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Transcript of Nist2000 Wht Bkgrd
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Color and Appearance Attributes
Richard W. HaroldColor and Appearance Consulting LLC
NOTE: This presentation was originally presented in the year 2000 at the NIST Color Workshop as a Keynote Speaker
Presentation. It is only 7.2 MB in Length. Additional, vastly improved Recent Presentations are available, but all far exceed 10
MB in Length
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APPEARANCE: A Visual Sensation
CHROMATIC ATTRIBUTESRelated to color-hue, saturation, purity
GEOMETRIC ATTRIBUTESSurface properties associated with
the distribution of light from the object, such as gloss or haze
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Opaque Non-MetalINCIDENT
LIGHT
SPECULARREFLECTION
DIFFUSEREFLECTION
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MetalINCIDENT
LIGHTSPECULAR
REFLECTION
DIFFUSEREFLECTION
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Translucent MaterialINCIDENT
LIGHT
SPECULARREFLECTION
DIFFUSEREFLECTION
DIFFUSETRANSMISSION
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Transparent MaterialINCIDENT
LIGHT
SPECULARREFLECTION
DIFFUSETRANSMISSION
REGULARTRANSMISSION
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Visual Observing Situation
OBJECT
LIGHT SOURCE
HUMAN OBSERVER
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300 nm 450 550 650 1000 nm
VISIBLE SPECTRUM INFRAREDULTRAVIOLET
Spectral Power Distribution
UVX-
RAYSGAMMA
RAYSCOSMIC
RAYSINFRA-
REDMICRO-WAVES
TV RADIOELECTRIC
POWER
.00001nm .001nm 1nm 10nm .01cm .1 m 10 m 100m 106m
DaylightRelativeEnergy
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Light Sources CIE Illuminants
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Common Illuminants
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CIE X,Y,Z Tristimulus Values for Orange
X = 41.73Y = 33.77Z = 2.34
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Non-Uniformity of CIE Color Space
x
y
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OPPONENT COLORS THEORY
BRAIN
BLUE RECEPTORS
GREEN
RECEPTORS
RED RECEPTORS
BLUE-YELLOW SIGNAL
BLACK-WHITE
SIGNAL
RED-GREEN SIGNAL
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+60
-20
+20-40-60
-60-40
-20
0
+20
+60
+40
BLUE
RED
GREEN
YELLOW
WHITE
BLACK
LIGHTNESS
L = 58.12a = + 30.41b = + 36.26
100
+40
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Comparison of Color Formulas
Hunter L, a, b (1958) CIE 1976 L* a* b*
CIE 1976 L* C* h
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Hunter L, a, b (1958) CIE 1976 L*a*b*
Comparison of Hunter L, a, b to CIELAB
L* = 64.79a* = +32.21b* = +83.43
L = 58.12a = +30.41b = +36.26
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Rectangular L* a* b* Color DifferencesSAMPLE STANDARD
COLORDIFFERENCE
S
L* = 75.7a* = +4.1b* = +87.6
L* = 71.6a* = +6.9b* = +78.7
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Total Color Difference in Rectangular Coordinates
Sample Color
Standard Color
Sample Color
Standard Color
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Interpretation of Color Differences
Instrumental Limit
10
1.0
2.0
5.0
0.5
0.2
0.01
TypicalIndustrialTolerance
Range
ApproximateVisual Limit
CIELAB UNITS
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TYPICAL RECTANGULAR-COORDINATE TOLERANCES
Clothing Manufacturer
COLOR
Reds/Oranges
Greens
Yellows/Tans
Blues
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Problem of Rectangular ± ∆ L* a* b* Tolerances
±∆ b*
±∆ a*
Product Standard
Acceptable Match
Visually Unacceptable Match
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Yellow
+b*
Blue-b*
Red+a*
Green-a*
L* White
L* Black
C*ab
hab
L* = 64.79a* = 32.21b* = 83.43
L* = 64.78C*ab = 89.43hab = 68.89º
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Tolerance Improvementwith ± ∆L* ± ∆C* ± ∆H* Coordinates
± ∆ L*
± ∆ C*
± ∆ H*
Product Standard
Acceptable Match
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∆ECMC Total Color Difference
l:c = lightness to chroma ratio
Product Standard
HS
CcS
lSL
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∆E*94 Total Color Difference
SL = 1SC = 1 + 0.045 C*ab
SH = 1 + 0.015 C*ab
kL = kC = kH = 1 under reference conditions
HS
CS
SL
Product Standard
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∆E*2000? Total Color Difference
SL = 1
SH = 1 + 0.015 C*Tf
RT=HSCS
SL
Product Standard
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45°/ 0°
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ASTM D1729 Standard Practice for Visual Evaluation
• LIGHT SOURCESo Daylight (D50 ,D65 or D75) - Specifyo Incandescent - 2856Ko Cool White Fluorescent - 4200K
• PHOTOMETRIC CONDITIONS o Illumination of 810-1880 Lux
• GEOMETRIC CONDITIONSo Lighting overhead (0°)o Viewing (45°)
• BACKGROUND and SURROUNDo Neutral Greyo Uncluttered
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Visually Evaluating Appearance
GLOSSCOLOR
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60° 60°
85°85°20°20°
ASTM D523 Glossmeter Geometries
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Variations in Paint Finish – “Orange Peal”
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DISTINCTNESS
OF IMAGESPECULAR
HAZE
DIFFUSE30° 30°
DOI Abridged Goniophotometer
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0°/45° 45°/ 0°
CIE Reciprocal Geometries
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1928 Hardy Recording Photoelectric Color Analyzer
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High Gloss
Matte
Textured
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HIGH-GLOSS
Light Distribution Varies with Surface Smoothness
MATTE
SEMI-GLOSS
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Goniophotometric Data for 45º Incident Light
Comparison of Glossy Red Plastic Other Textures
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Goniophotometric Data for 45º Incident Light
Comparison of Different Textures of Red Plastic
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Goniophotometric Data for 45º Incident Light
Comparison of Different Textures of Red Plastic
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Integrating Sphere
White or BlackSpecular Port
Cover
Detector
Baffle
Lamp
CIE d/0 Geometry
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CIE 45/0 Geometry
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The Ideal Sample for Color Measurement
• Totally Opaque or Transparent• Flat• Smooth• Uniform• No-directionality• Not-photochromic• Not-thermochromic• Not-hygrochromic
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FluorescenceDaylight
Illumination
Ultra Violet Illumination
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ChromaFlair® Interference Pigments
Top half 45º/0º – Bottom half 0º/10º
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ASTM Illuminating/Viewing Angle Nomenclature
Illumination angle=45º, Viewing Angle=65º, Aspecular Angle=45+65=110º
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Dynamic Color AreaPearlescent/Interference
Samples
100 a*
b*
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Sources of Measurement Differences
• Instrumental – sphere (d/8°) or 0°/45° or ?• Specimen Preparation• Specimen Presentation
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BCRA Standards Set
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Small Area View BCRA Tile Holder
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Use And Care of Instrument Standards
• Permanent reference base against which instrumental measurements are made
• Accuracy and precision of appearance measurements depend upon initial calibration and condition of the standards
• Should be handled with care, cleaned according to instructions, and stored in the box provided
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