Nitrogen Management
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Nitrogen ManagementIntro to Soils
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Nitrogen in the Plant
Part of› Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins› Enzymes: responsible for all biological
process› Nucleic Acids› Cholorphyll
Needed for Carbohydrate use Increases root growth
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SCIENCE Magazine
Excess nitrogen flowing down the Mississippi each year is estimated to be worth $750,000,000 (Science, Malakoff, 1998)
NUE in cereal production must be improved
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Raun and Johnson, Agron J. 91:357-363
N that is not used is lost
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Liebig's Law of the Minimum
Growth is controlled not by the total of resources available, but by the scarcest resource. › Only by increasing the amount of the limiting
nutrient (the one most scarce in relation to "need") was the growth of a plant or crop improved.
Justus von Liebig1803 - 1873Justus von Liebig1803 - 1873
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Bray’s Nutrient Mobility Concept
Root SystemSorption Zone
Root SurfaceSorption Zone
Nutrient limitation expressed as a % of potential yield, or “sufficiency”, and independentof the environment
Nutrient limitation directlyrelated to yield potential, and dependent on the environment
Mobile Nutrients Immobile Nutrients
Plants respond to the totalamount of mobile nutrientspresent
Plants respond to the concentration of immobilenutrients present
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Nitrogen is mobile…..
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Nitrogen is mobile…..
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Yield Goals
Yield Goals: average of last 5 years +20% average of the last 3 best years.Yield Goal includes, grain and forage/lbs of meat
Nebraska study showed that farmers overestimated yield by 2 Mg ha-1 (32 bu ac-1), resulting in an excess of 35 kg N ha-1 (Schepers et al., 1986)
Over-optimistic yield goals were the largest contributor to excess N applications with average yield goals exceeding actual yields by over 15%, only about 30% of the fields were within 5% of the yield goal (Daberkow et al., 2001)
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N rate recommendation
Nitrogen Recommendation =
Yield Goal N rate – Residual N
Residual N is› 0-6” (Top-soil) Soil Test NO3 › 6-18” (Sub-soil) Soil Test NO3› NO3 from irrigation› Cover Crop Credits.
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Exp. 502, 1971-2006
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6
Gra
in y
ield
, b
u/a
c
0-40-60
100-40-60
Long-Term Winter Wheat Grain Yields, Lahoma, OK
Ave Yld 42 bu/ac
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“After the FACT” N Rate required for “MAX Yields” Ranged from 0 to 140 lbs N/ac
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ate
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/ac
Exp. 502, 1971-2006
Optimum N Rate Max YieldAvg. 49 lb N/ac +/- 39 Avg. 43 bu/ac +/- 13
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4 R’s
1. Right Source2. Right Place3. Right Rate4. Right Time
IPNI: International Plant Nutrition Institute
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Nitrogen sources
Anhydrous Ammonia NH3 Urea Liquid UAN DAP, MAP, APP Coated N (sulfur and Polymer)
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Nitrogen Placement
Corn vs wheat vs forages
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Application
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Application
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Right Rate
Cereal Grains, Cotton, Sugar BeetsMalting Barley
Yield Goal Soil Testing Sensors
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Right Time
Pre plant and Top-dress/ Side-Dress› Winter Wheat › Corn
Forage Systems› Spring, summer, fall
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Thank you!!!
Brian Arnall373 Ag [email protected] available @
www.npk.okstate.eduTwitter: @OSU_NPKYouTube Channel: OSUNPK
www.extensionnews.okstate.edu