) UV (2)SD (2)
Effect CauseCE
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Universal Quantifier
Modal Operators
Presuppositions
Generalization
A Limiting Generalisation
Counter, challenge
Identify exception
"All developers hate testers"
"I develop and I don't hate you"
"*ALL* developers?"
"Microsoft have 2 testers for every developer, that must be hate city"
Rules for limits
Challenge and get more information on the limits
"I can't run these tests""What stops you?"
"I shouldn't test this.""What would
happen if you did?"
What is unstatedand has to be truefor the statement tobe true Challenge, test
•Universal Quantifier: The system will always process the daily trade file at start up. Even if the system is restarted in the middle of the day?
•Modal Operator: The system might ask the user to save the file.
•Presuppositions: Daily trade file exists. What if it doesn’t? The daily trade file can be processed. What if it is corrupt?
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Identify Generalizations
• “Only admin users can delete records”
• “All records must be validated by the front end when they are amended”
• “All test cases must be scripted”
Modal Operators,Universal QuantifiersPresuppositions
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• Deletion can cause special cases not to be identified
• Deep Structure deletions identified through presupposition analysis & model building
Simple Deletion
Comparative Deletion
Lack of Referential Index
Unspecified Verb
Deletion
Elementmissing fromsurface structure
RecoverDeletedInformation
"The system isgoing to fail"
"fail how?"
"Which system?"
MissingReferencePointIdentify
Comparison
"This system is rubbish"
"Comparedto What?"
UnspecifiedNoun Recover
Noun
"They have apoor process"
"Who arethey?"
MissingProcessDetails
RecoverMissingProcess
"I'm testing"
"How are you testing?"
"What kind oftesting are youdoing?"
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Identify Deletions
• “This system must be the fastest on the market”
• “The admin user will amend user details”
Simple, Comparative, Verb, Noun (referential index)
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• Distortions can taint beliefs and attitudes• Good source of resistance in communication
NominalizationCause and Effect
Mind Reading
Complex Equivalence
Lost PerformativeDistortion
Process as noun Convert noun
to process
"I'm going to test"
"What kind oftesting are yougoing to do?"
X Causes Y
Stimulus& Response
More informationabout the causality
"Bad specifications make me angry"
"How specifically does a bad specification makeyou angry?"
Claim to knowledge Identify source
of claim
"They hate testers" "How do you
Know?"
2 unrelated statementsrepresented as equivalent
Check validityof equivalence
"They don't know how todevelop software,the requirements are neversigned off."
"If the requirementswere signed offdoes that mean theywould know how todevelop software?"
A Value Judgement
Identify Source
Identify Criteria
"It is wrongto test withoutwriting testscripts" "According to
Whom?"
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Identify Distortions
• “Obviously, developers deliver code late because they don’t give the testers any respect.”
• “When developers don’t do any unit testing it makes testers really annoyed”
Cause EffectComplex EquivalenceLost PerformativeMind ReadingNominalization
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Meta-Model Questioning Exercise
• Work in 3s• Person 1 ask Person 2 to describe something e.g.:
– their testing project, – their application under test, – what testing is
• Person 2 responds, Person 1 listens, Person 1 analyses response based on the Meta-Model and asks a follow on question based on the Meta-Model analysis, repeat
• Person 3 takes a meta position for later review
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Meta-Model for Influence
• Embedded Commands
• Presuppositions
• Conversational Postulates
• Deliberate use of ambiguity – use their deep structure
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Meta-Model usage Guidelines
• Rapport
• What do you want to know?
• Stop at some point
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Meta-Model
• Identify Ambiguity Early
• Apply to the communication we give
• Apply to the system
• A Model of Analysis (Req, Spec, etc.)
• Apply to our beliefs and values about testing
Repeated
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Learning NLP
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What is left to learn?
– Strategies, – Meta Programs, – Accessing Cues, – Anchoring, – Belief Systems, – Submodalities,– Hypnosis,
– Ambiguity, – Metaphor,
– Isomorphic– Homomorphic
– Sleight of Mouth,– Logical Levels, – And more …
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How to learn
– On the web (later slide)– Books (Bandler, Dilts) (pto)– CDs– Videos– Practise groups– Study roots of NLP– Training
Purchases Visit: www.ebay.co.ukwww.abebooks.co.uk
www.nlp-london.com
Transcribe
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Recommended Books
• Structure of magic vols 1 & 2 – (Bandler and Grinder)
• Persuasion Engineering – (Bandler & LaValle)
• Modeling with NLP – (Robert Dilts)
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On The Web
• www.purenlp.com
• www.richardbandler.tv
• www.paulmckenna.com
• www.saladltd.co.uk
• www.nlp.biz/NLP
• www.compendiumdev.co.uk/nlp
• www.23nlpeople.com/NLP_links.htm
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IT Related
– Gerald Weinberg: • Are your lights on?
• (More) Secrets of consulting.
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NLP is…
ATTITUDE …sense of curiosity and adventure … desire to learn the skills to be able to find out what kinds of communication influences somebody and the kinds of things worth knowing ... to look at life as a rare and unprecedented opportunity to learn
METHODOLOGY … all behavior has a structure . . . and that structure can be modeled, learned, taught, and changed (re-Programmed). The way to know what will be useful and effective are the perceptual skills
TECHNOLOGY enabling the practitioner to organize information and perceptions in ways that allow them to achieve results that were once inconceivable
http://www.purenlp.com/nlpis2.htm
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Playtime