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NJF Seminar (483)

SOIL DEGRADATION: THEORY, EVIDENCE AND PROTECTION ACTIVITIES

Book of abstracts

22–25 September 2015, Vėžaičiai, Lithuania

Vėžaičiai, 2015

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:

• Zenonas Dabkevičius, LRCAF, Lithuania;

• Kristiina Regina, MTT, Finland;

• Svein Skøien, County Covernor Østfold, Norway;

• Algirdas Radzevičius, ASU, Lithuania;

• Sigitas Lazauskas, LRCAF, Lithuania;

• Jonas Volungevičius, Lithuanian Soil Science Society, Lithuania;

• Lars J. Munkholm, AU, Denmark;

• Algirdas Juozas Motuzas, ASU, Lithuanian Soil Science Society, Lithuania;

• Jakub Hofman, RECETOX, Check Republic;

• Aldis Karklins, LUA, Latvia;

• Samson Bjarnar Hardarson, AU, Iceland.

ORGANIZING GROUP:

• Danutė Karčauskienė, LRCAF, Lithuania;

• Linas Stabingis, ASU, Lithuania;

• Žydrė Kadžiulienė, LRCAF, Lithuania;

• Dalia Ambrazaitienė, KU, Lithuania;

• Rimantas Vaisvalavičius, ASU, Lithuania;

• Kęstutis Armolaitis, LRCAF, Lithuania;

• Regina Repšienė, LRCAF, Lithuania;

• Virginijus Feiza, LRCAF, Lithuania.

© LRCAF Vėžaičiai branch, Lithuania, 2015

ISBN 978-9955-18-864-3

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CONTENTS

S. Skøien. IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICAL MEASURES TO PREVENT SOIL EROSION AND NUTRIENT RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL AREAS .............................................. 5

K. Regina. CONSTRAINTS OF SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN NORTHERN EUROPEAN CROPLANDS ........................................................................................................ 6

J. Volungevičius, R. Vaisvalavičius, M. Eidukevičienė, K. Amalevičiūtė. THE PROBLEM OF SOIL DEGRADATION CONCEPT............................................................................... 7

A. Gałązka, K. Gawryjołek, M. Król, J. Księżak. CHANGES OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES AND MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN SOIL UNDER LONG-TERM MAIZE MONOCULTURE AND CROP ROTATION ........................................................................................... 9

V. Feiza, A. Putramentaitė, D. Feizienė, I. Deveikytė, V. Seibutis, S. Pranaitienė. LONG-TERM CONTRASTING TILLAGE AND RESIDUES MANAGEMENT ON CAMBISOL .............. 10

M. Muraškienė, A. Gudauskienė, P. Garbaravičius, V. Žekaitė, K. Armolaitis. STABILITY OF SOIL OC AND N IN AGRO AND FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN LITHUANIA..................... 11

D. Feizienė, V. Feiza, A. Putramentaitė, I. Deveikytė, V. Seibutis, D. Janušauskaitė. CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF SOIL TEXTURE AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT ON SOIL C ACCUMULATION AND CO2 EXCHANGE RATE ........................................................... 12

P. Lazauskas. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL TILLAGE FOR DECREASING SOIL DEGRADATION........................................................................ 13

E. Sieverding, N. Maršalkienė, J. Aleinikovienė. FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS AND MYCORRHIZAS IN AGROECOSYSTEMS ............................... 14

I. Jokubauskaitė, D. Karčauskienė, R. Repšienė, A. Šlepetienė, K. Amalevičiūtė. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION MODES ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN ACID SOILS ...................................................................................................... 15

M. Okmanis, I. Skranda. NUTRITION STATUS OF DRAINED PEAT SOIL AFTER WOOD ASH TREATMENT....................................................................................................... 16

E. Reintam, K. Vennik, L. Kukk, S. Kade, K. Krebstein, M. Are, A. Astover. MEASURING AND PREDICTING SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS FOR TRAFFICABILITY ...................... 17

A. Łachacz, J. Tyburski. THE IMPACT OF SOIL CONDITIONERS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAVY SILOS IN ORGANIC FARMS .................................................................. 18

M. Vilkienė, D. Ambrazaitienė, D. Karčauskienė, Z. Dabkevičius. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTENSITY OF THE SOIL ORGANIC MATTER MINERALIZATION UNDER VARIOUS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ................................................................................... 19

B. Ulén, S. Pietrzak. AGRICULTURAL SOIL ACIDITY, PHOSPHORUS LEACHING RISK AND EROSION RISK IN TWO FOCUS AREAS IN NORTHERN POLAND – EVALUATION FROM SOIL MAPS, FARM WALKS AND GATE BALANCES AT FARM LEVEL .............................. 20

L. Zarina, L. Zarina. DYNAMICS OF SOIL PH IN 40-YEARS PERIOD DEPENDING CROPPING SYSTEM ............................................................................................ 21

J. Aleinikovienė, G. Šiaudinis, D. Ambrazaitienė, M. Vilkienė, R. Skuodienė, D. Tomchuk. SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND MICROBIAL BIOMASS UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS IN EUTRI-HYPOSTAGNIC RETISOLS..................................... 22

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J. Vigovskis, A. Jermuss, A. Svarta, D. Sarkanbarde. THE CHANGES OF SOIL ACIDITY IN SOIL IN LONG-TERM FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS ..................................................... 23

E. Nugis, A. Velykis, A. Satkus. COMPARABLE RESULTS OF SOIL STRUCTURE IN THE SEEDBED RELATED FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN ESTONIA AND LITHUANIA ...................... 24

A. Lupikis, A. Lazdins, A. Bardule, A. Butlers. CARBON BALANCE AND SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN DRAINED AND AFFORESTED TRANSITIONAL BOG IN LATVIA.............. 25

V. Bogužas, R. Mikučionienė, J. Aleinikovienė, V. Steponavičienė. LONG-TERM EFFECT OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS, STRAW AND GREEN MANURE COMBINATIONS ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND MICROORGANISMS ......................................................................... 26

V. Žėkaitė, J. Arbačiauskas, J. Aleinikovienė. INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGY CONDITIONS AND OF ORGANIC FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD OF EARLY POTATOES IN SANDY LOAM SOILS ........................................................................................... 27

V. Tilvikienė, Ž. Kadžiulienė, R. Žydelis. THE EFFECT OF DIGESTATE FERTILIZATION ON THE SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION...................................................................... 28

I. Narutytė, G. Staugaitis, J. Arbačauskas. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE COMPOST ON WINTER WHEAT AND SPRING BARLEY YIELD AND QUALITY .................................................................................................... 29

K. Barčauskaitė, R. Mažeika, G. Staugaitis, Z. Dabkevičius. QUANTITATIVE PCB’S ANALYSIS IN LITHUANIA PRODUCE COMPOSTS ...................................................... 30

I. Liaudanskienė, A. Šlepetienė, J. Šlepetys, I. Jokubauskaitė. EFFECT OF LAND USE ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON POOLS IN GRASSLANDS OF PROTECTED AREAS AND ARABLE LANDS IN CENTRAL LITHUANIA............................................................................ 31

R. Mockevičienė, R.Velička, A. Marcinkevičienė, R. Pupalienė, Z. Kriaučiūnienė, L. M. Butkevičienė. SOIL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN SPRING OILSEED RAPE CROP IN ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM .............................................................................................. 32

N. Maršalkienė. INVESTIGATION OF HAIRY VETCH (VICIA VILLOSA ROTH.) ADAPTATION TO SOIL ACIDITY ............................................................................................... 33

D. Karčauskienė, V. Jakubauskaitė, Ž. Kryževičius, A. Žukauskaitė, D. Ambrazaitienė. BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM OIL PRODUCTS CONTAMINATED SOIL USING SEWAGE SLUDGE ............................................................................................... 34

G. Kadžienė, O. Auškalnienė, S. Pranaitienė, A. Putramentaitė, D. Janušauskaitė, V. Feiza, S. Supronienė, B. Ramanauskienė. TILLAGE AND WHITE MUSTARD EFFECT ON SOIL COMPACTION AND WEED PRESSURE ............................................................. 35

D. Karčauskienė, I. Kinderienė. ASSESMENT OF EROSION – RESISTING AGROTECHNOLOGIES ON HILLY RELIEF IN LITHUANIA ............................................ 36

D. Karčauskienė, R. Repšienė, I. Jokubauskaitė. CHANGES OF MORAINE LOAM RETISOL CHEMICAL INDICES IN WHOLE PROFILE UNDER LONG TERM MANAGEMENT HISTORY 37

J. Aleinikovienė, D. Tomchuk, R. Skuodienė. RESEARCH ON RHIZOSPHERE PH CHANGES IN AGROCENOSES WITH PERENNIAL GRASSES ...................................................... 38

D. Karčauskienė, S. Čiuberkis, S. Raudonius. CHANGES OF WEED INFESTATION UNDER LONG–TERM EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL pH LEVELS AND AMOUNT OF PHOSPHORUS: POTASSIUM....................................................................................................... 39

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IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICAL MEASURES TO PREVENT SOIL EROSION AND NUTRIENT RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL AREAS Svein Skøien

County Governor Østfold, Department of Agriculture, Vogtsgate 17, Moss, Norway

E-mail: [email protected]

In Norway, the natural geological erosion can be substantial. The sediment transport in rivers is especially high in rivers from glaciers in the mountain areas, but also in rivers running through areas with marine sediments in the lower part of the country.

Soil erosion on agricultural field was not considered a large problem until about 1970, even though the phenomenon was described in the agricultural literature. From about 1950, strongly driven by agricultural policy, there was a large scale shift from mixed dairy farming to specialized crop production in southern Norway. Favorable subsidies were granted for land leveling and land clearing. Meadows and pastures were ploughed and the tillage became more intensive. This very likely resulted in a significant increase in the soil erosion rate.

In 1971 the first plot experiment on soil erosion in Norway on cultivated land was started at the Agricultural University. The main purpose of this experiment was to study nutrient losses, but soil losses were also measured. Several plot experiments were established after 1979. The experiments were designed to compare soil treatments and tillage methods and to obtain data for use of the Universal Soil Loss Equation in Norway. These results provided the basis for a Norwegian soil erosion map which has been widely used by the advisory service and for state regulations and subsidies to reduced tillage systems.

Soil erosion is now considered a serious environmental problem in parts of Norway. The effect on water quality is the most important concern and the improvement of water quality is the major aim for mitigation techniques and regulations on tillage. Documentation of effects of tillage practices therefore has a high priority. The effect of tillage is pronounced on erodible soils. The effects are less pronounced on soils with a lower erodibility, but reduced autumn tillage is still the most effective way to mitigate soil erosion, as well as total phosphorus losses. The study also showed that the total phosphorus losses are closely correlated with soil losses. In addition to tillage many other measures are implemented, either by regulation or stimulated with subsidies from the state. The common measures are: Buffer zones, grassed waterways, crop rotation with grass on soils with a high erosion risk. Hydro technical installations to control overland flow. Drainage to improve soil conditions. Reinforcement of river banks to avoid bank erosion.

From 2007 these agricultural measures have been taken into the River Basin Management Plans according to the Norwegian Water Regulation which corresponds to the EU Water Framework Directive.

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mailto:[email protected]

CONSTRAINTS OF SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN NORTHERN EUROPEAN CROPLANDS Kristiina Regina

Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, Jokioinen, Finland


A declining trend of soil carbon (C) has been observed in agricultural soils of many European countries. However, there is high interest in turning this development and increasing the soil C sequestration rate. All EU member states are obliged to report the effects of cropland management on soil C in 2015-2020 which urges to finding solutions to improve the C balance of agricultural soils. As sequestration is the sum of C input from crop residue and decomposition of the same material, suitable methods to affect soil C content are related to residue management and soil management like reduced tillage intensity. Aboveground residue management tends to have a surprisingly small effect on soil C stocks which can be related e.g. to the relatively small significance of the aboveground residue compared to roots. Based on results from Canada and Finland, reducing tillage intensity seems to have a negligible effect on soil C sequestration in humid northern climate compared to arid regions.

