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Dr Jean-Bernard Michel, Professor, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Head, Industrial Bioenergy Systems unit

www.sib.heig-vd.ch

Circular economy - green fuel examples

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Topics

Short presentation of our institute – 1 slide

Natural metabolism of our living planet – 1 slide

Industrial & urban metabolism – 2 slides

Four strategies for industrial/urban ecology – 13 slides

Emblematic Swiss projects – 3 slides

The future of biomass: green chemistry, green fuels – 1 slide

SCCER WP1: Biochemical Fuels and Power – 6 slides

Biogas production from agro-food wastes: ORION project- 19 slides

Solid biomass upgrading by torrefaction – 8 slides

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Industrial Bioenergy systemsUniversity of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland

• Founded in 2009• 11 collaborators• Biomass combustion• Reduction of particulate emissions• Anaerobic digestion• Torrefaction

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Natural metabolism of our living planet

4

AIR FIRE

EARTH WATER

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Industrial and urban metabolism Type I Systems: Non limited resources – non limited waste Linear process

Type II Systems: Limited Materials - Limited Waste Constrained economy 3 Rs economy: reduce, re-use, recycle

Type III Systems: Renewable energy only Cooperative economy Zero waste

5

End of pipe economy

3 Rseconomy

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1. Close the cycleGoal: quasi-cyclic material & energy fluxes

2. Avoid dispersionGoal: minimise dispersion losses during the whole

life-cycle

3. DematerialiseGoal: increase the quantity of services per unit of

material (economy of functionality)

4. Low carbon energy – Clean TechGoal: operate an industrial lean diet, renewable energy

Four strategies for industrial/urban ecologyEcosystème

E

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1. Close the cycle: waste resource

Every year, 390 tons of truck covers, 36‘000 bike inner tires, 220’000 safety belts and 1200 m2 of recycled airbags are transformed in fashion bags Real closure…?

7Source: 23/11/2015

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2. Close the cycle - Examples

Waste plastic diesel oil

Wet biomass biomethane

Coal ash cement

PET bottles recycled PET

Glass bottles recycled glass

And many others

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Pharmaceuticals,Pesticides,Anti-UV…Heavy metals

Combustion processes

2. Minimise dispersion/leakages

Micro-pollutantsSoil/food/animalsaccumulation

NOx, SOx, PAH, fine particulatesdioxins etc.

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Objective: uncouple economic growth and consumption of resources

3.

10% weight reduction in 10 years(and 25% recycled PET in 2012)

30% reduction in 20 years( and 50% recycled steel)

3. Dematerialise

Source: 1023/11/2015

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World statistics: relative but not absolute dematerialisation (source: SERI)

Decoupling

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Dematerialise through a service economy(PSS: Product-Service-System) Economy of functionality: sell the function (the service) instead of

the product less material & energy for the same service

e,g: Energy service companies (ESCOs): lighting, heating, shading, cooling…

Vehicle sharing schemes (cars, motorbikes, bikes)

Outsourced printing services (XEROX)

Office sharing

Rental of multimedia equipment

….

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PSS Successful examples - Michelin

Source: michelin.com, SOFIES

IDEA B2B "Michelin Fleet Solutions“ Service of tire management

HOW Optimization through scheduled maintenance Tires are designed to be reused (retread, recap)

BENEFITS For the customer: guaranteed maintenance and optimised tire budget; flexible costs suited to turnover; reduced fixed costs (staff, administration); optimised fuel budget. 36% cheaper than classical tire use

For Michelin: less production costs, increased sales, less environmental impacts: Tires are better designed, used & recycled. Also tires are more often inflated (less fuel consumption / pollution) 36% cheaper

than classical tire use

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PSS Successful examples - Mobility

Sources: mobility.ch, SOFIES

IDEA B2C / B2B Small vehicle rental. Focus on the transportation service instead of car ownership

HOW Subscription system + payment as you drive (time & distance)Adaptation to urban mobility and needs: making vehicles available at the best spots in cities (train station) and offering a large choice of vehicles

BENEFITS Environmental: on average 40 people share 1 car. Cars sit unused: four times less than private carsIt represents 19'900 less vehicles every year, 16’000 tons CO2 saved (= 12'400 flight Zurich-New York)Financial: For the client between CHF 3500-4900 per year in comparison with car ownership requiring fixedcostsFor the company : CHF 1'648'000 profits in 2010, increase of 18,6% and 100 000 customers in 2011Social: users feel free without worrying about parking, repairs, fueling, taxes, insurance and depreciation

16’000 tons Co2 saved with a Business of 18,6% increase per year

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4. Migrate to a low carbon energysystem

