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NIMS UNIVERSITY

SYLLABUS

OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE (BIOTECHNOLOGY)

VERSION 2.0

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Shobha Nagar, Jaipur - Delhi Highway (NH-11C), Jaipur (Rajasthan) PIN - 303121

INDIA



Eligibility : Graduate in related fields Program

Duration : 2 Years

Program Objectives : The ideology behind this course is to provide a detailed understanding

of Plant Tissue Culture Technology, Bioinformatics, Genomics as well

as Animal, Food, Agriculture and Forest Biotechnology.

Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses

in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bio-

products. On the completion of this course, the students will have

sufficient scientific understanding of concepts and ideas relevant to

current market requirements.

The programme further provides in depth knowledge of various

significant topics, such as:

Cell Biology and Microbiology

Immunology and Biochemistry

Genetic Engineering

Animal Cell Biotechnology

Molecular Biology Genomics

Pharmaceutical, plant and Environmental Biotechnology

Bioprocess Engineering and Technology

Biotechnology is the science for this century which will further help to

develop next generation scientific breakthroughs and products.

Job Prospects :

Our M.Sc. in Biotechnology degree is one of the most versatile

degrees you can obtain because of the fundamental nature of the

discipline, and also because it can be combined with so many other

sciences, leading to powerful and sought-after skills. After the

completion of our program, you will find a challenging career in

biotechnology companies, research organizations and government.

There is a huge demand for skilled biotechnologists. Exciting career

possibilities in Human Health Careers, Veterinary Medicine, Animal

Science, Livestock Production, Agriculture, Plant Science, Law

Enforcement, Energy, Production Biotechnology and Product

companies Common job profiles of students after completing M.Sc. in

Biotechnology include: Research & Development Associate,

Greenhouse Assistant, Environmental Health and Safety Specialist,

Quality Control Analyst, Clinical Research Administrator, Clinical

Data Specialist , Clinical Research Associate, Manufacturing Research

Associate, Biochemical Development Engineer, Crime Lab

Technician, Biotechnology / Pharmaceutical Sales, Senior Research

Scientist, Biotechnology and Laboratory Technician.


YEAR I

Course Code Course Title Theory/

Practical

Continuous

Assessment

(Internals)

Credits

BIO16102 Cell Biology 70 30 3

MBL16108 Microbiology 70 30 3

MBL16109 Immunology 70 30 3

BCH16108 Biochemistry 70 30 4

GNT16102 Genetic Engineering 70 30 4

BCH16109 Animal Cell Biotechnology 70 30 4

MBL16110 Molecular Biology and Genomics 70 30 3

BIO16102P Cell Biology (P) 35 15 2

MBL16109P Immunology (P) 35 15 2

GNT16102P Genetic Engineering (P) 35 15 2

BCH16109P Animal Cell Biotechnology (P) 35 15 2

Total 900 32

YEAR II

Course Code Course Title Theory/

Practical

Continuous

Assessment

(Internals)

Credits

BOX16202 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics 70 30 4

BOT16207 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 70 30 4

BOT16208 Plant Biotechnology 70 30 4

BOT16209 Bioprocess Engineering and

Technology 70 30 4

BOT16210 Environmental Biotechnology 70 30 4

BOX16202P Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (P) 35 15 2

BOT16208P Plant Biotechnology (P) 35 15 3

BOT16209P Bioprocess Engineering and

Technology (P) 35 15 3

DSR16201 Dissertation 200 4

Total 850 32


YEAR I

CELL BIOLOGY – BIO16102

UNIT CONTENT

1

Introduction to Cell Biology: Cell theory; Classification of Cells; Structure of Prokaryotic

Cells, Cell Organelles; Structure of Eukaryotic Cells, Cell Organelles; Prokaryotes versus

Eukaryotes.

2

Cell Membrane: Cell Membrane; Cell Membrane/Plasma Structure, Theories, Lipid Bilayer,

Membrane Polarity, Membrane Structure, Cytoskeleton, Functions; biochemistry of the Cell

Membrane, Membrane Lipids; Role of Lipid Molecules in Maintaining Fluid Property of

Membrane, Types of Movements of Lipid Molecules, Role of Unsaturated Fats in Increasing

Membrane Fluidity, Role of Cholesterol in Maintaining Fluidity of Membrane; Membrane

Proteins.

3

Cell Motility: Cell Motility, Elements of Cell Movement, Cilia and Flagella, Occurrence of

Cilia and Flagella, Structure of Cilia and Flagella, Movement of Cilia and Flagella, The Overall

Structure of Bacterial Flagella; Molecular Events and Model, Amoeboid Movement,

Pseudopodia, The Sliding-Filament Model of Bending, The Primary Cilium; Cellular

Responses to Environmental Signals in Plants and Animals, Cell Signaling can be divided into

three stages; Signal Transduction; Signal Amplification; Rhizobium Legume Symbiosis, The

Role of Nod Signal Structures in the Determination of Host Specificity in the Rhizobium-

legume Symbiosis.

4

Cell cycle and regulation: Review of cell cycle, Divisional Control; Regulatory Proteins; Cell

Cycle Regulation; Cyclin/Cdk complexes, positive and negative regulation; The Restriction

Point, A Knot of Mitogen and Inhibitory Signaling, cis-Acting Regulatory Sequences:

Promoters and Enhancers.

5

Cell communication I: General Principles of Cell Communication; Extracellular signals and

their receptors; Autocrine signaling; Role of gap junctions; Types of cell receptors; Relay of

Signals; Intracellular signal proteins; Regulated proteolysis dependent signaling pathways, The

Pathway mediated by the receptor protein notch, The pathway activated by secreted WNT

Proteins, The Pathway activated by Secreted Hedgehog Proteins, The Pathway Activated by

Latent Gene Regulatory Protein NF- B.

6

Cell communication II: Informational transactions in eukaryotic cells; Cyclic AMP facet,

Functions of cAMP; Study of G-proteins, Types of G-protein, Conformational Changes Occur

in G-protein during Nucleotide Exchange, Role of G-protein in signal Transduction, G-protein

linked cell surface receptor, Role of G-protein Coupled receptor; Signaling through Enzyme-

linked cell-surface receptor; Calcium Messenger System-Calcium Ion Flux, Role of Calcium in

cell signaling, Properties of Calcium Ion (Ca2+

), Function of Ca2+

in cell, Signaling via GMP.

7

Stem Cell: Properties of stem cell, self renewal, Totipotent, Pluripotent; Introduction and

applications of embryonic stem cells, foetal cells, adult stem cells, muse stem cells, amniotic

stem cells.

8

Stem Cell Therapy: Medical uses of stem cells; Treatment of Brain Damage; Stem cell

technology; Use in cancer therapy; spinal cord injury treatment; Treatment of heart failure;

Blindness and vision impairment; Neural and behavioural birth defects; Wound healing;

Infertility; Embryonic stem cell controversy.