Increase in decomposition easily overrides possible benefits of increased input of organic matter especially in conditions of adequate soil moisture making it difficult to see significant sequestration as a result of increased amount of residue. However, it seems that long-term grass cultivation (high organic matter input together with infrequent renewal) as favoured by the current agro-environmental policy often has a positive effect on soil C but there is naturally limited need for grass crops. The benefits of no-till are clearly controlled by the annual precipitation rate predicting poor C sequestration potential in Northern European conditions. Moreover, frost breaks down soil aggregates in winter thus releasing C that was probably protected in the aggregates during summer. As a conclusion, it is not foreseen that the C stock of mineral agricultural soils can be remarkably increased by changing agricultural practices. In conditions of cool boreal countries it would be more effective to concentrate efforts on reducing peat degradation on cultivated organic soils to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural production and land use.

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THE PROBLEM OF SOIL DEGRADATION CONCEPT Jonas Volungevičius1, Rimantas Vaisvalavičius2, Marija Eidukevičienė3, Kristina Amalevičiūtė4

1Vilnius university, M.K. Ciurlionio 21, Vilnius, Lithuania; 2Aleksandras Stulginskis university, Studentu 11, Akademija, Kaunas distr., Lithuania; 3Klaipeda university, Minijos 153, Klaipeda, Lithuania; 4Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania


Soil degradation remains one of the most important issues in the context of modern land use and therefore it should be solved together with increasing problems caused by human population growth and environment anthropogenic transformation.

Despite a high relevance of soil degradation problem there is no single unified conception on this issue and thus a variety of different concepts exists. The current prevailing conception is determined by utilitarian public outlook to the environment and the world-wide dominance of post-productivistic approach to soil use and management. The modern soil degradation conception includes negative aspects of soil physical and chemical changes resulting from the wind, water and human activity impact. However, the changes in soil structure are reflected only partially and the adversely affect is mainly addressed to formation of strongly compacted (anthraquic) horizon due to the use of heavy machinery and inappropriate soil management. The analysis of literature sources of over the two recent decades allows us to highlight the prevailing soil degradation concepts:

Agronomical conception – declining of soil fertility or even it’s completely loss due to the environmental changes caused by human activities and natural processes. However, this approach takes into account only the agricultural land with the emphasis on the negative changes of soil fertility functions.

Ecological conception – weakening of one or more soil functions important for soil ecological potential due to the natural processes and human activities. This conception highlights changes of soil ecological potential that leads to the change of a whole ecosystem. Thus, this approach is directed to the actualization of soil formation and development changes as a natural body.

Agro-ecological conception – the negative changes of soil properties and structure in different soil typological units due to the natural processes and/or human activities. This conception in some cases takes into account natural formation and development of individual soil type as related to some pedogenetic degradation processes occurring in soil such as: mineralization of formerly drained peat soils, formation of acid soils due to the parent material and acid rain impact, formation of podzols, Albeluvisols and Luvisols due to illuviation and podsolization processes. The degradative impact of anthropogenic factor in this conception is expressed by the formation of strongly compacted soil layer due to use of heavy machinery and inappropriate soil management or, in case of Lixisols, by organic matter decline due to their intensive use in agriculture. Thus, this concept selectively reflect degradation both the agricultural lands and those soils that are of relatively natural background.

Overview of agronomical, ecological and agro-ecological concepts allows us to understand different aspects of soil degradation. Nevertheless, the anthropogenic transformation of natural soils is analysed very little in these concepts which, from the geological point of view, should be treated as degradation of soil natural properties despite of their erosive and accumulative character. Likewise, too little attention is paid to analyse changes of soil structure as related to different pedogenetic effects such us:

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transformation of tonguing properties due to long-term liming; formation of new horizons due to drifting sand and delluvial processes; mineralization, organic matter decline, soil texture lightening that are ongoing in naturally formed soil horizons due to intensive farming practice.

From the perspective of further discourse, the application of geo-ecological conception might be a beneficial approach in order to extend and clarify the current understanding of soil degradation. According to authors of this idea, the proposal of geo-ecological soil degradation conception could be identified as follows: the negative changes of natural background soil properties, functions and soil profile structure due to direct or indirect effects of human activities. Thus, this approach is targeted to embrace those part of soil cover wherein direct or indirect anthropogenic impact occurs and therefore it allows us to separate natural soil formation from the human-induced soil changes. Furthermore, this concept would enable to highlight both the negative and positive (erosion and accumulation) aspects of soil degradation with more emphasis on changes in soil profile structure.

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CHANGES OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES AND MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN SOIL UNDER LONG-TERM MAIZE MONOCULTURE AND CROP ROTATION Anna Gałązka1, Karolina Gawryjołek1, Maria Król1, Jerzy Księżak2 1Department of Agriculture Microbiology, 2Department of Forage Crop Production; Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland


The aim of this work was to examine effects of long-term maize monoculture and crop rotation on biological activities of soil especially soil enzymatic activities and microbial communities. The reaction of maize cultivated in perennial monoculture for the direct sowing was investigated and compared to full tillage monoculture and crop rotation full tillage cultivation in the following phases: six leaves, twelve leaves, flowering phase, before harvest and after harvest. The results of the experiment conducted from 2004 to 2012 in Experimental Station in Grabów (mazowieckie voivodship) on podzolic soil – very good rye soil, were the basis for this elaboration. Three objects were included into this research: maize cropped continuously monoculture - zero tillage, maize monoculture cropped continuously – full tillage, crop rotation (spring barley, winter wheat, maize) – full tillage. The evaluation of the biological activity of the soil was based on the determination of the number of basic groups of soil microorganisms and enzyme activities. The maize was sown with the use of seed drill. The statistically significant increase in soil enzymatic activity and total number of bacteria and actinomycetes in soil where the direct sowing in monoculture was implemented.

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SOIL STRUCTURE CHANGES IN LOAM AND SANDY LOAM AFTER LONG-TERM CONTRASTING TILLAGE AND RESIDUES MANAGEMENT ON CAMBISOL

Virginijus Feiza, Agnė Putramentaitė, Dalia Feizienė, Irena Deveikytė, Vytautas Seibutis, Simona Pranaitienė

Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al.1, LT-58344 Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania


In Northern and Western Europe commercial uptake of no-till is currently very limited but has recently increased in some parts of Scandinavia. In Lithuania, reduced tillage (RT) accounts for 7% while no-till (NT) is implemented as little as 1% of arable land. Conventional tillage based on ploughing (CT) is still the most popular soil management method employed on the rest part of arable land.

According to literature, the number of long-term no-till experiments (>5 years) in Europe over a range of soils, fertiliser applications and climate conditions with crops grown within rotations is still limited.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the cumulative after-effect of long-term (>10 years) CT, RT and NT applications in combination with or without crop residues on soil structure status.

The investigations were carried out in 2013 at the Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. Two field trials (split-plot design) were set up in 1999-2000 on Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol having a loam and sandy loam texture.

Dry and wet soil sieving was performed to determine the amount and the size distribution of soil aggregates in the top- and sub-soil.

Straw incorporation on loam soil increased the amount of mezo (0.25-3 mm in diameter) soil aggregates in CT, RT and NT, while the highest increase was registered under NT within 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers. On sandy loam soil, the lower values were registered for this increase. The amount of water stable aggregates (0.5-0.25 mm in diameter) within 0-20 cm soil depth under CT, RT and NT with straw application on loam soil amounted to 36, 34 and 32 %, respectively, while on sandy loam this amount was higher for all tillage treatments (39, 35 and 37 %, respectively) compared to loam soil.

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STABILITY OF SOIL OC AND N IN AGRO AND FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN LITHUANIA

Milda Muraškienė1, Aušra Gudauskienė2, Paulius Garbaravičius1, Vilma Žekaitė2, Kęstutis Armolaitis1

1Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepu 1, Girionys, Kaunas distr., Lithuania 2Perloja Experimental Station, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Perliaus 30, Perloja, Varena distr., Lithuania


The aim of studies was to investigate the stability of soil organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) in mineral topsoil under different land use of different mineral soils (arable land, forest land including clear cuttings) according to the data on: (1) soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C) and nitrogen (SMB-N); (2) the contents of unprotected and physically protected soil OC; and (3) leaching of soil OC and mineral N in clear cuttings of coniferous stands.

It was found that the mean concentrations and pools of SMB-C were 16-18 folds and SMB-N – by 5-7 folds higher in mineral topsoil of Cambisols than in Arenosols. If compared to the arable land these concentrations and pools were significantly higher in forest stands.

If compared to the arable land the highest concentrations of unprotected water extractable soil OC were in afforested Arenosols and in forest stands on Cambisol. However, in both cases mineral topsoil of forest soils contained the highest concentrations of total OC and the concentrations of OC protected in soil organic matter of silt + clay sized (>53 µm) fraction.

According to the analyses of mineral soil solution it was indicated that in forests on Luvisols the leaching of mineral N, particularly of nitrate (NO3

-) and nitrite (NO2-) ions,

and dissolved OC have significantly increased in clear cuttings, especially under skid trails. However, if compared to the arable land of organic farming the leaching of mineral N was similar meanwhile dissolved OC was leached about 10 folds more intensive in adjacent forest stands.

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CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF SOIL TEXTURE AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT ON SOIL C ACCUMULATION AND CO2 EXCHANGE RATE Dalia Feizienė, Virginijus Feiza, Agnė Putramentaitė, Irena Deveikytė, Vytautas Seibutis, Daiva Janušauskaitė

Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al.1, LT-58344 Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania


The sequestration of carbon by soils represents an important component in the balance of carbon within the environment. Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol refers to the desirability of promoting C sequestration by soils. It is therefore important to establish the effect of no-till on C sequestration and what factors may influence this.

Differences in CO2 emissions among tillage systems are likely to result from both short-term and long-term effects. Short-term effects are due to the physical disturbance of soil and crop residues. Long-term effects include the effects of changes in soil qualities over several years. Most studies concentrate on short-term effects.

The goal of this study was to evaluate combined effects of long-term soil management practices (tillage, NPK fertilization and residues handling) on soil net CO2 exchange rate (NCER) and carbon accumulation on loam and sandy loam textured Cambisol.

After-effect of long-term conventional (CT), reduced (RT) and no-tillage (NT) systems, fertilization (not fertilized, moderate and enlarged rates of mineral NPK fertilizers) and residue handling on soil C accumulation and NCER was contrasting and depended on soil texture. On loam, long-term residues returning increased soil organic carbon (SOC) in all tillage systems within 0-40 cm soil depth. On sandy loam, in CT system residues returning increased soil organic carbon (SOC) within 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm depths, while in RT and NT systems, exclusively within 0-10 cm depth, compared to residues removing. On loam, the content of soil total nitrogen (Ntot) was higher on background with crop residues returned. On sandy loam, the Ntot was lower on the background with residues returning compared with that without residues.

Long-term application of moderate rates of mineral NPK fertilizers caused SOC increase. Effect of enhanced rates on SOC content did not demonstrate so clear effect, compared to moderate NPK fertilizers rate.

Soil NCER directly depended on Ntot and SOC in CT system on both loam and sandy loam soils and in RT system on loam soil. However, the response of soil NCER on SOC and Ntot in RT on sandy loam and in NT on both loam and sandy loam soils was very weak. Other factors, such as soil water content and soil water retention peculiarities, soil temperature, soil aeration had more significant influence on NCER than SOC and Ntot. This trait was particularly pronounced under dry environment conditions.

