NK Macrophages. 本章大綱 1. Hematopoiesis ( 造血 ) 2. Cells of the Immune System 3. Organs of...
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Transcript of NK Macrophages. 本章大綱 1. Hematopoiesis ( 造血 ) 2. Cells of the Immune System 3. Organs of...
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NKMacrophages
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本章大綱
1. Hematopoiesis (造血 )
2. Cells of the Immune System
3. Organs of the Immune System
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Hematopoiesis
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Locations of hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Embryonic stage:Yolk sac fetal liver spleen (3rd to 7th month) bone marrow
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Self-renewdifferentiate
(embryonic stem cells, ES cells)
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Clinical Use of Hematopoietic Stem Cells 1. Providing a functional immune system to individuals with a genetically immunodeficiency.
2. Replacing a defective hematopoitic system with a functional one (i.e. anemia).
3. Restoring the hematopoitic system of cancer patients after treatment with high doses of chemo- therapeutic agents or radiation.
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Autologous : The recipient is also the donor.
Syngeneic : The donor is the identical twin of the recipient.
Allogeneic : The donor and the recipient are not genetically identical within the same species.
Xenogeneic : The donor and the recipient are from different species.
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Bone-Marrow Transplantation
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Cells for transplantation
Bone-marrow cells
Peripheral blood cells
Umbilical-cord blood cells (Cord Blood)
Stem-cell transplantation
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Cells of the Immune System
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Normal Adult Blood-Cell Count __________________________________
Cell type Cells/mm3 % ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Red blood cells 5.0 x 106
Platelets 2.5 x 105
Leukocytes 7.3 x 103
Neutrophil 50 – 70 Lymphocyte 20 – 40 Monocyte 1 – 6 Eosinophil 1 – 3 Basophil < 1 ____________________________________________
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- Lymphoid Cells
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Null Cells (natural killer, NK cells)
-Mononuclear Phagocytes Monocytes, Macrophages, dendritic cell
- Polymorphonuclear Cells (PMN) or granulocytic cells or granulocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells, Dendritic cells
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Lymphoid Cells
- 20% - 40% of the body’s white blood cells
- 99% of the cells in the lymph
- ~ 1010 - 1012 in the human body
- Circulate in the blood and lymph
- Migrate into the tissue spaces and lymphoid organs
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T Lymphocytes: Thymus
B Lymphocytes: Bursa of Fabricius (黏液囊 ) or Bone Marrow
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T Lymphocyte Markers
T cell receptor (TCR)CD4/CD8CD28--------B7CD45--------signal transduction
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B Lymphocyte Markers
Immunoglobulin (Ig) B220 (CD45R) MHC Class II CR1 (CD35) & CR2 (CD21) FcRII (CD32) B7-1 (CD80) & B7-2 (CD86) CD40
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Fate of antigen-activated small B lymphocytes
Short half life
1-2 week
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Null Cells- Most are large, granular lymphocytes called natural killer (NK) cells.
- Against tumor cells and cells infected with some virus.
- Constitute 5 - 10% of the lymphocytes in human peripheral blood.
- NK T cells
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Mononuclear Phagocytes
- Monocytes circulating in the blood
- Macrophages in the tissues
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Macrophages are 5- to 10-fold larger than monocytes and contain more organelles, especially lysosomes
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Macrophages
-Alveolar macrophages in the lung
-Histiocytes in connective tissues
-Kupffer cells in the liver
-Mesangial cells in the kidney
-Microglial cells in the brain
- Osteoclasts in bone
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Functions of Macrophages
- Phagocytosis
- Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities
- Antigen processing and presentation
- Secretion of factors
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Granulocytic Cells(granulocytes)
- Neutrophils:phogocytosis
- Eosinophils: against parasite
- Basophils: nonphagocytosis; allergic
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Two lobedEosin red
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One lobedMethylene blue
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Dendritic Cells
- Arises from the myeloid and lymphoid lineages.
-Presenting antigen to TH.
-MHC class II and B7 co-stimulatory
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Skin, mucous organs
MHC class IIB7
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Organs of the Immune System
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Primary (central) lymphoid organs- Provide appropriate microenvironments for the development and maturation of lymphocytes.
-thymus, bone marrow
Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs- Trap antigen from tissues or vascular spaces and are sites where mature lymphocytes can interact effectively with that antigen.
- lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), e.g., gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
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Tertiary lymphoid tissue - Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissues
Lymphatic System (淋巴系統 )
- Once mature lymphocytes have been generated in the primary lymphoid organs, they circulate in the blood and lymphatic system, a network of vessels that collect fluid that has escaped into the tissues from capillaries of the circulatory system and ultimately return it to the blood.
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Lymphatic Vessels
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The Human Lymphoid Systemsecondary
primary
鎖骨下靜脈胸導管
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The thymus
stromal cells:
m
aturation
lobule
+,-, selection
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Bone Marrow
• Human, mice: bone marrow
• Cattle, sheep: fetal spleen, ileal peyer’s patch
• Rabbit: gut associated tissue, appendix
• Birds: bursa of fabricius
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A Lymph Node (1)
B, dendritic, Macrophage
T, dendritic
Plasma cells
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A Lymph Node (2)Ag
Primary follicle
Ag
Secondary follicleGerminal centers
Lymphocytes migrate from blood
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The Spleen
Blood borne antigen
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The Spleen (1)
(血管神經出入口 )
Ag
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The Spleen (2)
MΦ, RBC
Lymphocytes, MΦ
T cells
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Mucosal-Associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
TonsilsAppendixPeyer’s patches
- contain a large population of Ab-producing plasma cells
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Tonsils
(上顎 ) (舌 )
(咽 )
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Peyer’s Patch
contain intraepitheliallymphocytes IELs
B cells, plasma cell,activated TH cells & m
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Structure of M Cells
Basolaternal plasma membrane
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Production of IgA Ab in the Gut
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Use M cells to infection
• Polio virus
• Salmonella species
• Vibrio cholerae
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Cutaneous-associated Lymphoid Tissue
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Comparative Immunity
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- Invertebrates and plants do not have adaptive immunity.
- antibacterial and antifungal peptides in insects
- antibiotic molecules in plants; phytoalexins
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(八目鰻 )
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本章大綱
1. Hematopoiesis (造血 )
2. Cells of the Immune System
3. Organs of the Immune System
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