9

Cancer: Causes and types of cancer, Types of Cancer, Viral carcinogenesis; Tumor

suppressors; Oncogenes and signal transduction; Growth and spread of cancer; Molecular basis

of cancer therapy; Molecular markers programmed cell death and its regulation in normal

physiology, apoptosis and cancer development, physiologic apoptosis; Regulation and

execution of mammalian apoptosis, Cytokine signaling and role of apoptosis in tumor genesis.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READING:

1. Lodish Harvay, Molecular Cell Biology, W.H. Freeman, 2008, Sixth Edition.


2. M. Cooper Geoffery, The Cell: A molecular Approach, ASM Press, 1997, Volume 2

3. Freeman W.H.: Molecular Cell Biology Solutions Manual, 2008.

4. Principles of cell and Molecular Biology, Kleinsmith LJ & Kish VM, Harper Collins College

Publishers (1995).

5. Cell and Molecular Biology, Karp G, John Wiley and Sons. (1999).

WEB LINKS:

A. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medineplus/ency/article/001191.htm

B. https//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/infertility

C. http//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/musecell

CELL BIOLOGY (P) – BIO16102P

1. The bright field microscope

2. Measurements: ocular and stage micrometers (Measuring area and volume)

3. Measurement of cell organelles

4. The phase contrast and inverted phase microscope

5. The transmission electron microscope

6. Comparison of electron micrographs

7. Microscopic Examination of Cells

8. Dilution Techniques

9. Measuring Enzyme Activity

10. Physiological Processes of Bacteria

11. Photosynthesis

12. Comparison of Normal and Transformed cells

13. Blood smear preparation

MICROBIOLOGY – MBL16108

UNIT CONTENT

1

The World of Bacteria: General Properties of Bacteria, Structure of Bacteria, External

Structure, Plasma Membrane, Internal Structure; Ribosomes, Structure, Function, Regulation;

Structure Linkage, Function, Storage Granules; Endospores, Formation and Destruction,

Appendages; Classification of Bacteria, Bergey‟s Classification of Bacteria, Kingdom

Procaryotae, Classification of Bacteria according to the Shape of Bacteria, Classification

Based on Cell Wall, Classifying Bacteria on Cellular Respiration, Classifying Bacteria by

Growth Factors; Nutritional Requirements‟ of Bacteria and the Properties of Growth Media,

Growth Media, Selective Media, Different Types of Media, Media Requirements, Media

Sterilization, Differential Media, Transport Media, Enriched Media,

2

History and Scope of Microbiology: History of Microbiology, Ancient, Modern;

Fermentation, Germ Theory of Disease, Immunization; Classification of Microbes, Scopes of

Microbiology, Classification of Microbes; Anatomy of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotic Cells;

Morphology and Ultra Structure of Virus, Morphology, Bacteriophage; Protozoa,

Morphology; Life Cycle of Intestinal Protozoa, Life Cycle of Plasmodium in Man, Life

Cycle of Plasmodium in Female Anopheles Mosquito Ingestion of Gametes by Mosquito;


Algae, Morphology, Anatomy of Algal Cell.

3

Microbial Metabolism: Different Media with Nutrient Composition, Differential Media,

Transport Media, Enriched Media; Classification of Bacteria based on Nutritional

Requirement, Autotrophs, Heterotrophs; Transport across Membranes, Structure of Cell

Membrane, Movement across Cell Membranes, Vesicles.

4

Staining Techniques: Procedure and principle of staining, Gram‟s staining; Acid fast

staining techniques, Principle; Flagella stain, Materials; Endospore staining, Dorner method

of staining endospores, Schaeffer-Fulton Method for Staining Endospores.

5

Microbial Growth and Nutrition: Methods for Measurement of Cell Mass, Methods for

measurement of Cell numbers; Bacterial Growth Curve, Four characteristic phases of the

growth cycle are recognized, Growth rate and generation time, Calculation of generation

time; Measurement of growth fields, Synchronous growth, Continuous culture or Batch

Culture method.

6

Microbial Ecology: Role of microbes on the earth; Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism,

Parasitism; Plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) with biocontrol activities;

Biological Control agents (BCA) with growth promoting activities, biological Interactions;

Nitrogen fixation, Nitrogen Uptake, Nitrogen Mineralization; Microbial Bio-deterioration,

Bio-deterioration of Wood Pulp and Paper.


ADDITIONAL READING:

A. Ryan K.J. and Ray C.G. Sherris, Medial Microbiology, 4th Edition. McGraw Hill. Pp. 376-7,

2004.

B. Krishna B.V., Patil, A.B., Chanrasekhar, M.R.: Fluoroquinolone-resistant Vibrio Cholerae

isolated during a cholera outbreak in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 (3): 224-26, March

2006.

C. Hudson, J. Louis Pasteur. Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1913.

D. Thiel, Theresa. Science in the Real World. 1999.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://faculty.college-prep.org/~bernie/sciproject/project/kingdoms/Bacteria4/Final/properties%

20of%%20bact.htm.

B. http://www.microbeworld.org/history-of-microbiology.

C. http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ microbiology/journal/248

IMMUNOLOGY – MBL16109

UNIT CONTENT

1 Mechanism of Immune Response: Types of Immunity, Immune System, Primary

Lymphoid Organ, Secondary Lymphoid Organ; Antigen, Immunoglobulin Structure.

2

Biology of Complement System: MHC structure, Nomenclature; HLA typing, Serologic

Methods, Microcytotoxicity Assay; Cell mediated immunity, Macrophage Activation; Cell

mediated cytotoxicity, NK Cells, K Cells; Hypersensitivity, Type I Hypersensitivity, Type II

Hypersensitivity, Type III Hypersensitivity, Type IV Hypersensitivity; Allergen

immunotherapy, Treatment; Immunodeficiency disorders; Transplantation, Pre-

transplantation Screening; Suppression of the immune system, Heart Transplantation, Kidney

Transplantation, Stem Cell Transplantation; Classical Complement Pathway, Alternative

Pathway, Lectin Pathway (MBL-MASP).

3 Antigen and Antibodies: B cells, Rosetting Techniques; Antibody production, Chinese


Hamster Ovary (CHO), Other Cell lines; Screening of cell lines, Steps in a Fed-Batch

Process; Monoclonal antibody production, Conventional Method of Antibody Production,

Hybridoma Technology, Monoclonal Antibody Production by Hybridoma Technology,

Preparation of Cells; Isolation of antibodies, Immunotoxins, Chimeric Immunotoxins,

Humanized Antibodies, CDR Grafted Antibodies, Heteroconjugate Antibodies; Steps in a

western blot, Tissue Preparation, Gel Electrophoresis, Transfer, Blocking, Detection;

Western Blot using radioactive detection system, Analysis, Colorimetric Detection,

Chemiluminescent Detection; 2-D Gel Electrophoresis, Two-dimensional Gel

Electrophoresis, Medical Diagnostic Applications, Dot Blot, ELISA.

4

Study of Blood Cells: Isolation of mononuclear cells by Ficoll-Hypaque, Gradient

Centrifugation, Depletion of Monocytes/Macrophages from Mononuclear Cells using

Adherence Method, Depletion of Contaminating Cells from Mononuclear Cell; B-Cells,

Development of B-Cells, Immune Tolerance; Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS),

Quantifying FACS Data, Mixed-Lymphocyte Reaction.