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THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL TILLAGE FOR DECREASING SOIL DEGRADATION Petras Lazauskas

Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 11, Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania


Worldwide practice reveals that soil degradation begins only when the soil is started to be ploughed or tilled in other ways. However, there is a paradox in the fact that traditional plough soil tillage system does not have any abstract theoretical fundamentals and is based only on primitive empirical experience. Therefore, the first step to decrease soil degradation is to discover how to grow cultural plants saving the soil and decreasing soil degradation. Deep plough, used in the entire world as well as another type of deep soil hoeing, is not based on scientific-theoretical knowledge, but on primitive empirical experience of our ancestors and unmotivated postulates, quasi while ploughing and tilling soil in other ways, activity of microorganisms is activated and, thus, yield increases. However, it is silent that the increase of dry organic mass in forests and fields, that are not tilled, is never less than in the fields being tilled. Most often it is kept silent that plough promotes decay of soil organic substances, soil degradation and environmental pollution with carbon dioxide are increased. Thus, seeking to stop soil degradation, it is necessary to create theoretically grounded technologies of soil tillage and perspective implements and machines. For this purpose it is possible to apply the original crop (cultural plants and weed communities) productivity law. This law can be defined as follows: the productivity of the whole typical agricultural plant community, including the overall mass of crop plants and weeds growing under the same conditions is relatively constant. In the most general form this phenomenon can be described by the original Crop Performance Law which is expressed by the following equation: A = Y + Xb or Y = A-Xb, where A signifies the productivity of the whole community, or possible maximum of cultural plants yield; Y is the cultural plants yield in existing weed conditions, X is the weed mass, b is the yield depression rate, indicating the yield rise degree when the weed mass in the crops is decreased by one unit. The law given is proved with experiments in fields assessing NPK balance of crop communities and calculating yield dependence on the weed mass in the extent of Lithuania and the entire world, using data published by other authors for calculations, where together with the yield, weed mass is made public. Based on this it can be stated that the law discussed earlier is global, repeated and have been checked.

Discussed original cultural plant productivity law will have to change former discipline of primitive empirical soil tillage "science” at an early date, it will become traditional science and will provide possibilities for soil tillage science to create new technologies, where one of the main objectives would be soil protection and decreasing its degradation. Due to this the essence of soil tillage will be perceived in a more precise way, new possibilities to develop soil tillage will appear, also, annual deep ploughing could be rejected. Precise, oriented and shallow soil tillage will come into fields. It would allow to slow decay of soil organic substance, to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide discharged into environment, to mitigate soil degradation, to save non-renewable energy costs.

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FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS AND MYCORRHIZAS IN AGROECOSYSTEMS Ewald Sieverding1 Nijolė Maršalkienė2, Jūratė Aleinikovienė3 1University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, Garbenstr. 13, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany 2Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Institute of Environment and Ecology, 3Institute of Agroecosystems and Soil Science, Studentu str. 11, Akademija, Kauno distr., Lithuania


Soils are rich in microorganisms that play crucial roles in soil fertility, nutrient cycling and transformation of organic matter to CO2 and humus. Biological processes in soil depend to 54% on soil bacteria, to 35% on soil fungi, to 8% on protozoa and 3% on insects, earth worms and small soil animals. Soil microorganisms can be grouped by their functions, that are mainly decomposing of organic matter, soil structure building and aggregating of soil particles, nutrient solubilization and recycling, N2-fixing, nutrient absorbing and transporting, implementing antagonism and predating, detoxification, plant growth promoting (biostimulants), inducing resistance against diseases.

Naturally, in not disturbed soils and ecosystems, beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms are in equilibrium so that plants seldom suffer from root disease, there. However, in agroecosystems, some agricultural management practices can negatively affect soil microbial compositions. Known is for example that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are sensitively reacting to intensification of land use which can have negative impacts for soil structure and crop production. To identify positive practices for supporting an active and functional soil microorganisms population, methods are needed for the enumeration of functional groups of soil microorganisms on a local and global level. Changes of the microbial populations due to agricultural management practices may then be predictable on an agro-ecosystem level, and native soil microorganisms may then be managed indirectly by positive cultural practices. Active management of soil microorganisms is possible by inoculation of soils with microorganisms of known functions. There are examples of positive effects of inoculation of legumes with Rhizobia for N2-fixation, with Bacillus spp. for promotion of plant growth, with Pseudomonadas and some soil fungi for phosphate and nutrient solubilization, with Trichoderma spp. for antagonistic effects against soil and root diseases, and arbuscular mycorrhizas for nutrient uptake.

In perspective, soil microorganisms and in particular arbuscular mycorrhizas have the potential to mitigate nutrient losses by soil erosion and leaching, and to increase nutrient use efficiency. Inoculations, further combined with application of biostimulants (e.g. algae extracts or amino acids, etc.), can accelerate the restoration of soil biological activities in disturbed agroecosystems. This will be even more important to sustain agricultural production in soils of limited fertility, and to avoid negative environmental impacts by high fertilizer and pesticide uses.

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION MODES ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN ACID SOILS Ieva Jokubauskaitė1, Danutė Karčauskienė1, Regina Repšienė1, Alvyra Šlepetienė2, Kristina Amalevičiūtė2

1Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Gargzdu 29, Vezaiciai, Klaipeda distr., Lithuania 2Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania


Soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural ecosystems plays a positive role in soil fertility, sustainability and crop production. It is well known that agricultural management can increase or decrease SOC content due to variation in tillage, fertilization and other activities. Consequently, improved management practices should aim to increase SOC accumulation, as these practices affect global climate change.

Quantification of changes in SOC as influenced by fertilization practices is needed for the improvement of carbon sequestration and soil quality. A meta – analysis of 297 treatment data from the Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry long-term field experiment published from 2006 to 2015 was used to characterize the changes in SOC under different fertilization treatments and residue management practices in Lithuania‘s acid soil. A meta – analysis was performed to quantify the relative annual change of SOC content (RAC) and the average relative annual change rate of SOC under 4 fertilization modes (farmyard manure (40 t ha-1); alternative organic fertilizers (in the manure background (40 t ha-1); farmyard manure (60 t ha-1); alternative organic fertilizers (in the manure background (60 t ha-1)) in two soil backgrounds (naturally acid and limed soil).

In this study, the average RAC under 4 fertilization modes was 1.46 g kg-1 yr-1, indicating that long – term fertilization had considerable SOC sequestration potential. Incorporation of alternative organic fertilizers in unlimed, natarally acid soil showed negative effects (-0.39 and -0.66 g kg-1 yr-1) in the observed long – term experiment. This reason might be that the microbial biomass was lower in the low – nutrient treatments, and nutrient shortage stimulated SOC decomposers. The RAC in the limed soil with incorporated organic fertilizers (farmyard manure and alternative organic fertilizers, compared to the control, and varied from 0.25 g kg-1 yr-1 in the treatment with incorporated alternative organic fertilizers (in the manure background (40 t ha-1)) to 0.71 g kg-1 yr-1 in the soil with farmyard manure (60 t ha-1). An explanation would be that the addition of manure in limed soil could promote the formation of micro – aggregates in macro - aggregates, leading to more particulate organic matter fixation, determining a lower turnover rate and higher stability.

SOC sequestration is not infinite but will reach saturation after decades with implementation of various agricultural management practices. In this study, the average relative annual change rate of SOC under organic fertilization treatments in limed soil (5.07 – 6.54 %) was longer than organic fertilization in unlimed soil (2.11 – 3.49 %), which might be attributed to the application of organic manure that would result in a slow release of fertilizer efficiency.

Our results indicate that the application of manure (40 or 60 t ha-1) showed the greatest potential for C sequestration in agricultural soil and produced the longest SOC sequestration duration.

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NUTRITION STATUS OF DRAINED PEAT SOIL AFTER WOOD ASH TREATMENT Modris Okmanis, Ilona Skranda

Latvian State Forest Research Institute „Silava”, Rigas str. 111, Salaspils, Latvia


Peat lands are described with sufficient nitrogen and carbon concentration however potassium and phosphorus deficiency is often found. Organic soils are acidic, which interferes mineral uptake and also decay of organic matter. Wood ash contain almost all biogenic elements (mostly calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus) except nitrogen and reactivity of wood ash reduces soil acidity. Experiment of wood ash application in forest stand was done to evaluate changes in soil nutrition element content.

Wood ash fertilization experiment on drained peat forest land (Oxalidosa turf. mel.) was made in 2001 at Jaunkalsnava research forest (56°42'15.01" N; 25°51'43.21" E). Treatment dose for about 1 t ha-1 was applied on 9 sample plots. In 2014 samples of soil were taken from fertilized and also the same count control plots. In each plot soil samples in three replications of four different layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-80 cm) were gathered. Concentration of nutrients calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen (Ca, Mg, K, P, N) and acidity were determined for each sample.

Significant difference (α=0.05) of soil acidity between soil upper layer (0-10 cm) samples from fertilized (5.2±0.5) and control (4.2±0.2) plots was found. Also significant differences of P concentration (α=0.05; 0.23±0.09 t ha‑1 in fertilized area and 0.11±0.02 t ha‑1 in control area) were found. Significantly higher concentration of Ca and Mg was found in soil upper layer , but K in soil layer under 40 cm. For N concentration no significant differences between wood ash treated and control soil was observed.

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MEASURING AND PREDICTING SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS FOR TRAFFICABILITY Endla Reintam, Kersti Vennik, Liia Kukk, Siiri Kade, Kadri Krebstein, Mihkel Are, Alar Astover

Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, Estonia


Main causes of losses of soil structural stability are due to the vehicle operations on the unpaved surfaces, mainly on soil in a field of interest in military, agriculture, exploration, construction, and recreation applications. Frequent problems accompanied with the vehicle operations on landscape are destruction of soil and plant cover, formation of tracks and entrapment of vehicles, causing damages to the nature and not allowing vehicles to perform their tasks. Dry or frozen soil can support vehicle operations as good as roads and not have serious results to the soil properties. However, conditions can change drastically during wet conditions, rain and snow events. In that reason measuring or predicting soil moisture conditions is highly important. Unfortunately there is lack of continuous soil moisture data to predict soil water balance. To measure continuously changes in soil moisture conditions Percostation (Adek) sensors were installed into the soil in different depths in end of May 2013 and left to the same location for 1.5 year. Percostation is a system for continuous monitoring of dielectric constant, electrical conductivity and temperature of materials and used so far mainly to assess critical bearing capacity of roads. For one station maximum 8 sensors can be installed. However, the same system can be used effectively in different soil conditions. The measurement frequency was set to 2 hours to fit with local weather station settings. Sensors were placed to the depths of 10, 25, 45 and 75 cm under cultivated soil and 10, 25 and 45 cm under grassland. One sensor was left to measure air temperature. To calibrate the data, from the same depths soil samples to measure bulk density, water content and water permeability were collected. Data from Percostation were sent to the user server via internet (mobile internet connection), downloaded and volumetric water content calculated. The soil of experimental area is sandy loam Stagnosol with 56.4% of sand, 34% of silt and 9.5% of clay. Maximum water holding capacity is 32% (pF0), field capacity 25% (pF1.8) and dry soil water content is 12% (pF2.3), plastic limit is 22% and liquid limit 30%. Problems with soil trafficability can be expected at plastic limit and soil can’t support vehicle operations at liquid limit in such type of soils.