Replace fossil fuels by renewable energy and energy efficiency: For power production For transport For home use (heating/cooling/cooking)

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Solar energy vs human consumption & reserves

Solar radiation on the earth

Gas

Oil

Coal

Uranium

World (human) yearly energy consumption

about 156.1012 kWh (of which 10% electrical)

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Combined solutions: efficiency & renewable energyEnergy efficiency

– Use less resources for the sameservice

– No reduction in the quality of life

Renewable energy– Use natural renewable resources

to meet the same demand

Clean energytechnologies

NegaWatts

conventional efficient efficient &renewableRe

lativ

e en

ergy

dem

aind

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2050

New buildings3 liters of fuel/m2/an

2005

Personal cars10 liters/100kmGasoline, diesel

Buildings10 liters

of fuel /m2/an

Fossil fuelsOil, gas, coal,

uranium

Society of wastes350 kg/year/person

Light vehicles 3 litres/100km

(gas, H2)

Renewables(sun fuels)

Circular economy150kg/year/person

Source: O. Ouzilou, « La société à 2000 watts sans nucléaire, Projet de Conception générale de l'énergie du canton de Genève 2005-2009 », Energissima 2007

Concept of a 2000 Watt society

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Emblematic project:Planet Solar

World tour with the largest solar catamaran in the world.

www.planetsolar.org

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Emblematic project: Icare

World tour of solar vehicle & report on CO2 compensation practices

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Emblematic project: Solar Impulse

April 7th 2010: first flight

2015: Around the world in a solarairplane, night & day

Everything that is impossible remains to be accomplished (Jules Verne)

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THE FUTURE OF BIOMASS: GREEN CHEMISTRY, GREEN

FUELS

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The Biorefinery concept: biomass as a resource for food, chemicals & energy storage

23/11/2015 23 Sour

ce: W

orld

Eco

nom

ic F

orum

, 201

0-Th

e Fu

ture

of I

ndus

tria

l Bio

refin

erie

s

Food

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Types of biomass

Sugar type Ligno-cellulosic

Oil type

Wastes

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- Difficult fuel Long term supply contract

needed Variable composition (ash,

moisture, heavy metals…) Low energy density

complicated and expensive logistics

Not stable: fermentation, degradation if not stored/dried properly

Unsuited to large power plants Distributed resource Limited land productivity

Cheap fuel As long as it is produced

naturally

Suitable to many uses Food Chemicals Energy

Local use by local people Distributed power generation Job creation

Good energy storage medium Renewable energy transition Power to fuel concepts Low CO2 impact

Biomass pros and cons

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v

Press/extraction

Esterification

Solid fuel

liquidfuel

gaseousfuel

pyrolysis

gasification

torrefaction

combustion

Fermentation/hydrolysis

Methanisation

Power

Hot air turbine

transportbiofuel

boiler

Motor/Gas turbine

Fuel cell

Heat

steamTher

moc

hem

ical

Phys

icoc

hem

ical

Biol

ogic

al

F-.T

Prod

uctio

n/ha

rves

ting/

prep

arat

ion

Bioenergy pathways

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SCCER Biosweet - biological conversion routes

28

Pretreatment &Enzymatic hydrolysis

WoodLignocellulosic

residuesAlgae

Pretreatment &Anaerobic digestion

Biogas upgrading

Biogas (CH4, CO2,

H2)

Biomethane

H2

CO2

Microalgae cultivation

(open pond or closed circuit)

Oil extractionprocesses

Liquid fuel(biodiesel)

Trans-esterification

biochemical conversion

catalytic upgrading

Liquid fuels(bioethanol, alkanes….)

ManureAgro-food wet

residuesAlgae

SewageWaste waters

Glycerol

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Biogas production from agro-food wastes

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ORION project : ORganic waste management by a small-scale

Innovative automated system of anaerobic digestion

www.project-orion.eu

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Organic wastes: problem statement

SME agro-food industries produce large quantities of organic waste (OW)

2006 figures: 240 Million tons of OW in the EU

Biowaste: 30 % to 45 % of municipal solid waste

High costs of waste treatment: 50 to 200 Euros per ton storage costs in cool areas specific transportation costs incineration or recovery.

Examples: Dairy processing industry: spends 100 Million Euros in OW disposal in

Europe

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The case of restaurant wastes in Switzerland

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e.g. : 1200 meals/day

110 tons/year

Total cost ~30’000 CHF/year

Ecological and sanitary impact due to storage, transport and incineration.

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Project challenges

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Serial production of a new type of machine

Keep disposal costs below 50 €/ton

Produce and make use of biogas locally

Keep bacterial activity/populations in good health to prevent process breakdown

Prevent fouling and blockage

Develop an automated process control system

12 industrial/SME partners + 9 RTD partners.