5

Cytokines: Cytokine, Effect; Cytokine receptors, Disease; Cytokine assays, Cytokine Flow

Cytometry, Principles of Flow Cytometry; Mechanism of killing, Perforin/Granzyme Killing,

FasL/Fas Killing; Natural killer cells, Activation; History and Discovery, Edward Jenner,

Cowpox and Vaccination; Elusive vaccine and the ethics of vaccine research, DNA Vaccines,

Current Use, Plasmid Vectors for Use in Vaccination; Delivery methods, Immune Response

Raised by DNA Vaccines; Mechanistic basis for DNA raised immune responses, DNA

Uptake Mechanism, Antigen Presentation by Bone Marrow-Derived Cells, Alternative

Boosts; Additional methods of enhancing DNA- Raised immune responses, Formulations of

DNA, Alphavirus Vectors.

6 Immune Response: Commensal microorganismes; Pathogens, Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi,

Protozoa; Innate immune response; Adaptive immune response.

7

Hypersensitivities: Types and mechanism of hypersensitivity, Type I Hypersensitivity

Immediate Hypersensitivity, Type II Hypersensitivity, Type III Hypersensitivity, Type IV

Hypersensitivity or Delayed Hypersensitivity; Immune to Microbes, Susceptibility to

Extracellular Bacterial Infections, Susceptibility to Intracellular Bacterial Infections,

Susceptibility to Fungal Infections, Susceptibility to Viral Infections, Susceptibility to

Protozoa; Immune to tumors.

8

Cancer: Systemic symptoms, Causes, Definitions; Types of cancer; Breast cancer, Causes,

Symptoms, Tests, Treatment; Lung Cancer, Causes, Symptoms, Tests, Treatment; Skin

cancer, Causes, Symptoms, Tests, Treatment; Prostate cancer, Causes, Symptoms, Tests,

Treatment.


ADDITIONAL READING:

A. Retief F.P., Cilliers L.: The epidemic of Athens, 430-426 BC. South African Medical Journal,

88 (1): 50-3, 1998.

B. Parham P. The Immune System, New York: Garland, 2005.

C. Reth M. Antigen Receptors on B cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol.; 10: 97-121, 1992.

D. Castro, J.B.D. (2011). Cancer: Cause, Care and Cure. B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://health.india.com/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer-causes-symptoms-myths-diagnosis-

treatment/?gclid=CJ_Yz40UpwbCFc9U4godL2sAoA

B. http://www.immune.org.nz/category/tags/types-immunity

C. http://textbookofbacteriology.nit/immune.htm


IMMUNOLOGY (P) – MBL16109P

1. Detection of a Single Antibody Producing Cell (Jerne Plaque Assay)

2. MHC Polymorphism: HLA Typing by PCR

3. Phagocytosis

4. Analysis of negative selection in the T cell repertoire (Central tolerance)

5. Antibody interactions with antigens

6. Antibodies as probes

7. Immunoassay

8. Isolation of cells

9. Phagocytosis, complement and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity

10. Lymphocyte structure

11. Lymphocyte function

12. The cytokines

13. Immunological manipulations in vivo

BIOCHEMISTRY – BCH16108

UNIT CONTENT

1

Introduction to Biochemistry: Definition of Biochemistry; History of Biochemistry;

Branches of Biochemistry the Relationship to Other Biology; Biomolecules, Carbohydrates,

Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids.

2

Homo and Heteroglycans: Polysaccharides, Structure, Isolation; Properties and Functions

of Homoglycans or Homopolysaccharides, Starch, Cellulose and Chitin, Dextran, Inulin,

Arabinoxylan; Occurrence, Structure Properties and Functions of Heteroglycans; Bacterial

Cell Wall Polysaccharides, Glycosaminoglycan, Agar and Carrageenan, Alginic acid and

Alginates, Pectin, Amino Sugars, Blood Group Substances, Sialic Acids; Glycoproteins and

its Biological Applications; Lectin Structure and Functions, Biological Functions.

3

Proteins Biochemistry: Classification of proteins, Based on the functions, Protein

Classification based on Chemical Nature and Solubility, Structure of Proteins, Isolation,

Fractionation and Purification of Proteins, Shape of Proteins; Denaturation and Renaturation

of Proteins; Primary Structure, Determining Protein Amino Acid Sequence, Ramachandran

Plot, Regions in Ramachandran Plot, Proteins: Secondary Structure; Super Secondary

Structure, Fibrous Proteins, Alpha Tertiary, Beta Pleated Sheet, Helix – Loop – helix,

Structure, Domains; Quaternary Structure, Structure of Haemoglobin, Solid-phase Synthesis.

4

Enzymes Technology: Historical perspective; General Characteristics, Types of Specificity;

Nomenclature, IUB Classification of Enzymes (Specific Examples); Methods of Isolation

and Purification of Enzymes and Characterization of Enzymes, Purification of Enzyme,

Criteria of Purity of the Enzyme Protein; Definitions, IU (International Unit), Katal,

Turnover Number; Enzyme Activity, Specific Activity, Enzyme Assay; Tests for

Homogeneity of Enzyme Preparation.

5

Nucleotide and Nucleic Acids: Watson - Crick model of DNA structure,; A-Form, B-Form

and Z-Form of DNA, B-Form DNA, A-Form Nucleic Acids, Z-Form DNA; Cruciform

Structures of DNA – Formation and Stability; Miscellaneous Alternative Conformations of

DNA, Slipped Mispaired DNA, Parallel Standard DNA, Palindrome DNA; Secondary

Structure of RNA; Tertiary Structure of DNA; hnRNA; Methods for Nucleic Acid Sequence

Determination, Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing, Chain-termination Methods, Shotgun

Sequencing, Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS), Polony Sequencing, 454


Pyrosequencing, Illumina (Solexa) Sequencing, SOLiD Sequencing, Ion Torrent Semi

conductor Sequencing, DNA Nanoball Sequencing, Heliscope Single Molecule Sequencing,

Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) Sequencing; Denaturation; DNA Strand Separation;

Fractionation, Purification and Isolation of DNA; Molecular Hybridization; Cot Value Curve;

Hypochromic Effect; DNA Protein Interactions.

6

Lipid structure and Metabolism: Classification of lipids – Structure and Functions,

Glycerolipids, Glycerophospholipids, Sphingolipids, Sphingomyelin, Sterol Lipids, Prenol

Lipids, Saccharoolipids, Polyketides, Functions of Lipids; Triglyceride and Fatty Acids;

Metabolism of Triacylglycerols; Fatty Acid Metabolism, Fatty Acid Metabolism in Fasting

and Diabetes Mellitus; Other Open – Chain Lipids and Membranes; Membrane Components

and Functions, Lipids, Phospholipids Forming Lipid Vesicles, Carbohydrates, Functions;

Membranes in Nervous System; Fused Ring Lipids, Cholesterol, Steroid Hormones, Vitamin

D.

7 Vitamins: Water soluble Vitamins, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Folic acid,

Ascorbic acid; Fat Soluble Vitamins, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E.

8

Porphyrins: Natural formation; Synthesis, Biosynthesis, Laboratory Synthesis; Porphyrin

Ring System; Chlorophyll; Hemoglobin, Coordination, Heme Group Shape, Association

Constant, Dissociation Constant, Function; Myoglobin, Molecular Orbital Description of Fe-

O2 Interaction in Myoglobin; Cytochrome; Applications of Porphyrins, Medicine, Molecular

Electronics, Supramolecular Chemistry, Organic Geochemistry.