As there were no extreme weather events during the survey period, the results of measurements revealed that the soil water content did not reach to the liquid limit. With rainfall more than 10 mm d-1 the moisture content reached up to the plastic limit in upper 25 cm of soil. The average increase of soil moisture content after more than 10 mm of rain was 1…2.5% in time frame 2…3 hours. Rest of the water was used by the plants or evaporated. After rain previous soil moisture level was reached within 2 to 3 days in vegetation period. Measures also approved soil water balance and evapotranspiration modelling data to predict suitable soil moisture conditions for trafficability.

Acknowledgements: The study was supported by Estonian Ministry of Defence and by Estonian University of Life Sciences

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THE IMPACT OF SOIL CONDITIONERS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HEAVY SILOS IN ORGANIC FARMS Andrzej Łachacz1, Józef Tyburski2 1Departament of Soil Science and Soil Reclamation, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Michała Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland 2 Department of Agroecosystems, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Michała Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland


Soils with high content of particles Ø ≤ 0.02 mm usually have unfavorable physical properties. In order to determine the impact of soil conditioners on physical properties of heavy soils in organic farming systems, in the years of 2007-2009 a field experiment was carried out in Budziszewo, Pomeranian province in Poland. The farm was organically managed for 20 years and was characterized by proper management (appropriate crop rotation and high stand of dairy cows). Nevertheless in spring there problems with soil drying, which used to delay sowing of spring cereals by ca. 2 weeks, which in tern resulted in low yielding. Therefore the following soil conditioners were applied in 3 following years and 3 times a year:

- biodynamic horn preparate (350 g per ha);

- effective microorganism EM, (3 l per ha);

- humobak - solid microorganic preparate (120 l per ha);

- UG Max – enriched liquid compost extract (3 l per ha);

- control object.

In 2007 silage maize was grown, in 2008 winter spelt wheat and in 2009 spring common wheat. Soil samples to study physical soil properties were collected form 5 – 15 cm soil layer during vegetation period. The taken material was sieved by a set of sieves of 30,0; 10.0; 7.0; 5.0; 3.0; 1.0; 0.5; 0.25 mm mesh. The samples of soil prepared in such a way underwent a wet sieving in soil wet aggregate instrument built in the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Pulawy, Poland.

We concluded that the application of above mentioned soil conditioners (biodynamic horn preparate, EM, humobak, UG Max) did not affect soil physical properties. The applied soil conditioners did not affect crop yielding, with the exception of humobak which decreased yield of silage maize and spring common wheat in a range of 41, and 26% respectively. The authors think that humobak via increased microorganism growth was blocking availability of nitrogen to crops.

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ASSESSMENT OF THE INTENSITY OF THE SOIL ORGANIC MATTER MINERALIZATION UNDER VARIOUS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Monika Vilkienė1, Dalia Ambrazaitienė1, Danutė Karčauskienė1, Zenonas Dabkevičius2

1Vezaiciai Branch of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Gargzdu 29, Vezaiciai, Klaipeda distr., Lithuania 2Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania


Mineralization – is the main organic matter conversion process, which lead not only to preserve organic matter in the soil but also sequestrate it. Soil organic matter (SOM) has equal value as mineral part if we want to improve soil quality or increase the yield. Because of intensive farming, irresponsible use of pesticides and fertilizers and natural factors, soil organic matter decreases. For this reason frequently there are applying different soil-friendly management practices techniques such as shallow tillage, no-tillage or direct seeding and applaing the additional organic matter. The objective of the study - to assess the soil organic matter mineralization process intensity changes when applied the different intensity primary soil tillage in combination with organic matter incorporation.

Soil sampling at the experimental fields of Lithuanian Agriculture and Forestry Science Center, Vėžaičiai Branch in 2013-2015. Test soil - typical Albeluvisol, according to WRB classification assigned Retisols, texture - moraine loam, Corg. – 1,54%, hums – 2,65 %, Nsum – 0,131%, K2O – 301,9 mg kg-1, P2O5 – 161,28 mg kg-1 , pH – 5,3. Field experiment set randomized, in three replications. In these fields tested 3 tillage methods: i) deep plowing (22-25 cm) - DP; ii) plough less tillage (7-10 cm) - PT; iii) plough less tillage (7-10 cm) with an additional deep scratching (up to 40cm) - PTS, which is applying every 4 years. Also analyzed the impact of the additional organic fertilizers on the intensity of the mineralization process intensity: i) stubble; ii) chopped straw + N10; iii) the first plowed grass + chopped straw + N10; iiii) chopped straw + N10 + manure 40 t ha-1. The SOM mineralization intensity has been found by weight method. Soil density set Kaczynski method, solid-phase density - Pictometry method, total and air-filled porosity - taken from the density of the solid phase density and moisture

Long-term studies have shown that land management practice differentiated soil into two layers: more moisture and nutrients having an upper (0-10 cm) and less moisture and nutrients comprising lower (10-20 cm) layers. The condition of aeration in the arable soil layer was equable in the plowing soil. In this soil, the rate of mineralization was lower than the ploughless tillage. In the soil were was used the ploughless tillage method the mineralization of soil organic matter has been very active in the autumn period, which promotes the loss of nutrients from the topsoil layer under high level of rainfall. Also under these conditions was the essential higher CO2 emission into the atmosphere compared with conventional deep ploughting, as well as that shallow tillage method activates the soil microbial activities.

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AGRICULTURAL SOIL ACIDITY, PHOSPHORUS LEACHING RISK AND EROSION RISK IN TWO FOCUS AREAS IN NORTHERN POLAND – EVALUATION FROM SOIL MAPS, FARM WALKS AND GATE BALANCES AT FARM LEVEL Barbro Ulén1, Stefan Pietrzak2 1Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden 2Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy (ITP), Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, Raszyn, Poland


Poland is one of the most important countries for agriculture in the EU and has the largest agricultural area within the Baltic Sea drainage basin. Reducing the risk of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen leaching from soil to water and erosion of Polish soils is therefore essential. Increased acidity is known to reduce soil fertility and trigger P leaching from some non-calcareous soils. As part of advisor training, 25 Pomeranian and 25 Northern-Masovian small to medium-sized (6-98 ha) farms were visited and the soil monitored (855 samples) in 2013-2014. Joint farm walks and nutrient balance calculation were other tools used in nutrient leaching risk evaluations together with farmers. The soil on the study farms was mainly loam, but 25% of the Pomeranian farms were dominated by silty or clayey soils. The topography was mainly flat, but with gentle slopes on 56% of the farms. According to the farmers, 30% of the farms had no artificial soil drainage system, while 50% had simple drainage pipes and 20% (with clay and silt soils) had full drainage systems. The tile drains were on average more than 30 years old, but functioned well. Only three farms had drainage systems younger than 20 years. There were few visible signs of surface erosion, but waterlogging, wet fields and flooding, caused by poor management of open ditches, were reported in pre-interviews with farmers.

Median pH on the Pomeranian farms, based on farm averages and analysed in potassium-chloride solution [pH(KCl)], was 5.2 (corresponding to pH(H2O) 6.2) and liming was advised for fields on most (72%) of these farms. Acid soils were rarer on pig and dairy farms than on arable farms. The farmers interviewed often use only ammonium-sulphate fertiliser, which has acidifying effects, since it is too expensive to buy other fertilisers.

Soil P content, measured with the double-lactate extraction (PDL), was positively and significantly correlated (Pearson coefficient 0.57; p<0.001) with soil pH and was generally higher for pig farms. In contrast, mean PDL tended to be lower on arable farms and was significantly lower (mean 5.1 mg PDL 100 g-1 soil) on mixed farms. These typically had e.g. only a few cows and some poultry and were a frequent form of farm in the Pomeranian sample. Farm gate balances indicated deficits of P and potassium (K) on many of these farms and the soil can be expected to be nutrient depleted. Swedish long-term experiments have demonstrated that totally omitting P fertilisation on soils with low soil P status is followed only by poor yield, with no reduction in P leaching. In contrast, soil P on the pig farms, recalculated to soil tests with extraction in acid ammonium lactate (PAL), corresponded to 254 mg kg soil-1. At such high levels, further addition of manure has been demonstrated to further increase P leaching, possibly owing to a combined effect of manure P and soil P.

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DYNAMICS OF SOIL PH IN 40-YEARS PERIOD DEPENDING CROPPING SYSTEM Livija Zarina1, Liga Zarina2

1State Priekuli Plant Breeding Institute, Zinatnes Street 2, Priekuli, Latvia 2Department of Geology University of Latvia, Alberta Str. 10, Riga, Latviamailto:


Because soil pH affects the availability of all plant nutrients it directly affects also the growth of plants. Therefore it is important for growers to follow this parameter regularly and to maintain optimal for crops level that is between pH 6 and 6.5 when most plant nutrients are in their most available state. Soil pH is an indices for effective management of soils for succesfull crop production, and soil reaction is recommended as indicator limiting biological and chemical processes in soil.

To clarity dynamic of the soil acidity of soddy podzolic light loam soils in a 40 year period there were in Priekuli State Plant Breeding Institute (57o19’N, 25o20’E) data from a long term crop rotation investigation field (established in 1958) using statistical methods analyzed.

The experiment under five different fertilizations systems included nine different crop rotations. The rates of organic fertilizers were 10 and 20 t ha-1, and the rates of mineral fertilizers were N-66, P- 90, K- 135 kg ha-1 and N-132, P- 180, K- 270 kg ha-1 that were applied by using ammonium nitrate, potassium chloride and ordinary superphosphate. Soil tillage technology was based on the traditional in Latvia manners- ploughing in the autumn and cultivation after spreading of mineral fertilizers. A measurement of soil pH and nutrient content was performed every year.

The normal mean temperature during the years of experiments varied from -6.2 0C in January to 16.7 0C in July. This paper describes results starting 1964.

Results from experimental field demonstrated significant changes of the basic soil chemical characters during the 40 years period. Soil pH decreased in all investigated crop rotations. There was found influence on soil reaction of structure of crop rotation during long term.

In conclusion, elements of crop management system (crop rotation, fertilization) remain significant influence on soil reaction. Sharp decreasing of the pH indices started after 15-20- year’s period depending cropping system.

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SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND MICROBIAL BIOMASS UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS IN EUTRI-HYPOSTAGNIC RETISOLS Jūratė Aleinikovienė, Gintaras Šiaudinis, Dalia Ambrazaitienė, Monika Vilkienė, Regina Skuodienė, Donata Tomchuk

Vezaiciai branch of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Gargzdu 29, Vezaiciai, Klaipeda distr., Lithuania


Carbon pools in soils are composed of organic and inorganic components. Nevertheless, the pools of soil organic carbon (SOC) are more labile comparing with soil inorganic carbon pools. However, seeking for the stability between carbon inputs from primary production and carbon outputs by mineralization, we are admire for C storage in soils. It is hard to balance C in acid soils. Thus, soil microbial biomass may facilitate the soil organic matter stabilization in more acidic environments.

Acidification of Retisols naturally occurs in Western part of Lithuania. However, natural and human induced acidification/alkalization alters the changes in organic carbon dynamics, but still the uncertainties remain in the potential response of SOC content as well as of soil microbial biomass (Cmic) within the different soil management and tillage systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil management and tillage system effects on SOC content and Cmic concentration in naturally acid moraine loam Eutri-Hypostagnic Retisol. Soil samples from a depth of 0-10 cm were collected in long-term limed and control plots in the following management and tillage systems in: (1) energy crop plantations (common mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.), cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) and Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita Rusby); (2) agricultural land with different management and organic amendment plots (conventional and shallow ploughing with stubble, straw, first green catch cropping for green manure and manure amendments), and (3) grassland with different herb composition (red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) and common lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)).

