Nishant Buragohain M.A. in Disaster Management Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai
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SUSTAINABILITY OF CBDRR PROGRAM: THE CASE OF
DURYUG PRATIRODH SAMITI (DPS) IN DHEMAJI DISTRICT
OF ASSAM
Nishant BuragohainM.A. in Disaster ManagementTata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai
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Source: dhemaji.nic.in
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STAKEHOLDERS
Duryug Pratirodh Samiti (DPS) Members Villagers Panchayat Rural Volunteers Centre (RVC) District Disaster Management Authority
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AIM
To study the sustainability of a CBDRR Program
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BROAD & SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Factors contributing to the sustainability of the Duryug Pratirodh Samiti (DPS) in Dhemaji
Understand the priorities of the stakeholders Highlight communities’ resources and
capacities for better risk reduction Change policy makers’ attitude of looking at
people as flood victims Serve as a useful tool for further study and
implementation of the study
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Is the CBDRR Program sustainable? Does the community need the CBDRR
Program? Is the CBDRR Program benefitting the
community? How is the CBDRR Program able to sustain
the motivation and interest of the people?
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CHALLENGES & LIMITATIONS
The number of respondents (39) In-depth analysis of the perspectives of Gram
Panchayat and District Disaster Management Authority needs to be taken
Comparative study with another CBDRR programmes will provide more insight to this study
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RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY
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The Cyclical Model of Research Process
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RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY
Inductive Method (research-then-theory strategy)
Qualitative (plus Quantitative) Exploratory Random Sampling (for DPS selection) Non-probability Sampling (Convenience &
Purposive Sampling for respondent selection) Longitudinal Non-experimental Comparative Retrospective
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DATA COLLECTION TOOLS
Interview Questionnaire Literature Review Reports documented by RVC Observation
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DEFINITIONS
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SUSTAINABILITY
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
[World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission), 1987]
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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
“The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.”
(2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction)
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COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS (CBDP)
“The Community Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP) is a process to capacitate communities to prevent, mitigate and cope with disasters effectively. The process is designed, managed and owned by the communities. Others (Government agencies, public and private corporate bodies, NGOs, International agencies / donors etc.) play the role of facilitators.”
(Building PRI Capacities for Disaster Preparedness and Management – A Training Manual. GoI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme 2002-2009)
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COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT (CBDRM)
“A process of disaster risk management in which at risk communities are actively engaged in the identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring and evaluation of disaster risks in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities.”
[ADPC: CBDRM Field Practitioners’ Handbook (2004)]
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COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (CBDRR)
“CBDRR is a multi-disciplinary agenda for community development; a different paradigm (long-term) that builds on the intrinsic relationship between disasters and development. Experience demonstrates that CBDRR efforts approached from a social and behaviour change perspective ensure that children and families understand simple and practical actions required to protect lives and properties from natural hazard induced disasters.”
[UNICEF: Conference on Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction (26-28 November 2008 – Kolkata, India)]
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HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION (HFA) The following are some of the principles which are recognized
and emphasized by the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA): States have the primary responsibility for implementing measures
to reduce disaster risk Disaster Risk Reduction must be integrated into Development
activities A multi-hazard approach can improve effectiveness Capacity-development is a central strategy for reducing disaster
risk Decentralize responsibility for Disaster Risk Reduction Effective Disaster Risk Reduction requires Community Participation Gender is a core factor in disaster risk and in the implementation
of Disaster Risk Reduction Public-private partnerships are an important tool for Disaster Risk
Reduction Disaster Risk Reduction needs to be customized to particular
settings
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DATA ANALYSIS
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DPS: BEYOND DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
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AJARBARI
Construction of bridges during non-flood season
Post-office savings account Repairing for roads, raising of house
platforms DPS stays in touch with RVC & keep
emergency contacts updated Doctors are brought-in when required
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NILOKH PALENGI
Provide free relief to affected family Minimum Rs.5 is collected from every family in
3 months Families contribute to ‘Kangali Bharal’. Grains
are sold if remain unused, money is deposited to the bank & post-office account
DPS members are at least Xth standard pass Members want to replace themselves with
youths
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SAGOLI KOTA HAJONG
RVC has stopped giving training since last 2 years