9

Microbial Biochemistry: Cell Morphology, Structure; Gram Negative and Gram Positive

Organisms; Microscopy, Bright Field, Dark Field, Phase Contrast, Fluorescence;

Sterilization; Nutritional Requirements, Growth and Characteristics of Bacteria; Media for

Growing Bacteria and Fungi, Growth Media; Bacterial Toxins, Classification of Bacterial

Toxins, Structure and mode of Action of Bacterial Protein Toxins; Viruses, Structure,

Properties, Classification.


ADDITIONAL READING:

A. Jaypee Brothers, Biochemistry, Medical Publishers, Chittiprol, 2006.

B. Laberge Monique, Biochemistry, InfoBase Publishing, 2009.

C. Biochemistry, Stryer edition W.H. Freeman.

D. Principles of Biochemistry, Lehninger, by Nelson and Cox.

E. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry edited by Albert Lehninger , Michael Cox , David L.

Nelson. (2004). Fourth Edition. W. H. Freeman & Company

WEB LINKS:

A. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry

B. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479680/protein/72556/The-muscle-proteins.

GENETIC ENGINEERING – GNT16102

UNIT CONTENT

1

Tools of Genetic Engineering: Mechanism of Gene Transfer by Agrobacterium,

Formation of the T-pilus, Transfer of T-DNA into the Plant Cell; Enzymes used in genetic

engineering, Restriction Engineering, Nucleases, DNA Ligase, Kinase, Alkaline

Phosphatases, Reverse Transcriptase, Terminal Deoxynucleotide Transferase, RNase P;

Cutting and joining DNA molecules, Cutting DNA Molecule, Joining DNA; Cloning

vehicles and their properties, Characteristics of a Cloning Vector, Plasmid Vectors, Phage

Vectors, Phagemids, Cosmids, Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC); Co-integrated

Vectors: T-DNA-based-Hybrid-Vectors, Necessary Vectors of Co-integrated Vectors,


Drawbacks of Co-integrated Vectors..

2

Transposable Genetic Elements: Cloning vectors for recombinant DNA, M13 Phage,

Phagemids; Restriction Endonucleases on cloning; cDNA library Construction, mRNA

Extraction, cDNA Construction, cDNA Library uses; cDNA Library vs Genomic DNA

Library, Cloning cDNA Molecules, DNA Sequencing, A Short Stretch of DNA, From

Copying to Sequencing, Stopping DNA Polymerization; DNA Sequencing, Large Scale

Sequencing; RFLP, Analysis Technique; Analysis and Inheritance of Allelic RFLP

fragments (NIH), Schematic for RFLP by VNTR Length Variation, Applications,

Alternatives; DNA fingerprinting, Methodology of DNA Fingerprinting, Practical

Applications of DNA Fingerprinting; PCR, Cycling Reaction, Is there a Gene Copied

during PCR and is it the Right Size.

3

Expression Analysis and Application: Gene cloning, Requirements for Protein

Production from Cloned Genes; Host organism for protein production, Vectors for Gene

Expression; Promoters for Expression; Monitoring protein expression, Low levels of

protein, Insolubility of the Expressed Protein, Beyond E.Coli: Protein Expression in

Eukaryotic Systems, Expression in Yeast; Protein Purification; Intellectual property rights

and patents; International legal framework for the management of biological resources;

Biological Diversity Act, Plant Variety Act, The Patents (Amendment) Act of 2002;

Property Rights and Biological Resources in India in the TRIPS Era, Processes that were

not Patentable in India; Genetically modified crops and issues, How useful are GM crops?

Criticisms against GM foods, environmental Hazards, Human Health Risks, Economic

Concerns, GM Foods regulation and the Government‟s Role in this process, GM Foods

Labeling.

4

E. coli Vectors: Plasmid, Structure, Replication, Plasmid Transfer, Evolution,

Applications; Gene Markers, Background, Types, Uses, Insulin Production; pBR322;

Filamentous Phage, Phage Particles, Phage Life-cycle; Cosmid, Features and Uses;

Phasmid; Bacillus Subtilis, Pathogenesis, Reproduction, Chromosomal Replication, Model

Organism, Uses, Genome; Bacterial Transformation.

5

Gene Expression in Eukaryotes: Yeast Artificial Chromosome; SV40; Streptomyces,

Genome Structure, Cell Structure and Metabolism, Life Cycle, Ecology, Pathology,

Phages, Medicine; cDNA, Making cDNA; Incorporating cDNA into the Vector, Screening,

Designing a Probe, Test for Specificity, Getting Full Length cDNAs; Other Methods of

Isolating cDNAs, Cloning from Expression Libraries, Complementation, Expression on the

Cell Surface with Antibody Screening, Homology Screening, Two Hybrid Screening,

Screening by Databases; cDNAs and Experimental Design.

6

Plant Cloning Vector: Bacterial Colonization, Induction of Bacterial Virulence System,

Generation of T-DNA Transfer Complex, Two Models for the Translocation of T-DNA

Complex; Integration of T-DNA into Plant Genome, Plant Transformation Mediated by

Agrobacterium Tumefaciens; Ti Plasmid, Production of Transformed Plants with the Ti

Plasmids; Ri Plasmid, Limitations of Cloning with Agrobacterium Plasmids; Cloning genes

in plants by Direct Gene Transfer, Direct Gene Transfer into the Nucleus, Transfer of

Genes into the Chloroplast Genome, Attempts to Use Plant Viruses as Cloning Vectors;

Cloning Vectors, Cloning Vectors for Animals, Cloning Vectors for Insects, R Inverted

Repeats „Wings-clipped‟ Element Plasmid DNA, Cloning Vectors Based on Insect Viruses,

Cloning Vectors for Mammals, Gene Cloning without a Vector; Baculovirus, Life Cycle,

Relative Effectiveness, Appearance, Habitat, Pests Attacked, The Baculovirus Expression

System; Expression Vectors, Phage Promoters.

7

Biosafety and Bioethics: Potential hazards; Horizontal Gene Transfer and Genetic

Engineering, Hazards of Horizontal Gene Transfer from Transgenic Crops Released into

the Environment, Specific Hazards from the Transgenic Sugar Beet Released in the Field-

Trial; Biological Weapons, Biological Warfare Agents; Biosafety of GM Foods and

GMOs, Safety Testing, Concept of Substantial Equivalence; The Human Genome Project,

Objectives of HGP; Genomics and Genome Prospecting – The Controversies, Gene

Patents, Genetic Testing, Genetic Discrimination, Genetic Privacy, Genetic Modification

(GM), Justice and the Genome; Technology Protection System, Terminator Technology.

8 Intellectual Property Right: Intellectual property rights, Main IP Laws: Enacted by the

Legislature, Objective of IPR, Financial Incentive, Economic Growth, Morality; Patent;


Trademarks; Copyrights and related rights; Cyber crimes, Different Types of Cyber Tort,

Establishment of Tortious Liability in Cyber Crimes; Piracy- copyright infringement; Gene

patents, Chakrabarty Patent, Myriad Genetics Case; Patenting of life, History of Patenting

Life, How does it work? What does it do?


ADDITIONAL READING:

A. P.K. Gupta, 2007: Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering.

B. Clewell, D.B., 1993: Bacterial Conjugation, Plenum Press, New York.

C. Funnel, B.E. and R.A. Slaveev, 2004: Partitioning systems of bacterial plasmids, pp. 81-103. In

B.E. Funnel and G. Phillips (eds.), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC.