Despite the differences in soil management and tillage systems, the content of SOC had the tendency to increase in long-term limed plots instead of control (naturally acid plots). Significant differences in the content of SOC have been estimated in agricultural land with different management and organic amendment plots, where the content of SOC have been ranging from 13.9 to 18.6 g kg-1 and have been higher in manure amended plots. However, in plots with energy crop plantations the differences in SOC content were not statistically significant. Even though, the SOC content in first-year grassland has been the highest (ranged from 267 to 363 g kg-1), in some extend in the control plots it even reached 387 g kg-1 and had tendency to be well expressed in plots with red clover admixtures.

Soil microbial biomass was more expressed while differences in soil management and tillage systems. Thus, obtained results provide the insights that natural acidification in soil is more beneficial for soil microbiota biomass production. In control plots, Cmic was higher in energy crop plantations and have been ranging from 407 to 1122 µg g-1. Thus, the Cmic have had the potential to be depended on amendment, especially, with stubble and manure. However, if to compare with limed plots, microbial biomass has had the tendency to be higher in naturally acid plots even in the first-year grassland.

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THE CHANGES OF SOIL ACIDITY IN SOIL IN LONG-TERM FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS Janis Vigovskis, Aivars Jermuss, Agrita Svarta, Daina Sarkanbarde

Research Institute of Agriculture of Latvian University of Agriculture, Zemkopības institūts 7, Skrīveri, Latvia


The paper describes the influence of long term (more than 30 years) fertilizer and lime application to the changes of soil acidity (pHCl) and identifies the influence of soil acidity to productivity of cultivars.

The research has been carried out at the Research Institute of Agriculture of Latvian University of Agriculture in the long-term subsurface drainage field established in Skrīveri in 1981 under the guidance of professor J. Štikāns. The long-term drainage field was established in the uncultivated gleyic sod-podzolic Hypostagnic Endogleyic Albeluvisol (Hypereutric), stw-ng-AB(he) loam that had not been used in agriculture for 20 years before. The experimental field was established with four rates of mineral fertilizers: without fertilizers, N45P30K45; N90P60K90 N135P90K135 calculated in form of P2O5 and K2O and four (slate ash with 80% neutralizing value) lime rates 0, 2.58, 5.70 and 11.40 t ha-1 CaCO3. Primary liming was done in 1981 (Estonian oil shale ashes), the maintenance liming in 1994 (dolomitic limestone) and 2014 (BALTKALK)

Since 1994 a seven-year crop rotation has been organized: 1) winter triticale, 2) potatoes, 3) spring wheat, 4) spring oilseed rape, 5) spring barley + perennial grasses (red clover, timothy), 6) perennial grasses, 1st year of using, and 7) perennial grasses 2nd year of using. Mineral fertilizers were applied according to the anticipated rates of plant nutrient elements annually during the cultivation of soil before sowing. For winter cultivars the phosphorus as superphosphate and potassium as potassium chloride fertilizers were cultivated before the sowing in autumn and nitrogen in form of ammonium nitrate was applied the next spring at the beginning of vegetation and at the stage of tillering. During the vegetation period all the required common agro-technical measures were taken – treatment with herbicides, fungicides and insecticides.

After 34 years of trial soil parameters showed significantly different soil acidity related to the different level of fertilizer application and liming rates. At the beginning (1981) of the experiment the soil reaction in all variants was pH (KCl) 4.7-4.9. In both limed variants the soil reaction increased from pH 4.8 till pH 5.8-6.0. In the following years till 1994 the soil reaction in limed variants gradually decreased (about 0.4-0.6 pH units). After the maintenance liming 12 years later, the soil reaction increased and reached nearly the previous highest level. Next twenty years the maintenance liming was not done. In variants with highest liming rate (11.40 t ha-1 CaCO3) the soil reaction decreased till pH 5.2. In variants with low liming rate (2.58 t ha-1 CaCO3) the soil reaction decreased till pH 4.6, what was even lower than in beginning of experiment (pH 4.8). In the unlimed variants the soil reaction gradually decreased from pH 4.8 till 4.4. The results of experiment show that without maintenance liming the soil acidity during 20 years increased by 0.7 - 0.8 pH units.

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COMPARABLE RESULTS OF SOIL STRUCTURE IN THE SEEDBED RELATED FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN ESTONIA AND LITHUANIA

Edvin Nugis1, Aleksandras Velykis2, Antanas Satkus2

1Estonian Crop Research Institute, Department of Agrotechnology, J. Aamisepa 1, Jõgeva, Jõgeva vald, Estonia 2Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Joniskelis Experimental Station Karpiu 1, Joniskelis, Pasvalys district, Lithuania

Email: [email protected]

Agronomy valuable structural aggregates (soil macrostructure) in results of soil tillage and no till in conditions of soil mature were studied. Most of agronomy valuable structural aggregates were determined. In Estonia and Lithuania the soil structure in the seedbed prepared for spring crops were studied by same equipment and have been used the same method for assessment. This study was done in results of compact co-operation between Estonian and Lithuanian scientists. There is an interest by farmers what is happened with soil structural properties in results of soil ploughing versus direct drilling or no till including others different agro technologies. The results showed that the soil structure is available to assess by structure ratio and index Bstr soil structure which could be calculated in results of moist sieving of the soil. An increase in structure ratio Kstr the soil structural properties is a more advantageous. For index Bstr soil structure is inversely. We have received the comparable results (1995-1997 and 2012-2014 years) of corresponding levels Bstr for Estonian Fragi-Stagnic Albeluvisol related conventional tillage (plot spot KE, ) and for ploughing plot spot (K2) which all had their lowest values (Bstr = 0.64) and most favourable level of soil structure. This light soil dwells in South part of Estonia. On heavier soil (clay loam Endocalcaric Endogleyic Cambisol) in northern Lithuania the most favorable soil structure level in the seedbed has also been obtained using conventional ploughing. The worst seedbed structure in clay loam soil was under no tillage in autumn with cover crop for winter mulch. Incorporation of lime sludge mainly helped to avoid the degradation of soil structure applying the ploughless tillage.

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CARBON BALANCE AND SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN DRAINED AND AFFORESTED TRANSITIONAL BOG IN LATVIA Ainars Lupikis, Andis Lazdins, Arta Bardule, Aldis Butlers

LSFRI Silava, Latvia, Salaspils, 111 Rigas str. 28923343


Around 25% of total forest area in Latvia is drained in order to increase land productivity. Although drainage improves growing conditions, it may speed up peat decomposition and carbon loss from the soil, especially on organic soils. The aim of this study is to find out the impact of drainage to a soil carbon stock and soil physical properties in drained and afforested transitional bog. Part of the study area was drained in 1960 and small area was left undrained and is used as a control. Dominant tree species is coniferous (Scotch pine and Norway spruce) with average growing stock 50 m3 ha-1 before drainage and 240 m3 ha-1 after drainage. Peat thickness decreased by 26 cm during 54 years after drainage. The most of the subsidence has occurred directly after drainage and during 6 years after drainage subsidence of peat layer reached 12 cm. The peat subsidence can be explained by physical compaction and not by peat decomposition. Peat bulk density has doubled on topsoil (0-10 cm) after drainage (74±8 kg m-3 undrained and 141±14 kg m-3 drained) and results show no decrease on soil carbon stock (339±21 t ha-1 undrained and 359±19 t ha-1 drained) when 0-80 cm peat layer in undrained and 0-54 cm (according to peat subsidence of 26 cm) peat layer in drained plots are compared. There are no changes on soil carbon stock because of increased organic matter inflow through litterfall and dead wood. The acidification due to decomposition of coniferous litter may also contribute to reduction of speed of decomposition of organic matter in soil. Level of pH H2O have decreased from 5.9 before drainage to 4.3 at the topsoil layer after drainage and regression analysis shows significant impact (p < 0.05, R2 = 0.44) of pH H2O level to soil carbon stock. According to the study results the appropriate management after drainage contributes to reduced or even excludes negative impact of drainage of organic soils to a CO2 emissions and increase the land productivity. Respectively, drainage and afforestation of organic soils can contribute to implementation of the climate change mitigation targets.

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LONG-TERM EFFECT OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS, STRAW AND GREEN MANURE COMBINATIONS ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND MICROORGANISMS Vaclovas Bogužas, Romutė Mikučionienė, Jūratė Aleinikovienė, Vaida Steponavičienė

Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 11, Akademija, Kaunas distr., Lithuania


Nowadays the priority in agriculture is given to the soil tillage systems which enable reduction of organic matter decomposition. Our investigation was aimed to assess the long-term impact of reduced intensity tillage systems, straw and green manure combinations on soil organic matter quantity and quality. Since 1999, a long-term field experiment has been done at the Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University (former Lithuanian University of Agriculture) at 54ŗ52′50 N latitude and 23ŗ49′41 E longitude. The results presented in this paper were obtained in the 12th and 14th years of investigations. The soil of the experimental site is Epieutric Endocalcaric Endogleyic Planosol.

Continuous long-term (12 and 14 years) straw application increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content by 9.3% and 12.0% compared with the plots without straw. Reduced tillage systems without primary tillage (shallow rotovating before sowing, catch cropping for green manure with rotovating, no-tillage) were even more effective. Compared with conventional ploughing, SOC increased by 19.4% to 33.9%. These tillage systems increased soil quality too, since SOC stratification ratio between 0–10 and 10–20 cm layers increased by 1.14 till 1.21. Reduced tillage systems with primary tillage (shallow ploughing and shallow loosening) had no effect both on SOC and stratification process in the soil. SOC pools over the experimental years tended to increase by 9.3% and 11.6% in the treatments of long-term application of straw compared with the plots without straw. No-tillage and catch cropping for green manure with rotovating compared with conventional ploughing significantly increased the pools of organic carbon by from 31.7% to 33.3% in the plots without straw and from 28.9% to 32.7% in the plots with straw. Continuous straw application increased the quantity of mobile humus substances by 22.7% compared to the plots without straw. Straw in combination with catch crop for green manure incorporation and rotovating and no-tillage increased mobile humus substances by 53.2% and 58.8% compared with conventional ploughing. Only long-term application of straw increased the quantity of mobile humic acids by 40.6% compared with the plots without straw. The rate of mobile humic acids from total amount of mobile humus substances in the treatments without straw amounted to 39.8%, while with straw this content increased to 45.6%. Reduced tillage systems without primary tillage had no significant effect on mobile humic acids but tended to increase soil organic matter quality. As soil microorganisms are effecting soil organic matter dynamics through their activity, their impact may not be eliminated from SOC measurements. It was estimated that due to increased soil microbial abundance there have been the tendency to intensify soil organic matter decomposition in reduced tillage systems with primary tillage (shallow rotovating before sowing and catch cropping for green manure) compared with conventional ploughing. Even though microbial abundance (especially abundance of micromycetes) has been higher, reduced tillage increased the total microbial biomass stocks. Thus, it leads to higher SOC potential turnover rates in long-term tillage systems.

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INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGY CONDITIONS AND OF ORGANIC FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD OF EARLY POTATOES IN SANDY LOAM SOILS Vilma Žėkaitė1, Jonas Arbačiauskas1, Jūratė Aleinikovienė2 1Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania 2Vezaiciai branch of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Gargzdu 29, Vezaiciai, Klaipeda distr., Lithuania


Field studies have been carried out in 2006-2013 within the organic farming system allocated in the Southeast of Lithuania in Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Perloja branch in a regular podzolized Luvisol (IDE-p), sandy loam Hapli–Albic Luvisol (LVA-ha). Before the experiment installation the soil arable layer pHKCl was 5.2–5.7; P2O5 170–253 mg kg-1; K2O 104-178 mg kg-1, and humus was 1.64–1.89%.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different organic fertilizers on potatoes tuber productivity, starch content and dry matter concentration in tubers, and their dependency on temperature and precipitation content over the vegetation period. It was also aimed to estimate the organic farming system fertilization impact on the dynamic of plant nutrients and soil stability in sandy loam soils.