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Manure wastes

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Food preparation wastes

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Agro-food wastes

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Example: Irish salmon producer with 1000 tons/year of waste - Cost of about 75’000 Euros/year

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Types of biological systems

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Temperature range: Psychrophilic 10-25°C in lakes Mesophilic 30-37°C farm digesters, landfills Thermophilic 48-55°C better for food wastes

Systems: Natural biogas production: ponds, stockpiles of wet biomass, landfills Industrial biogas systems: Dry or wet processes Horizontal (plug flow) or vertical (stirred)

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Orion project: 650 l prototype biphasic system

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Digestion module

Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014

Digesto concept :(Patent application PCT/IB2013/056263)

The digestion module is a machine linked to peripheral devices; The machine may be configured for monophasic

or biphasic digestion, with immobilized biomass Peripheral devices are specific to the

exploitation Installation of the prototype in a containerized

system

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Total digester volumes: between 3 and 30 m3

2-3 digesters can be mounted in parallel to reach a higher capacity if needed.

The digestion module is composed of two distinct parts.

Digesto concept (Patent application PCT/IB2013/056263)

The head collects the biogas produced in agasholder and contains operation andmeasurement equipment.The body is where the biological process ofbiomethanation occurs.

Digestion module

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Body of digester

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Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014

Jabot, Substrate distribution unit. Feeds the methanation tank

regularly. Initiates first step of the

digestion.

Methanation tank, Biogas production from a

biological methanogen process.

Sieving grid, Filters the overflow. Retains particles of

insoluble matter.

Hot water tank

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Head of digester

Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014

Central compartment, Gas holder. Biogas collecting

sewer. Connection to biogas

burner.Lateralcompartments, Connected devices

(smart nose, tongue) Utilities

Protective isolatedhousing, Can be opened for

maintenance.

The central compartment, giving access to the digester inner space, is completely separated from the other compartments.

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Circulation system

Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014

Hydraulic circuit of the substrate, 100 % internal to the module Ensured by a 4-ways distributor

associated to a bi-directional volumetric pump.

Mixing in the methanation tank, By mechanical agitation By biogas re-circulation By re-circulating substrate

Mixing in the jabot, By re-circulating substrate Possible by biogaz re-circulation

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Circulation system

Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014

Position 1: Substrate to Jabot

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Circulation system

Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014

Position 2 : Cosubstrate to Jabot

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Circulation system

Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014

Position 3 : Jabot mixing

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Circulation system

Geneva, Thursday 30th October 2014

Position 4: Jabot to tank

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ISO 20’’ Container

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Before assembly Transportability Every module inside the

container Simple deployment, easy to

assemble.

During operation Accessibility Maintenance

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SOLID BIOMASS UPGRADINGBY TORREFACTION

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TORPLANT PROJECT

With financial support of the State of Vaud within the framework of the program "100 millions for renewable energy and energetic efficiency".

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Torrefaction process Principle

Drying (to about 20% moisture)

Anaerobic heating 240°C-300°CAutothermal process

Flue Gas recycling/PostcombustionHeat-Exchange(LCV 2 to 3 MJ/kg)

Raw biomass

Torrefiedbiomass

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• Mass yield ~70%• Energy yield ~90%

10% left is partly recovered• LCV increase by 30%

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Economic advantages of torrefiedcompared to unprocessed resources

• Specific calorific value of pellets increased by up to 20%

• Bulk energy density increase•

• Lower transport & storage costs

• Better combustion (higher temperature, lower NOx) emissions)• Hydrophobic

• No bacterial activity• Less energy required for

grinding

• Stable product• Outside storage• Lower grinding costs

• Variety of heterogeneous resources , includingagricultural, forest and garden trimmings

• Availabilty and price of feedstock

• Less variability in physicaland chemical properties

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Swelling and disintegration of normal pellets in water (60 seconds)

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The experimental reactor

6 kg/h continuous, heated screw

Three heating zones

Post-combustion of Torgas in porous burner

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Porous burner for combustion of Torgas

80 mm

80 mm

16 mm

SiCPorosity: 87%Pe= 77 (>65)

Pe=SL Dm/α

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Oswald diagram obtained in one test (Torgas from branches)

y = -0.84x + 18R² = 0.98

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

CO2

(% v

ol.)

O2 (% vol.)23/11/2015 54

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100kg/h pilot @Tecorbe, Switzerland

With financial support of the State of Vaud within the framework of the program "100 millions pour les énergies renouvelables et l'efficacité énergétique".

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« There is no energy crisis, only a crisis of ignorance"

Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983)

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