D. Janson, Jan-Christer, 2012: Protein Purification: Principles, High Resolution Methods and

Application, John Wiley & Sons.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www2.fiu.edu/-gantarm/Ch.%2010%20Genetic%20Engineering.html.

B. http://jkenvis.nic.in/biodiversity.pdf.

GENETIC ENGINEERING (P) – GNT16102P

1. Isolation of RNA from Plant Material by SDS-phenol Method

2. To Determine the Molecular Weight of DNA/Plasmid DNA by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

3. Purification/ Elution of DNA Fragment from Agarose Gel Using Silica

4. To Perform PCR Amplification of Specific Target Sequence from Genomic DNA and to Analyse

the Amplified Product by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

5. Restriction Endonuclease Digestion of Vector DNA and DNA Samples

6. Dephoshorylation of Vector DNA Digested with Restriction Enzyme

7. Construction of Recombinant DNA after Restriction Endonuclease Digestion

8. Transformation of E. Cole Cells

9. Southern Blotting of DNA Fragments from Agarose Gel

10. Western Blotting of Proteins from SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel.

11. Isolation of antibiotic resistant bacterial population by gradient plate method

12. Isolation of streptomycin resistant mutants by Replica plating technique

13. Demonstration of genetic recombination in bacteria by conjugation

ANIMAL CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY – BCH16109

UNIT CONTENT

1

Laboratory Requirements for Animal Cell Culture: Sterile handling area, Environment,

Location, Ventilation; Sterilization, Cleaning and Preparation of Cleaning Solution; Aseptic

technique for Cell Culture, Protocol of Aseptic Technique; Instrumentation and equipment,

Biosafety Cabinets, Incubators, Centrifuges, Refrigerator/Freezer Units, Liquid Nitrogen,

Aspiration Pump, Autoclave; History of cell culture, Primary Culture, Secondary Cell Culture.


2

Media and Reagents: Types of cell culture media, Natural Media, Artificial Media;

Ingredients of Media, Inorganic Salts, Buffering Systems, Carbohydrates, Amino Acids,

Vitamins, Proteins and Peptides, Fatty Acids and Lipids, Trace Elements, Serum, Antibiotics,

Media Supplements; Physiochemical Properties, pH, Carbon Dioxide, Bicarbonate and

Buffering, Oxygen, Temperature, Osmolality, Growth Factors, Nutrients, Proteins; Selection

of Media, Rich Media are Required for Culture of Animal Cells, Most Cultured Animal Cells

Grow only on Special Solid Surface; Preparation of Media, Materials Required, Method,

Preparation of SERA; Sterilization and Filtration of Media and Reagents, Serum Thawing,

Inactivation and Testing, Serum Testing – Cell Plating Efficiency Assay.

3

Basic Principal of Animal Biotechnology: Early History of Artificial Insemination, Semen

Evaluation, techniques, Intrauterine Insemination; Intrauterine Tuboperitoneal Insemination,

Intratubal Insemination; Pregnancy Rate; Samples per child, Derivation of the Equation;

Pregnancy Diagnosis in Animals, Detection of Estrus, Hormone Concentrations; Physical

Methods, Ultrasound Techniques, In Vitro Fertilization; Benefits of Embryo Transfer for

Farmers; Conception Rate, Future Ideas, Donor Cow, Recipient Cow; Embryo Transfer as a

Management Tool, Sheep and Goats, Pigs, Horses, Transgenic Animal, Methods of Creation

of Transgenic Animals; DNA Microinjection, Retrovirus mediated Gene Transfer; Transgenic

Animals as Biotechnology.

4

Animal Cell Culture: Types of cells grown in culture, Work area and Equipment; Safety

Considerations, Tissue Culture Procedures, Procedures, Trypsin-EDTA, EDTA Alone; Salient

Features of Animal Cell Culture; Requirements for Animal Cell Culture; Synthetic media;

Applications of animal cell culture, Somatic Cell Fusion; Blood Factor VIII; Scale up of

Animal Cell Culture, Roller Bottles; Micro Carrier Beads, Spinner Cultures; Types of Cell

Cultures; Characterization of Cell Lines; Stem Cell Technology, Genetic Engineering of

Animal Cells and their Applications, Manipulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes,

Collection and Purification Process of Recombinant Proteins; Organ Culture and Histotypic

Cultures, Organ Culture, Techniques and Procedure for Organ Culture, Advantages of Organ

Culture, Limitations of Organ Culture, Organotypic Cultures, Cell and tissue Engineering,

Design and Engineering of Tissues, Downstream Processing, Bioethics in Animal Genetic

Engineering.

5

Gene Knockout:

Gene knockout/targeting, Ends out strategy, Mechanisms of Gene Targeting/Replacement;

Gene targeting side effects due to illegitimate recombination; Applications of Gene-Knockout,

Using Mice to Model Drug Action; Gene Knock in Approach.

6

Organ Culture: Organ culture techniques, Clotted Plasma Substrate, Agar Substrate, Raft

Methods, Grid Method, Intermittent Exposure to Medium and Gas Phase, Watchglass

Technique; Organotypic Culture; Histotypic Culture; 3d Culture of Animal Cells, Rotating

Wall Vessel bioreactor; Host Pathogen Interactions, Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis,

Host Responses to Infection, Future Clinical Applications; Cell Bioprocessing, Upstream

Bioprocessing, Downstream.

7

Bio-fuelling and Control Technology: Biodiesel production, Steps in the Process; Product

purification; Reactions, Transesterification; Base Catalysed Transesterification Mechanism;

Production Methods, Batch Process, Benefits of Batch Process, Supercritical Process, Ultra

and High shear in line and Batch Reactors, Ultrasonic reactor Method, Microwave Method,

Lipase catalyzed Method; Biofuel and the Controversies, Bioremediation; Transgenic

Technology and Fish Growth; Gene Transfer Technology for Genetic Improvement of Fish;

Principle of Gene Transfer, Microinjection, Electroporation, Sperm mediated Gene Transfer;

Application of Gene Transfer Technology for Genetic Improvement of Fish, Lipofection,

Retroviral Infection; Generation and Identification of Transgenic Fish, Transgene Constructs,

Gene Transfer, Screening of Putative Transgenic Fish, Expression and Inheritance of the

Transgene in Transgenic Fish, General Conclusion and Future Prospect.

8

Genetic Engineering & Cryopreservation: Genetic Improvements, Long term strategies,

Short term strategies; Genetic Technologies and conservation, Towards Sustainable

Aquaculture; Cryopreservation, Materials and Methods; Experimental design, Semen

Collection; Statistical analysis, Detailed Explanation of ANOVA Technique, Between

Method, F-ratio and F-distribution, Results; Characteristics of Bottlenose dolphin Ejaculates,

Acrosome Evaluation, Discussion; Availability of marine natural products; Marine bacteria as


a source of metabolites, Metabolites from Marine Cyanobacteria, Metabolites from Seaweeds,

Metabolites from Sponges, Metabolites from Cnidarians, Metabolites from Bryozoans,

Metabolites from Molluscs, Metabolites from Tunicates, Metabolites from Echinoderms;

Metabolites from Fish, Sea Snakes and Marine Mammals.