In 2006-2009 the highest increase in potatoes tuber was estimated while applying K90N90 organic Provita fertilizers in spring and additionally via potatoes leaves spraying 10 l ha-1 Biokal and 4 l ha-1 Biojodis, while potatoes above ground green biomass reaches 15-25 cm height and in the beginning of potatoes flowering. The estimated increase in the yield of potatoes has been significant by 3.81 and 4.13 t ha-1 or by 20.7–22.0% value if to compare with only K90 fertilization. However, if to compare with only K120 fertilization in 2010-2013 the highest increase in potatoes tuber yield (33.6-35.8 t ha-1) was estimated while applying bones powder in combination with organic Biofer fertilizers, while fertilizing the potatoes preplant with green clover biomass. It was also estimated, that in average higher contents of starch and concentrations of dry matter, respectively, 14.0 and 19.1% value have been accumulated in the tubers in 2013 then precipitation and temperature have reached an average perennial values.

Thus, in organic fertilization system then organic fertilization has been applied in the period since 2006 till 2013, the soil pH and humus content in 0-20 cm soil layer has not changed significantly. Even though, the increase in content of mobile phosphorus was not significant. Only the increase in the content of potassium was significant and in 2013 year was by 68 mg kg-1 higher if to compare with potassium content in 2006. However, there have been estimated the increase in the content of total mineral (N-NO3+N-NH4) and nitrate (N-NO3) nitrogen in 0-60 cm soil layer in spring one-year after the potatoes cultivation. The content of total mineral and nitrate nitrogen was, respectively, 7.4 and 5.6 mg l-1 or 1.98 and 1.78 mg l-1 was more then in average higher during the rotation.

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THE EFFECT OF DIGESTATE FERTILIZATION ON THE SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Vita Tilvikienė, Žydre Kadžiulienė, Renaldas Žydelis

Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kedainiai distr., Lithuania


Anaerobic digestion has been known for centuries, but rising prices of fossil fuel and increasing atmospheric pollution have boosted an interest in this process over the last few years and has made anaerobic digestion attractive for investors and users; however there is still a question of how to utilize digestate and get the highest impact on economic benefit of the biogas production. One of the most effective ways of digestate utilization is the use for grass fertilization. On the other hand it is still not very clear how this digestate affect the soil properties.

Field experiments were carried out in Central Lithuania (55° 24‘N) on an Apicalcari - Endohypogleyic Cambisol, light loam. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of mineral nitrogen and digestate fertilization of cocksfoot on soil properties. The experiment involved the following treatments: 1. Control N0, 2. - Fertilization with mineral nitrogen N180, 3. - Fertilization with mineral nitrogen N360, 4. - Fertilization with digestate N90, 5. - Fertilization with digestate N180, 6. - Fertilization with digestate N270, 7. - Fertilization with digestate N360, 8. - Fertilization with digestate N450. All the swards were fertilized with 1/3 of the annual rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the year of sowing at tillering stage. In other experimental years, the swards were fertilized twice: in spring and after the first cut, equally dividing the annual fertilizer rate. The rate of digestate was calculated according to total concentration of nitrogen in it which was equivalent to the mineral nitrogen rate. During the three experimental years the swards were cut 3 times per vegetative season, first at heading, second in the middle of July, third at the beginning of October.

Our research findings indicated that when cocksfoot was fertilized with digestate, produced during processing of pig manure and animal by-product and forage production waste into biogas, its biomass productivity was equal to that of the swards fertilized with the same rate of mineral nitrogen. Over the three experimental years, the concentration of phosphorus and potassium decreased. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil of cocksfoot swards, fertilized with digestate, was lower than the maximum permitted rate. The concentration of organic matter decreased in the soil of swards, fertilized with mineral fertilizers, but in the swards, fertilized with digestate, it was either the same as before the experiment or increased. After the three experimental years, nitrogen concentration was lower in the soil of swards fertilized with digestate containing 90-180 kg N ha-1, but increased digestate rate enhanced nitrogen concentration in the soil. The variation of concentration of mineral nitrogen in the soil varied according to the treatment and the time of the year.

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE COMPOST ON WINTER WHEAT AND SPRING BARLEY YIELD AND QUALITY Ieva Narutytė, Gediminas Staugaitis, Jonas Arbačauskas

Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Agrochemical Research Laboratory, Savanorių pr. 287, Kaunas, Lithuania


Many countries (including Lithuania) practice composting of biodegradable waste. Composts are used for fertilisation in agriculture for many years, yet there is still a need for more research on relationships between the different quality characteristics, quality characteristics as totality, and especially contamination of different types of biodegradable waste compost. Compost is obtained from different types of biodegradable waste (including biogas production waste and sewage sludge) during the process of aerobic degradation of organic matter by microorganisms. Therefore it should be regarded as a complex of various matters and elements. Organic fertiliser is an essential source of replenishing the energetic potential of soil. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of different types of biodegradable waste compost on the winter wheat and spring barley yield and quality.

The experiment is carried out at the Elmininkai Experimental Station in Anykščiai district, Lithuania. The total size of experimental plot is 72 m2 (12×6), accounting area – 24 m2. Design of the experiment: 1. Not treated; 2. Treated with green waste compost (leaves, grass, plant parts); 3. Treated with green waste compost and mineral fertilisers; 4. Treated with farm manure; 5. Treated with farmyard manure and mineral fertilisers; 6. Treated with biogas production waste compost; 7. Treated with biogas production waste compost and mineral fertilisers; 8. Treated with mineral fertilisers; 9. Treated with sewage sludge compost (matured using straw or leaves) and mineral fertilisers; 10. Treated with sewage sludge compost. The rates of mineral fertilisers applied (kg ha¹ of active matter): nitrogen – 90, phosphorus –60, potassium – 90 – winter wheat and spring barley – nitrogen – 60, phosphorus – 40, potassium – 60. The rates of organic fertilisers were calculated based on the maximal permitted nitrogen rate of 170 kg ha¹, as it was indicated in the EC Directive 91/676/EEC. Spring barley and winter wheat grain yield (t ha-1) was re-calculated and expressed as the yield of 14% moisture content absolutely clean grain. Concentration of different elements was determined using the following analytical methods: Kjeldahl method (total nitrogen), vanadate/molybdate method (total phosphorus), flame emission spectrometry method (total potassium).

The largest statistically significant differences between the not treated experimental plots (winter wheat grain yield 3.39 t ha-1 and spring barley 2.99, t ha-1) the plots treated with organic fertilizers were recorded in the winter wheat plots treated with farmyard manure and mineral fertilisers (grain yield 5,83 t ha-1) and spring barley plots treated with green waste compost and digestate (5,04 t ha-1 and 5,17 t ha-1 yield increase, respectively).

The determined nitrogen concentrations in winter wheat grains were within the limits of 2.03–2.21 %, phosphorus –0.40–0.46 %, potassium – 0.33–0.40 % and spring barley -2.01–2.35 %, phosphorus –0.46–0.55 %, potassium – 0.49–0.58 %.

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QUANTITATIVE PCB’S ANALYSIS IN LITHUANIA PRODUCE COMPOSTS Karolina Barčauskaitė, Romas Mažeika, Gediminas Staugaitis, Zenonas Dabkevičius

Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania


Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. At the simplest level, the process of composting simply requires making a heap of wetted organic matter known as green waste (leaves, food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or months. Compost is rich in nutrients. It is used in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, and agriculture. The compost itself is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil. In ecosystems, compost is useful for erosion control, land and stream reclamation, wetland construction, and as landfill cover. On the other hand, not only nutrients but also pollutants such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POP) it is find in Lithuania produce composts. POP is a wide group of organic compounds such as PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs/PCDFs and other. PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) - industrial chemicals no longer produced, but persistent and found in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate PCBs concentration in Lithuania produce composts. In this study were investigated six different origin composts: green waste, sewage sludge, cattle manure, food waste, mixed municipal waste and digestate. PCBs in composts were identified by means GC-ECD analysis and external standard method. PCBs were not found in food waste and cattle manure composts. Total amount of PCB were verified from 3.21 ± 0.14 µg/kg in green waste compost to 505.09 ± 45.10 µg/kg in the mixed municipal waste compost.

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EFFECT OF LAND USE ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON POOLS IN GRASSLANDS OF PROTECTED AREAS AND ARABLE LANDS IN CENTRAL LITHUANIA Inga Liaudanskienė1, Alvyra Šlepetienė1, Jonas Šlepetys1, Ieva Jokubauskaitė2 1Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, Kedainiai distr. 2Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Gargzdu g. 29, Vezaiciai, Klaipeda distr.


Soil is a rich mix of mineral particles, organic matter, gases, and nutrients which, when infused with water, constitutes a fertile substrate for the initiation and maintenance of terrestrial life. Soil organic matter (SOM) is difficult to study because it is a complex mixture of substances having turnover rates that range from days to millennia. Soil quality is influenced not only by the amount of SOM in a given soil but also by the quality of SOM. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key property given its importance to soil fertility and erosion resistance. Plant species can influence SOC quantity and qualitative composition. In Lithuania, like in other countries, there is little research on the preservation processes of SOC – the key element of SOM – in differently-aged protected areas and no comparison with agrarian land. In this study SOC was investigated in the soils of Natura 2000 protected areas (Endocalcari-Endohypergleyic Cambisols, Fluvi-Eutric Fluvisols and Endohypogleyi-Eutric Fluvisols) and agrarian lands (Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisols) overgrown with grasses, and characterized by differences in SOC stability. So this research determined total SOC content and organic carbon distribution in SOC pools in soil samples from 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depth, taken in three replicates in each investigated site in July, 2012. Soil pH often is hypothesized to be a major factor regulating SOM turnover in agricultural soils, and forest soils mostly are more acidic than analogous arable soils. The results of this study showed that soil pH was higher in the surviving wood pasture compared to those in wood pasture under restoration in all soil layers. The established forest plants, especially spruce, affected the soil pH, because spruce needle debris tends to acidify the soil. The soil of natural meadow in floodplain of the Nevėžis River was slightly more acid than that of former arable land there. The soil pH of semi-natural pasture was close to neutral, similar pH values were in the soil of organically grown legumes. Grassland soils generally contain more SOC than arable soils. According to our research data in the pre-mainland section of middle reaches of Nevėžis River the SOC content was more than 5-fold higher than that in arable land and also higher compared with long-lived systems of semi-natural pasture and wood pasture. High accumulation of SOC and small relative content of mobile humic acids (MHA) demonstrates high stability of humic substances there. The share of mobile humic substances (MHS) in SOM increased from pre-mainland section towards riverside, and it was also associated with higher acidity and aggregate composition of soil. Total SOC is not a useful indicator for monitoring purposes, when land-uses are not very contrasting. Differences in amount and type of the organic inputs, soil orders and land-use affect the SOC distribution into pools of different stability. The clay minerals have the protecting effect on SOM and SOC through formation of organic-mineral complexes. We have detected that the largest amount of clay-sized organic C was in the soils under long-term use of grassland with big variety of herbaceous plants in pre-mainland section and semi-natural pasture. Water soluble organic carbon (WEOC), composed mainly of organic acids and soluble carbohydrates, plays an important role in both natural and modified ecosystems as a substrate for microorganisms. WEOC forms the most active SOC pool, and concentration of WEOC decreased with depth usually. Excessively large proportion of WEOC in the soil indicates unfavourable processes occurring in the soil, trend towards leaching of nutrients and thus to soil degradation. During the research it was ascertain that the most unfavourable status of SOC was in the riverside section of the middle reaches of the Nevėžis River, where the proportion of labile WEOC and MHS in the SOC was the largest, and the proportion of resistant clay-sized organic C was the lowest.

