NING SITEJacqueline Mougel

WHAT WAS THE LITTLE ICE AGE? 300 years 16th to the 19th

centuries Europe America Low average

temperatures

FRONTIERS OF THE AMERICAS Symbolic violence -arbitrates

a man’s place in a social group

cultural boundary between rural borderlanders and townsmen= two styles of conflict

gaucho= a man with a horse and a knife

Class and race differences Killing always defined as a

crime Attacker trying to show

something about himself rather than to kill

Honor is not the only determinant : class, race

FRONTIERS OF THE AMERICAS

Power and Politics in Northeast Brazil

1824: Emperor Pedro I allowed upper Brazilians to have political infuence

Centered around family Father and older sons

preserve family’s integrity

Women to marry up to strengthen family ties

Carlota Lucia de Brito : mistress of a powerful Paraiban politician

CROSSROADS OF FREEDOM 1861-1862 Most civil wars the entering

army might fight for land or government

But Confederacy established a government- Richmond 750,000 square miles

President Lincoln must destroy Confederacy’s government by evading

Union defeat at Bull Run 1861 Union General George B.

McClellen “The young Napoleon” July Mclellen secured West

Virginia Suspicions of Mclellen’s

loyality

CROSSROADS OF FREEDOM

1861-Ulysses S. Grant took command of Union army

Union gunboats introduced March 7-8 -Union won at

Pea Ridge Confederate lost Fort

Donelson and Nashville Battle of Shiloh:

Confederate triumph Secretary of War Edwin

Stantion First Battle between

ironclads: CSS Viginia vs USS Monitor

Confederacy winning summer of 1862

CROSSROADS OF FREEDOM June-July 1862 Union success:

Shenandoah Valley “Stonewall” Jackson

Confederate General “Jackson’s foot cavalry”

always outnumbered won 5 battles

The Seven Days Battles: Union fail

McClellan blamed administration for failing to send back up

CROSSROADS OF FREEDOM

Army of Northern Virginia was not destroyed at Antietam

Confederate commander did not give up easily

Northern press pessimism: dark war

Surrender of Harpers Ferry: Union humiliation

Union triumphs at Antietam, Corinth and Perryville

Proclamation: symbolic power December 1: Lincoln “Without

slavery the rebellion could never have existed; without slavery it could no continue.”