9

Stem Cell Technology: Stem cells, Types of Stem Cells, Properties of Stem Cells; Embryonic

and Adult Stem Cells, Embryonic Stem Cells, Adult Stem Cells; Applications of Stem Cells,

Cell based Therapies, Tools for Research, Drug Discovery and Development, Some Other

Applications; Obstacles in Stem Cells Technology, Risks Associated with Stem Cells

Treatments, Stem Cells for the Future Treatment of Heart Disease.


ADDITIONAL READING:

A. S. Mahesh, Vedamurthy A.B. (2003): Biotechnology-4: Including Recombinant DNA

Technology, Environment Biotechnology. Animal Cell Culture, New Age International.

B. Freshney R. Ian, (2010).: Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique and

Specialized, 6 Edition, Wiley Blackwell.

C. Yadav P.R. and Tyagi Rajiv, (2006): Biotechnology of Animal Tissues, Discovery, New

Delhi.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www3.szote.u.-szeged.hu/hurodocs/downloads/biochemistry/lectures/

Basics_cellculture_ Lecture_Gorbe_HURO_small.pdf

B. http://stemcells.nih.gov/staticresources/info/basics/Stemcellbasics.pdf.

C. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1129084/

D. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/

ANIMAL CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY (P) – BCH16109P

1. Preparation of medium and Propagation of Cell lines

2. Cell Counting by Haemocytometer

3. Try pan Blue dye exclusion test

4. Cryopreservation of Cell lines

5. Revival of Preserved Cell lines

6. Preparation of Lymphocyte culture

7. Enrichment of Viable Cells

8. To study the Aseptic Technique and Good Cell Culture Practice

9. To perform the resuscitation of frozen cell lines

10. To subculture adherent cell lines

11. To subculture suspension cell lines

12. To perform cryopreservation of cell lines

13. To study the generation of Growth Curve


MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENOMICS – MBL16110

UNIT CONTENT

1

Introduction to Molecular Diagnostics and Molecular Epidemiology: History of

molecular diagnostics, Discovery of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Molecular

Diagnostics in the Post – Genomic Era; Goals of Molecular Diagnostics; Molecular

Methods used in Diagnostics, DNA/RNA Purification, Determination of Known sequence

Variations, Sequencing Methods, Protein Methods; Techniques used in Molecular

Diagnostics, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Electrophoresis, Southern Blotting,

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic

DNA, Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS), Pyrosequencing, Allele Specific

Hybridization, Ligation Chain Reaction (LCR), Mini sequencing, MSPCR, Quantitative

PCR; Chip Technology, Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC),

Web-based Resources; Role of Molecular Diagnostics in Medicine; Role of Molecular

Diagnostics in Clinical Laboratories; The Infectious Disease Paradigm; What is

Epidemiology? Methods of diseases transmission; Host or reservoir infection;

Epidemiologic methods, descriptive epidemiology, analytic epidemiology, experimental

epidemiology; Molecular epidemiology, Role of molecular diagnostics in genetics,

Hematology, oncology and pharmacogenomics; Future perspective of molecular

diagnostics, commercializing molecular diagnostics; Personalized medicine; Integrating

diagnostics and therapeutics.

2

Recombinant DNA Technology: Development of Recombinant DNA Technology;

Techniques Involved in Recombinant DNA Technology; Enzymes Involved in Recombinant

DNA Technology; Discovery of Restriction Endonucleases; Restriction System, Restriction

Endonuclease Nomenclature, Major Classes of Restriction Endonucleases, Recognition

Sequences for Type II Restriction Endonucleases, Sites of Cleavage, Frequency of

Recognition Sequences; Restriction-Modification System; DNA Ligases; End-modification

Enzymes; DNA Cloning, Steps Involved in Cell-based DNA Cloning, Vector DNA,

Different Types of Cloning Vectors, Plasmid DNA as a Vector, Bacterial Artificial

Chromosome (BAC), Cloning Vectors based on Viral DNA, Cloning Vector based on

Phage, Replacement Vectors, Insertion Vectors, Cosmids, Cloning Vectors based on

MI3 Phage, Phagemic Vectors, Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC) Vectors, Transfer of

Recombinant Plasmid DNA to a Bacterial Host, Amplification and Purification of

Recombinant Plasmid DNA, Applications of DNA Cloning, Transfer of Colonies to a DNA

binding Membrane, Expression Libraries; Restriction Mapping, Restriction Fragment

Length Polymorphism (RFLP), RFLPs can serve as Markers of Genetic Diseases; DNA

Sequencing, Manual DNA Sequencing by the Sanger “Dideoxy” DNA Method, DNA

Sequencing by Maxam-Gilbert Method (Chemical Degradation Method), Automated DNA

Sequencing; Applications of RDT in Medical and Health Care; Gene Therapy; Vaccine

Production.

3 Blotting Techniques and their Applications: Molecular hybridization; Types of Blotting

Techniques, Southern Blotting, Northern Blotting, Western Blotting, Dot and Slot Blotting.

4

Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques: Target amplification system; Emergence of the

amplification techniques; Detection of specific bacterial pathogen, Cycling Amplification

Technologies, Isothermal Amplification Technologies, Cycling Probe Technology,

Detection of Bacterial Pathogens by Multiple Targets or Universal Targets, Detection of

Bacterial Pathogens by Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Fluorescence in Situ

Hybridization; Peptide Nucleic Acid – FISH; Line Probe Assay (LiPA); Hybridization

Protection Assay (HPA); Mass Spectrometry (MS); Relevance of Nucleic Acid

Amplification Techniques in the Clinical Laboratory; Applications of Nucleic Acid

Amplification Techniques in Identification of Various Diseases, Central Nervous System

(CNS) Diseases, Hepatitis, Gastroenteritis, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV Infection

and AIDS, Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factor Genes, Methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus Aureus, Respiratory Infections; Precautions of using Nucleic Acid

Amplification Technologies; Future Trends for Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies.


5

PCR & its Applications in Diagnostics: Basic mechanism of PCR; Primary Requirements

of PCR Experiments; DNA polymerase enzymes; Primer Design; Paraffin-wax-embedded

Material; Key Factors Affecting the PCR; Different Types of PCR, RT-PCR, Real-time

Quantitative PCR, Long Accurate PCR (LA-PCR); Analysis of products by PCR, Basic

Analysis, Single-stranded Conformational Polymorphism Analysis, Restriction Fragment

Length Polymorphism, Heteroduplex Analysis, Sequence Analysis; Applications of

polymerase chain reaction; Application of PCR in Diagnostics, Role of PCR in Detecting

Infectious Agents, Role of PCR in Cancer Diagnostics, Role of PCR in Genetic Diseases

and Paternity Testing, Role of PCR in Histopathology, Role of PCR in Forensic Sciences;

Future Prospective of Polymerase Chain Reaction.