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SOIL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN SPRING OILSEED RAPE CROP IN ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM Rita Mockevičienė1, Rimantas Velička1, Aušra Marcinkevičienė2, Rita Pupalienė2, Zita Kriaučiūnienė2, Lina Marija Butkevičienė1

1Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Department of Agroecosystems and Soil Science, Studentu 11, Akademija, Kaunas distr., Lithuania 2Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Experimental Station, Rapsu 7, Noreikiskes, Kaunas distr., Lithuania


There is a growing need for healthy food, therefore, it is necessary to develop and improve organic farming systems for the production of different crops including oilseed rape. Oilseed rape has a lower weed smothering ability than barley and winter wheat due to itʾs long rosette development period. Inter-row mechanical weed control is practiced in organic farms and can significantly reduce weed density. Thermal weed control method is a new method based on heat spread regularities, using thermo-engineering techniques and equipment and can be used in organic farms as well. The heat transfer process is intense; steam condensation occurs on the plant and soil surface. The cost of weed control can be significantly reduced by employing a crop’s smothering ability. As the use of organic fertilisers and plant bio-activators increase, it is critical to investigate their effectiveness on organic crops. Different bioorganic fertilisers and growth promoters often have different impact on crops; however, there is a lack of such studies for oilseed rape crops. The use of different weed control methods and bio-activators can influence soil biological properties. Randomised split-plot design field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in 2012 and 2013. The soil of experimental field was a Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisol. This study aims to assess the influence of different weed control methods on soil biological activity in spring oilseed rape crops in an organic farming system, with and without the use of plant bio-activators. Experimental treatments in main plots were non-chemical weed control methods: 1) TWC – thermal (water steam), 2) MWC – mechanical (inter-row loosening), and 3) SMT – smothering (self-regulation); and in subplots – plant bio-activators: 1) no application and 2) with application. TWC and MWC were applied in oilseed rape crop cultivated at a wide row spacing of 48 cm. Oilseed rape was cultivated at an inter-row spacing of 12.0 cm in plots where smothering was used for weed control .

It was established that significantly highest activity of soil enzymes urease and saccharase was in plots where weed control method plant suppressing was used. The activity of soil enzymes increased in plots where plant bio-activators were applied, except plots of mechanical weed control in 2014. The highest earthworm number in the soil was estimated in plots with weed control method plant suppressing. The significantly higher mass of earthworms was established in plots where plant bio-activators for spring oilseed rape were used. The correlation between soil enzymes activity and earthworm density was not significant. The earthworm density and mass in the soil depended on the meteorological conditions during vegetation period, especially on humidity. The strong negative significant relationship between the mass of earthworms and soil shear strength was estimated: r= -0.87, P < 0.05. The indexes of soil biological properties in plots without weed killing were higher compared with this in plots where TWC and MWC were used. The significantly highest seed yield of spring oilseed rape was obtained in plots where weed control method smothering was used in 2013. No significant difference between spring oilseed rape seed yield in plots with TWC and MWC was investigated. In 2014 the highest seed yield of oilseed rape was investigated when mechanical weed control was used: significantly higher compared with thermal weed control and not significantly compared with weed control method smothering. The relationship between spring oilseed rape seed yield and the parameters of soil biological activity was not significant. The weed control method smothering is good for spring oilseed rape. The soil shear strength was lover in plots where spring oilseed rape was grown with narrow row spacing and weed control method smothering was used.

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INVESTIGATION OF HAIRY VETCH (VICIA VILLOSA ROTH.) ADAPTATION TO SOIL ACIDITY Nijolė Maršalkienė

Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Studentu str. 11, Akademija, Kauno distr., Lithuania


Acid soils are one of the most important limitations to agricultural production worldwide. Multi-annual studies have proved that because of a genotypes inability to adjust to certain soil conditions, 20% of yield is lost every year. Most soils in Western, Eastern and South-East Lithuania originally are of acid reaction (618870 ha or 18.7%). Creating varieties that could be resistant to extreme impacts like soil acidity is a common task of breeders, physiologists and geneticists. To enhance creation of such varieties, it would be purposeful to select genotypes that have maintained agriculturally valuable characteristics of genome stability in the course of evolution.

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) is a hardy vetch suited colder winters than other cool-season legumes. This vetch is among the best of the legumes in its ability to be productive in low fertility or acid soils. In Lithuania hairy vetch, like the wild species, is a rather rare plant and grows in phytocenoses as a weed. In the “Genefund” program V. villosa has been investigated at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture in 1998 – 2010.

During expeditions were found 58 habitats of V. villosa. Hairy vetch was most widespread in South-east and East Lithuania, there dominating sandy and acid reaction soils. Hairy vetch grew on a broad soil pH range. In different habitats soil pH varied from 4.9 to 7.4. The biggest part of habitats (75 %) was found on pH 5.6-6.8.

The collection (48 ecotypes) was grown and field trials and was conducted in 2001-2006 at the Experimental station of Lithuanian university of agriculture, Middle Lithuania, on soil – on medium loam Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol (LVg-p-w-cc), neutral: pH-KCl 7.1. Iinvestigation of different ecotypes revealed great phenological and biomorphological diversity of cenopopulations. In different years winter vetch cenopopulations varied according to all biometrical parameters. This suggests that this species is polymorphic and can adapt well to changing ecological conditions without the loss of parameters specific to the cenopopulations. Under the same growing conditions (ex situ), phenological, morphometric and immunological differences were established in separate (geographically remote) cenopopulations of V. villosa. The genotypes from acids soil habitats were characterised by forwardness, more haired stem ant leave, low and bushy habit and poorer productivity parameters.

The analysis of hairy vetch sensibility to soil pH parameters was performed with phyto-cameras at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2005-2006. The experiments were conducted with hairy vetch variety 'Pukiai' and wild population sample No.34, and covered investigation of vetch sensibility to the substrates with pH from 6.5 down to 3.3. The greatest hairy vetch viability and productivity were observed in the substrates with pH 5.8-5.5, and were most inhibited in the substrates with pH 3.3-3.5. Vetch No.34 tolerated substrates with pH 5.8-5.2 better than vetch 'Pukiai', whereas vetch 'Pukiai' tolerated substrates with pH 6.5 and 3.3 relatively better than vetch No.34.

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BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM OIL PRODUCTS CONTAMINATED SOIL USING SEWAGE SLUDGE Danutė Karčauskienė1,2, Viktorija Jakubauskaitė1, Žilvinas Kryževičius1,2, Audronė Žukauskaitė1, Dalia Ambrazaitienė1,2

1Klaipeda University, H. Manto 84, Klaipeda, Lithuania 2Vezaiciai Branch of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Gargzdu 29, Vezaiciai, Klaipeda distr., Lithuania


Coastal zones are greatly affected by ecological, social and economic problems related to the population growth and industrial or tourism activities. One of the most serious forms of environmental damage results from oil spills and therefore effective management strategies are needed to consider the coastal areas as dynamic and integrated systems. Oil product spills are possible in all stages of oil extraction, transportation or usage. After getting into environment, these products strongly affect the ecosystems; pH and aeration level of soil changes in most often, biota is exposed to toxicity and its biological activity is weakened, soil degradation probability increases. Most of contemporary methods to clean oil from contaminated soil are developed by creating new and effective bioagents for oil degradation. The production of bioagents requires both material and energetic resources. Waste – sludge usage in biological treatment technology is new and combined method to solve sludge utilization problem as well as save material and energetic resources needed for production of bioagents. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine how sewage sludge can influence the biodegradation activity of soil contaminated with oil products, as well as to determine what groups of microorganisms influence these processes most. The study was conducted in vitro (under laboratory conditions) in Klaipėda University, using vegetative pots, 5 kg of dry soil was placed into pots; each test was made in triplicate. Bathihypogleyic-Dystric Albeluvisol (Abd-gld-w), texture sandy loam from Klaipėda University Botanical Garden was selected for tests. At the beginning the soil was artificially polluted with heavy fuel oil and diesel fuel: 15g kg-1 and 30 g kg-1. Then sewage sludge was added to the soil to create three test cases: 1) without sludge, 2) 5% and 3) 10% for dried soil. Four sewage sludges - from SC “Klaipėdos vanduo” Dumpiai wastewater treatment plant, from small water treatment plant, from paper industry and chemical industry plants were used. During the experiment the soil was aerated once a week by mixing it in pots; soil moisture of approximately 20% was maintained during the study. The concentrations of oil products in soil were tested with gas chromatograph “Shimadzu GC-2010”, with anion-polar column and a flame ionization detector (FID) according to ISO16703-2004 standard. The current study confirmed that during the treatment of soil polluted with heavy fuel oil (15 and 30 g kg-1) the best tendency to treatment efficiency was achieved by adding 10% of the small water treatment plant activated sludge into the soil. Diesel fuel was most efectively decomposed in the pots with sludge from chemistry industry sewage treatment plant. In conclusion, there is a possibility to create combined and integrated systems, where waste from waste water treatment plants would be used as bioagents for improving decomposing of oil products.

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TILLAGE AND WHITE MUSTARD EFFECT ON SOIL COMPACTION AND WEED PRESSURE Gražina Kadžienė, Ona Auškalnienė, Simona Pranaitienė, Agnė Putramentaitė, Daiva Janušauskaitė, Virginijus Feiza, Skaidrė Supronienė, Birutė Ramanauskienė

Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Instituto al. 1, Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania


It is known that low intensive tillage systems are economically beneficial and minimize soil erosion, but it often faces with problems such us soil compaction and weed and pest management. Cereal based crop rotation which is still famous in current practise in Lithuania, increases occurrence of the specific weeds and pest, especially when low intensive tillage technologies are applied.

Number of studies has been performed on different crop between crop, also known as catch crop or cover crop, for grain manure, in order to reduce nitrogen leaching, but not many data available for its impact on soil physical properties and weed density under various tillage conditions.

The main purpose of our study was to identify the effect of White mustard Sinapis Alba Linn as cover crop on soil compaction and weed pressure in different tillage systems.

Five tillage practices: deep plowing (20-22 cm), shallow plowing (14-16 cm), harrowing (8-10 cm), harrowing (12-16 cm) and direct drilling, with and without White mustard, were investigated in a loam soil in long term tillage experiment in Dotnuva. White mustard was established before harvest of the main crop, using Fertilizer Spreader, in 2013 and 2014.

White mustard had a positive effect on soil bulk density, total porosity and other physical properties. It also clearly reduced number and mass of weeds in all tillage treatments.

Our results suggest that White mustard as cover crop might be an option to reduce soil compaction and weed pressure.

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ASSESMENT OF EROSION – RESISTING AGROTECHNOLOGIES ON HILLY RELIEF IN LITHUANIA Danutė Karčauskienė, Irena Kinderienė

Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Gargzdu 29, Vezaiciai, LT-96216, Klaipeda district, Lithuania


The erodible ground moraine, abundance and intensity of precipitation have created favourable natural conditions for erosion by water in the Zemaiciai Uplands. The mean and maximum elevations in the Uplands are 119.0 and 234.6 m asl, respectively. The topography of researched site - Kaltinenai catchment area consists of large and steeply (gentle and moderate) dissected hills (≥8–12o) where the average lengths of slopes are ≥100 m. Annual precipitation during the study period was 831–966 mm. Mean annual air temperature is estimated 6.5oC (–2.5oC in January and 17.3oC in July) (Laukuva meteorological station).