No severe flood since the DPS was formed DPS is not as active as it was Meetings with villagers required IAY houses are not being provided yet No follow-up since the UNDP project was over
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AMGURI AYENGIA Shift towards organic farming has been initiated
through DPS KCC are obtained from the bank Farmers Club formed DPS fund is used for those who can’t pay for the
toilets Some IAY houses have been provided Villagers come forward to help each other More awareness among people Health & hygiene conditions have improved Govt. officials are now approached by villagers
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BAULI NEPALI
DPS assist villagers in case someone’s shelter is damaged
DPS is looking forward to have their own savings
DPS wants to improve their agriculture production through new techniques
Training is required from RVC or ASDMA Follow-up done by RVC, UNDP or ASDMA has
not come
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BORCHAPORI
Construction of road under NREGA Construction of toilets under TSC Some IAY houses have been provided
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SONARIGHAT
Panchayat didn’t give the contract of toilet construction saying that they have to be a registered group
Sale of grains from ‘Kangali Bharal’ has been used for those who are in need
More awareness about health & hygiene issues
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NEPALI PATHAR
DPS is monitoring the construction of toilets under the TSC
DPS discovered inconsistency in spending on road construction under NREGA by Panchayat. Remaining amount was spent last year
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NALBARI
Follow-up is required Improvement in agriculture is required Members are finding it difficult to manage
their personal life & DPS work Other villagers are reluctant to become DPS
members DPS is planning to start a flood awareness &
preparedness campaign
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HARINATHPUR
IAY houses are being constructed Road construction, fishery, community hall,
raised platform under NREGA Women are coming forward to make DPS
even more active. They give suggestions for better functioning
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LITERATURE REVIEW
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2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction Tearfund. January 2005. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk
Reduction: A Tool for Development Organisations Best Practices for Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction.
Case Study 1: Duryug Pratirodh Samiti – Institutionalization of Emergency Service Delivery Mechanism in Flood Plains of River Basin [documented by Rural Volunteers Centre (RVC)]
UNICEF Led Community Based Disaster Preparedness in West Bengal, India. External Evaluation by RedR India. June-August 2007
The Social Life of Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction by Annelies Heijmans
Critical Issues of Community Based Flood Mitigation: Examples from Bangladesh and Vietnam by Rajib Shaw
The Role of Collective Action in Enhancing Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change by Philip Ireland and Frank Thomalla
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CONCEPTS & POINTS DRAWN Various definitions but ultimately focused on
disaster preparedness Top-down bureaucratic approach of the govts. &
organizations fail to recognize ground realities Vulnerability is the product of past political,
economic and social processes, risk is a concept which links the present with the uncertain future
Governments, who are the signatories of Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA), view disasters as hurdle to development but they still consider them as external events
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CONCEPTS & POINTS DRAWN According to the governments, “participation
means consultation, not questioning or confronting power inequalities. People’s local knowledge may be used, local perspectives not necessarily”
Disaster mitigation is becoming more and more community-based these days yet it fails to incorporate the socio-economic concerns of the people
People lack trust and confidence in their government due to widespread corruption
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CONCEPTS & POINTS DRAWN
The factor contributing to the success of the program is the long-term commitment of the key actors and organization to remain engaged with the community
Many young people volunteer their time to CBDRM activities because of incentives such as free services such as health care, training in language and other skills that are beneficial for seeking employment and advancing careers, and an improved social status
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FINDINGS & CONCLUSION
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1. Incentives: Health Preparedness like safe drinking water, immunisation; better farming techniques, organic farming, etc
2. Linkage to Development: DRR should be a part of development plan. MGREGA is one such way
3. Long-Term Approach: Those DPS are more active with whom RVC is still engaged
4. Decentralization: DPS cannot take initiative as they lack legal status. Panchayat members can be roped in
5. Support from the State: Decline in the monitoring and evaluation by the DDMA. DDMA does have the potential of increasing the staff members
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6. Community Participation: Collectively people, especially
women, feel confident to approach the government officials;
Unity and cooperation among the villagers has increased
among the villagers like in the concept of ‘kangali bharal’;
these show the “Collective Action” as discussed in the
literature review
7. Customised Programme: Best-practices of one
village/Programme may not be applicable in other places; the
problems of the community are conceived by the donor and
implementing agencies, rather than the issues being
addressed by the community
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8. Vulnerability Reduction: Along with the disaster
preparedness, the Programme should also aim to address
the root causes which make the community vulnerable in
the first place
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SIGNIFICANCE
To understand the importance of sustainability
Add to the existing literature on CBDRR A study report for RVC Help ASDMA & NGOs while implementing
CBDRR programs in future
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THANK YOU…
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