6

Genotyping of Bacteria and Virus: What is Genotype? Genotype and Genomic Sequence,

Genotype and Phenotype, Genotype and Mendelian Inheritance, Genotype and Genetics,

Genotype and Mathematics; Genotype Determination, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

(SNP) Genotyping, SNP Genotyping Techniques; Allele Discrimination Method, Allele-

specific Single-base Primer Extension, Allele-specific Enzymatic Cleavage; Detection of

Allele-specific Products, Methods Utilizing Fluorescent Labels, Fluorescence Polarization

(FP); Mass Spectrometry, SNP-based Mass Spectrometry Methods for Microbial and Viral

Detection and Identifications, Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Microbiology, Comparative

Sequence-based Mass Spectrometry Methods for Microbial and Viral Detection and

Identification, Multilocus Sequence Typing with MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry,

Quasispecies Analysis with MALDI-TOF mass Spectrometry; Pyrosequencing; Molecular

Detection and Genotyping of Pathogens; Bacterial Pathogens, Bacterial Strain Typing,

Bacterial Resistance Testing; Viral Pathogens, Viral Detection, Viral Genotyping.

7

Genomics: Whole genome sequencing analysis, Genome Analysis for Global Patterns of

Gene Expression using Fluorescent – labeled cDNA or End labeled RNA Probes; DNA

Microarray; Gene Mapping and Applications, The Transcriptome, The Proteome, Protein

Sequence Analysis by Mass Spectroscopy, The Link between the Transcriptome and the

Proteome; Protein Microarrays; Advantages and Limitations of Protein and DNA

Microarrays, Advantages of Protein Microarrays, Challenges and Bottlenecks of Protein

Microarrays, Advantages of the DNA Microarray, Disadvantages of the DNA Microarray.

8

Genome Mapping: Genome Mapping, Uses of Genome Mapping; Methods for Genome

Mapping, Genetic Linkage Mapping, Physical Mapping, Radiation Hybrid Mapping,

Sequence Tagged Site (STS) Mapping, Cytogenetic Maps, SNP Maps, Haplotype Maps,

Disease/Association Maps; Sequence Maps, BAC to BAC Sequencing, Whole Genome

Shotgun Sequencing, Expressed Sequence Tag (EST), Sources of Data and Annotations;

Human Genome Project, Copy Number Variants, CpG Islands, GC Content, Repeat Census,

Recombination, Horizontal Gene Transfer, Pseudogenes.

9

DNA Sequencing: Genome Sequencing - An Overview, History of DNA Sequencing, Early

RNA Sequencing, Restriction Enzymes, Definition of DNA Sequencing; Early DNA

Sequencing Techniques, Sanger‟s Dideoxy Sequencing, Maxam-Gilbert‟s Degradation

method.


ADDITIONAL READING:

A. Judith A. Scheppler, Patricia E. Cassin and Rosa M. Gambier: Biotechnology Explorations:

Applying the Fundamentals, ASM Press, 2000.

B. S.B. Primrose, Richard M. Twyman and R.W. Old: Principles of Gene Manipulation,

Wiley-Blackwell; 6 edition (February 8, 2002)

C. Mike Starkey and Ramnath Elaswarapu (2010) :Genomics: Essential Methods, John Wiley

& Sons.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.illumina.com/applications/microbiology/molecular-epidemiology.ilmn


B. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1837801/

C. http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/bsci348s/lec/Genomics.html.

YEAR II

BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS–BOX16202

UNIT CONTENT

1

Introduction to Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics as Combination of Sciences; Challenges for

Bioinformatics Industry; Bioinformatics Partnerships ; KDD Applications; XML for Data

Representation; Bioinformaticians vs. Biotechnologists; Bioinformatics and a

Bioinformatician; Roles and Responsibilities of Bioinformatics Team; Problem faced in

Bioinformatics Area; Database Type,; Relational Database, Terminology, Relations or tables,

Base and derived Relations, Domain, Constraints, Stored Procedures, Indices; Relational

Operations, Normalization; Object oriented Database, Comparison to Relational Databases;

Specialized Databases, Database structure: Records and fields; Data Minig; Identifications of

Protein sequence from DNA Sequence; Input and output; calculation f Sequence Alignment for

Evolutionary Interferences to Aid in Structural and Functional Analysis, Initialization Step,

Matrix Fill Step; Gen Bank Database, Receiving an Accession Number for your Manuscript;

Preparing Data for submission to Gen Bank, Sequin Macro Send, Whole Genome Shotgun

Sequence submissions, third Party Annotation Database, Sending the Data to Gen Bank,

Getting an Accession Number

2

Techniques in Bioinformatics: Visualization of Structure information, Database similarity

searching, Searching of Database for similar new sequence; Examine the Alignment Scores

and Statistics, Statistics; Multiple Alignment and Database Searching, Sequencing and

Assembling Genome using computer; Some other Methods of Genome sequencing and

Assembly, Eulerian Path, Align-Layout-Consensus, BAC-by-BAC(Hierarchical) Sequencing;

Genome, Genomics; Gene Therapy, Gene Splicing, Gene Silencing, Bio information and

Human Genome, Functional Genomics; Functional annotation for Genes, Genome Annotation,

Rosette Stone Approach, Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Structural Genomics

3

Introduction to Biostatistics: Definition and Functions of Statistics, Functions of Statistics;

Limitation of Statistics; Classification of Data, Types of Classification, Quantitative

Classification or classification According to Variables; Statistical Series, Qualitative and

Quantitative Series; Some Biostatistical Terms; Organization of Data; Summarizing Data,

Frequency Distribution, Grouped Frequency Distribution, Variables; Graphic Representations,

Bar Graph, Pie Chart, Histograms; Measures of Central Tendancy, Mean, Medium, Mode,

Measuring Dispersion, Coefficient of Variance, Skewness, Karl Pearson‟s Coefficient of

Skewness

4

Measures of Depression: Classical Definition; Counting Techniques, Fundamental Principle

Of Counting, Permutation; Statistical or Empirical Definition of Probability, Definition (R.Von

Mises); Axiomatic or Modern Approach to Probability, Sample Space, Events; Sampling; Tree

Diagrams, Theorems on Probability; Theoretical Probability Distributions; Discrete Probability

Distribution, Probability Histogram, Mean and Variance; Binomial Distribution, Probability

Function or Probability Mass function, Fitting of Binomial Function, Features of Binomial

Distribution, Uses of Binomial Distribution; Poisson Distribution, Poisson Process, Features of

Poisson Distribution, Uses of Poisson Distribution; Normal Distribution, The conditions of

Normality, Probability Density Function, Shape of normal Probability Curve, Properties of

Normal Probability Curve, probability of Normal Variate in an Interval, Fitting a Normal

Curve; Chi-square 2 Distribution, Features of

2 Distribution, sampling Distribution of

Variance; Types of Data Collection, Census, Sample survey, administrative Data; Theory of

Estimation, Point Estimation (Properties of Good Estimator), Methods of Point Estimation;


Two Types of Error, Power of a Test; Critical Region and One Tailed Vs. Two Tailed Test,

Test of Hypothesis Concerning Mean; Paired T-Test, Test of Hypothesis Concerning Standard

Deviation, Test of Hypothesis Concerning Correlation Coefficient, Uses of Chi-square 2 Test

5

F-Statistics: Features of F-distribution; The Fisher‟s Exact Test, Fisher‟s Exact Test for a 2x2

Table, Fisher‟s Exact Test for an n x m Matrix, Fisher‟s Exact Test as an Alternative to Chi-

Squared Test; Chi-square Test of Independence, The Logic of Chi-squared, Chi-squared Test of

Association, chi-squared Test of Homogeneity; F-Test and T-Test, F-distribution, T-

distribution; Parameter Estimation, Regression Equation; Linear Regression and Least Squares;