Research data were obtained on sandy loam Bathihypogleyi – Eutric Albeluvisols (ABe–gld–w). The experiments were conducted in a three stacionaries of 7-8o, 7-9o and 9-11o

slopes inclination since 1995. The erosion preventive agro–environmental systems are developed over a 20 year period (three crop rotations are completed). Soil erosion was mainly caused by tillage and water under continuous intensive cropping. Conventional (deep ploughing in autumn) tillage were applied by growing grain and potatoes in crop rotations. The streams of rain water runoff at recently cultivated slopes developed small and big rills. During the long-term study period, by effecting of different or various weather conditions, soil was differentially eroded along the slopes.

The results from three studied rotation periods (1995-2000, 2000-2006, 2007-2012) indicate that most sensitive to erosion, of the six crop rotations, was field crop rotation with black fallow. Large annual soil losses were obtain during the third (2007-2012) and the first (1995-2000) crop rotation, respectively: 13.89 and 13.09 t ha-1 yr -1. The loss of soil in time of extreme summer-autumn rains in 2009 and 2011 in field crop rotation with black fallow at the slope of 9-11o steepness were, respectively: 167.8 t ha-1yr-1 and 229 t ha-1yr-1, at the slope of 7-9o – 57.6 t ha-1yr-1 and 16.56 t ha-1yr-1, at the slope of 7-8o – 13.6 t ha-1yr -1 and 0.82 t ha-1 yr -1. More resistant to soil erosion processes were grain - grass crop rotation plants (average annual soil loss – 0.21-4.34 t ha-1 yr-1). A long-term grassland cover of slopes soil guaranteed the lowest erosion losses in all three study periods (0.0 to 0.1 t ha-1 yr-1).

Experiments of the erosion-resisting agro technologies carried out on hills showed some agrotechnical and plant selection for crop rotation inaccuracies. At present, is prepared a new research methodology and experiments to improve more stable to erosion and environment favourable agro-ecological means. In four crop rotations refused erosion promoting annual autumn ploughing. Deep ploughing changed in to no-ploughing conservation tillage (stubble technology) in the erosion sensitive, cold autumn-winter period. Grass-grain rotations are expanding with plants accumulating biological nitrogen will improve soil and forage quality. Cooksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata L.,) receptive for nitrogenous fertilizer was fertilized with 180 kg ha-1 of N active substances are replaced in to suitable for accumulating of nitrogen legumes plant – Medicago sativa L. + Trifolium pratense L. Erosional processes on hillslopes will be studied, assessed and modeled in real landscape and climate conditions.

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CHANGES OF MORAINE LOAM RETISOL CHEMICAL INDICES IN WHOLE PROFILE UNDER LONG TERM MANAGEMENT HISTORY Danutė Karčauskienė, Regina Repšienė, Ieva Jokubauskaitė,

Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Gargzdu 29, Vezaiciai, Klaipeda distr., Lithuania


The paper summarizes the data of field and laboratory trials made in Lithuania (Vėžaičiai Branch of Lithuania Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry) during the period of 1959-2005. The effect of long term liming in combination with litter manure of cattle in 7 – field rotation was investigated in the whole profile to the 100 cm depth of acid soil chemical indices and structure. The investigations were performed at the stationary liming and fertilizing field trial. The soil of study site was Bathygleyic Distric Glossic Retisol (WRB 2014), texture – moraine loam. Chemical and physical properties morphologically are typical for acid soil in Western Lithuania. When the field trial was started in 1959 the topsoil pHKCl – 4.0 - 4.1 and mobile aluminium was – 102-125 mg kg-1. The liming and manuring effect on soil chemical indices and structure has been investigated in crop rotation with applied mineral fertilizers: winter wheat (N60P60K60), mixture of peas and barely (N60P60K60), oat (N60P60K60), forage beats (N120P90K150), barely with undercrop (N40P60K60), perennial grass of two years (P60K90; N60P60K90) usage. The acid soil has systematically been limed and manured for 47 years in different intensity by the scheme: 1) unlimed and unfertilizes with manure; 2) unlimed and 60 t ha-1 manure every 3-4 years; 3) limed by 1.0 rate every 7 year; 4) limed by 1.0 rate every 7 year and 60 t ha-1 manure every 3-4 year. Systematic periodical liming during 47 years was done by pulverization limestone at a rate 1.0 (by hydrolytic soil acidity) every 7 years. During the study period was inserted into the soil: 38,7 – 36,5 t ha-1 CaCO3; 840 t ha-1 litter manure of cattle, mineral nitrogen – 2740 kg ha-1; phosphorus – 3030 kg ha-

1, potassium – 3810 kg ha-1. The primary soil tillage was traditional – deep plowing.

Data show that different intensity systematic (for 47 years) periodical liming together with the manuring has in the main changed the soil chemical indices of whole soil profile. The larges changes of soil pHKCl (from 3.97 to 6.08), mobile Al (from 185.61 to 2.2 mg kg-1), exchangeable Ca (from 795.17 to 2457.25 mg kg-1) and mobile P2O5 (from 131.08 to 220.00 mg kg-1) and K2O from 219.08 to 266.67 mg kg-1) were estimated in topsoil at 0-40 cm depth. The soil acidification is hindered in the topsoil and subsoil to the 60 cm depth than the soil is systematically limed by 1.0 rate every 7 year together with insertion of 60 t ha-1 manure every 3-4 years in 7-field crop rotation. Systematic long term periodical liming in combination with manuring has a positive effect on improvement of chemical properties of acid soil profile in horizons ElB1 and ElB2. The data of soil structure in topsoil and subsoil showed that such systematic liming together with manuring has a positive effect on soil aggregates stability in water.

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RESEARCH ON RHIZOSPHERE PH CHANGES IN AGROCENOSES WITH PERENNIAL GRASSES Jūratė Aleinikovienė, Donata Tomchuk, Regina Skuodienė

Vezaiciai branch of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry,Gargzdu 29, Vezaiciai, Klaipeda distr., Lithuania

E- mail: [email protected]

Root environment is very complex and includes a massive diversity of organisms whose interactions among each other and with the soil's abiotic components are indefinite. This may lead to results that are difficult to interpret when dealing with the rhizosphere as a whole.

In the Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry experiments were performed to determine the influence of soil acidity on growth and development of perennial grasses mixtures with legumes in the sowing year. The soil of the experimental site was Dystric Albeluvisols (ABd), formed on medium-moraine loam. Soil was limed with dolomite once in the autumn of 2013, before trial establishment. At the effect of liming different pH levels of soil were formed: highly acidic (pH 3.9 – 4.2) and medium acidic (pH 4.8 – 5.3). In the spring of 2014, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was undersown with perennial grasses mixtures with legumes: red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), hybrid clover (Trifolium hybridum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (50 %) with timothy (Phleum pratense L.) (35 %) and meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.) (15 %). At the end of growing season perennial grasses mixtures with legumes root mass and its distribution in the soil layers of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, root total length, aboveground biomass was determined. The total mass of microorganisms was assessed for the evaluation of soil biological activity.

Research has shown that higher biomass of perennial grasses mixtures with legumes grew in the unlimed soil, root mass of all tested grasses mixtures was 2.28 times higher and aboveground mass - 2.14 times higher than the limed soil. We can assume that in the limed soil under favourable growing conditions of spring barley as a cover crop, at the first year of development the perennial grasses had less favourable conditions for the growth and development. Therefore, due to lower legume grass mixtures competition with spring barley cover crop, perennial grasses aboveground and root mass was significantly higher in the unlimed soil.

Root distribution in the soil profile is determined by the type of the plant and soil properties. At the first year of perennial grass development, 81.9 to 94.5 % of roots grew in the depth of 0-10 cm. In the unlimed soil at 0-10 cm depth determined root mass was essentially higher by 2.4 times than in the limed soil.

The efficiency of the root system of absorption of water and nutrients depends on the ability to penetrate into the soil, and this characteristic is determined by total root length in the area of soil. In unlimed soil in the depth of 0-10 cm the total root length was 2.1 times higher than in limed soil, the maximum total root length in 0-10 cm depth was of red and white clover mixtures (respectively 1.12 and 1.04 km m-2 (P ˂0.01)), and hybrid clover (0.82 km m-2 (P˂0.05)).

It is known that each group of soil has an inherent characteristics: humus, inorganic and organic substances, typical pH. At the influence of these conditions the community of microorganisms is formed, which also determine soil properties. Alterations in soil pH may affect soil microorganisms condition, because of the changes in mycorrhizal fungi species composition and abundance. Most of saprophytic soil microorganisms grow in nutrient poor acidic soils. The study found substantially less microorganisms total weight in limed soil than in unlimed (determined decrease of 14.2% at the depth of 0-10 cm and 32.7% at the depth of 10-20 cm).

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CHANGES OF WEED INFESTATION UNDER LONG–TERM EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL pH LEVELS AND AMOUNT OF PHOSPHORUS: POTASSIUM Danutė Karčauskienė1, Steponas Čiuberkis1, Steponas Raudonius2 1Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Gargzdu 29, Vezaiciai, LT-96216, Klaipeda district, Lithuania. 2Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Department of Agroecosystems and Soil Science, Studentu 11, Akademija, Kaunas distr., Lithuania


Natural soil forming (pedogenic) processes such as soil acidification are continuously occurring in nature. This process is promoted in agricultural systems by abiotic and anthropogenic factors: acid precipitation, crop and soil management practices, application of physiologically acid mineral fertilizers, Ca, Mg and other elements leaching and removal with yield. A long-term field experiment was established at the Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (55.583oN, 22.883oE) in 1976.

The experiment was conducted on Dystrict Albeluvisol light sandy loam soil. The topsoil before the establishment of experiment was acidic (i.e., pHKCl 4.1–4.4). The soil was low in phosphorus and high in potassium, 95–104 and 255–267 mg kg–1 soil, respectively, with a humus content of about 2%. Long-term experiment was two factors: A factor – six levels soil pH and B factor – four treatments of soil nutrient status formed by different mineral fertilizer rates (AxB = 6x4), cary out by segmentation method. By liming we formed six pHKCl levels: 1) < 4.7 (unlimed); 2) 4.7–5.2; 3) 5.2–5.7; 4) 5.7–6.2; 5) 6.2–6.7 and 6) >6.7.

The aim of the present study was to investigate changes of weed species density as a result of long-term (1976–2005) exposure to different soil pH levels, and P2O5:K2O amount in soil created by initial and subsequent periodical liming, and fertilization.

As a result of liming during the period 1976–2005 average soil pH levels at the start of the sixth crop rotation (2001–2005) ranged from 4.1 (unlimed) to 6.6. And in each pH plot were four sub-plots with different amount of mobile phosphorus: potassium. In acid soil (pH 4.1) in spring oilseed rape and in spring barley crops the dominant weed Spergula arvensis density decreased significantly at a pH of 5.1 or higher. With increasing amount of P2O5:K2O in soil, the abundance of S. arvensis in spring rape and spring barley crops was reduced at all soil pH levels. At pH 5.1 Chenopodium album and Tripleurospermum inodorum were prominent. Elymus repens tended to decrease with increased alkalinity and nutrient amount in soil. With reduction of soil acidity from pH 4.1 to 6.6, the total weed infestation consistently declined in all crops. P2O5:K2O low amount in soil caused he declines in abundance of S. arvensis, E. repens and increases in C. album and T. inodorum.

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Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla NJF Seminar (483) SOIL DEGRADATION: THEORY, EVIDENCE AND PROTECTION ACTIVITIES Book of abstracts 22–25 September 2015, Vėžaičiai, Lithuania

Klaipėda, 2015

SL 1335. 2015 09 14. Apimtis 6,5 sąl. sp. l. Tiražas 90 egz. Išleido ir spausdino Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, Herkaus Manto g. 84, 92294 Klaipėda Tel. (8 46) 398 891, el. paštas: [email protected]; interneto adresas: http://www.ku.lt/leidykla/

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