T-Test of the Regression Coefficient, Examinations Of Assumptions; Transformations,

Variance-stabliising Transformations, Method to Calculate Regression Coefficient

6

Introduction to Database Concept: Basics of Computers, Need for Computer, Generations of

Computer; Types of Computers, Computer sizes and Power, Super Computer and Mainframe,

Minicomputer, Workstation, Personal Computer; Components of a Computer system;

Computer Hardware Devices, Central processing Unit(CPU), Memory, USB Driver /Flash

Memory, Random Access Memory(RAM), Read Only Memory(ROM); Input Devices; Output

Devices; Storage Devices; Ms-Office, Word, Ms-Excel, MS-Power Point, MS Access;

Relational Database, Real World Example of Database Applications; Office Automation Tools;

internet, How Internet Works, Advantages of Internet, Equipment Needed for Internet,

Electronic Mail(E-Mail), Chatting, Managing Clients through E-Mail; Web Browsers

7 Computer Orientated Statistical Techniques using Excel: Frequency Function; Calculating

the Mean and Standard Deviation with Excel, Setup the Variance Calculations


ADDITIONAL READINGS:

A. Claverie, J.M. and C. Notredame, Bioinformatics for Dummies. Wiley, 2003.

B. Cristianini, N. and Hahn, M. Introduction to Computational Genomics, Cambridge University

Press, 2006

C. Kohane, et al. Microarrays for an Integrative Genomics. The MIT Press, 2002.

D. Mount, David W. Bioinformatics: Seque3nce and Genime Analysis Spring. Harbor Press, May

2002.

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/science/jobs/405301-bioinformatician-crg-bioinformatics-

core-facilities

B. http://www.biomickwatson.wordpress.com/2013/04/23/a-guide-for-the-lonely-

bioinformatician/

C. http://www.people.ysu.edu/~gchang/EXCEL/EXCEL_sd.pdf

D. http://www.spreadsheet.about.com/od/excelfunctions/pt/2010-10-03-Excel-2007-Standard-

Deviation-Function.htm

BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS (P) – BOX16202P

1. Finding motif in a sequence from an external file using Perl script

2. Reading sequence from an external file using Perl script

3. Retrieve the protein or DNA sequence and convert it into FASTA format

4. Find out the similarity search of unknown protein sequence using BLAST

5. Find out the similarity search of unknown protein sequence using FASTA


6. Open Reading Frame prediction for different protein out of some given nucleotide sequences

7. Exon identification using available software for a given nucleotide sequences

8. Gene finding related search for a given nucleotide sequences in order to predict the Gene

9. Secondary structure prediction for Amino acid sequence of a given protein

10. Predict and visualize the 3D structure of any protein

11. Prepare sequence file in FATSA format and multiply, align them using web based CLUSTALW

12. Molecular modeling using Moddler Software

13. Docking studies using Autodock Software

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY-BOT16207

UNIT CONTENTS

1

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Introduction to Biotechnology; Scope

and Applications of Biotechnology; Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Introduction, Scope,

Applications

2

Recombinant Pharmaceutical: Recombinant Insulin, Recombinant Human Growth

Hormones (HGH), Recombinant Factor VIII; Analog Insulin, Quality Control, The Future,

Physiologic Effects of Growth Hormones; Recombinant Factor VIII, Pathophysiology;

Clinical, History.

3

Recombinant Vaccine: Types of Vaccines, Live Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated

Vaccines, Subunit Vaccines, Toxoid Vaccines, Conjugate Vaccines, DNA Vaccines,

Recombinant Vector Vaccines; Plasmid Vectors for use in Vaccination, Vector Design,

Vaccine Insert Design; Immune Response Raised by DNA Vaccines, Helper T Cell

Responses, Cytotoxic T cell Responses, Humoral Response, Kinetics of Antibody Response;

Mechanistic Basis for DNA Raised Immune Responses, DNA Uptake Mechanism, Antigen

Presentation by Bone Marrow-derived Cells; Interferon, Modulation of the Immune

Response; Additional Methods of Enhancing DNA-Raised Immune responses, Formulations

of DNA, Alpha virus Vectors, Recombinant Protein; Chimeric Plasmids, Applications

4 Pharmaceutical Preparations: Clinical Trials, Pre-clinical Trials, Clinical Trial; Product

Manufacturing, Tablets, Injections, Capsules, Liquids

5

Gene Identification: Principles and Strategies in Identifying Disease Genes, Position

Independent Strategies for Identifying Disease Genes, Identification of a Disease Gene

through knowledge of the Protein Product, Identification of a Disease Gene through

knowledge of the DNA Sequence, Identification of a Disease Gene through knowledge of its

Normal Function; Programming Notes and Acknowledgements, Subtraction Cloning,

Chromosome Micro dissection, Positional Cloning of the Gene causing Branchio-oto-renal

Syndrome was achieved by large scale sequencing of Clones from the Candidate Region,

Identification of the Gene causing Treacher Collins Syndrome illustrates Positional Cloning

in its purest Form, Positional Candidate Strategies identify Candidate Genes by a

combination of their Map Position and Expression, Function of Homology; Limitations of

Human-mouse Homologies, Using Clues from Mutant Phenotypes in Lower Organisms,

Sequence Homo

6

Gene Therapy-I: Some Examples of Gene Therapy, Foods that have been Modified, GM

Products in Food; Regulation of GM Foods, Immune Response; Ethical Aspects of Gene

Therapy, Genetic Manipulation of Germ Cell; Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells,

Blastocyst in Vitro; Derivation of Human Embryonic Germ Cells, Pluripotency of Human

Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Germ Cells, Comparisons berween Human

Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Germ Cells, Directed Differentiation of Human

Embryonic Stem Cell and Emvbryonic Germ Cells in Vitro, Potential Uses of Human


Embryonic Stem Cells; Know about Human Embryonic Stem Cells.

7

Gene Therapy-II: Germ Line versus Somatic Cell Gene therapy; Research Issues,

Informed Consent; Prospects of Gene Therapy; Gene Therapy in Lower Species; Gene

Therapy in Humans, Chemical Techniques, Physical Techniques, Expression, Safety; Gene

Therapy and Ethical Issues, What is a Human Being? Hubris and Humanity, Risk and the

Need for Humility and Prudence in Genetic Developments, Limits which Society may Place

on Genetic Technology, Regulation and Commercial Pressure, Public Attitudes and the Role

of the Church.

8

Ethical Guideline and Issues: Animal Ethical Issues, Facts, Values and the Reflective

Equilibrium, Moral Status of Different Beings; Human Ethical Issues, Patients

Pharmaceutical Care, Interaction with other Medical Professionals, Ethical Issues in

Community Pharmacy Practice, Good Manufacturing Practice, Clinical Trials for New

Drugs; Stem Cell Ethical Issues, Multipotent Stem Cells, Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Research, Stem Cell Derived Gametes, Stem Cell Clinical Trials.



A. Ackerman, F., 2000: Waste Management and Climate Change. Local Environment, 5(2),

pp.223-229.

B. Austrian Federal Government, 2001: Third National Climate Report of the Austrian Federal

Government. Vienna, Austria.

C. Barlaz, M. 1998: Carbon storage during biodegradation of municipal solid waste components in

laboratory scale landfills

D. Chanton, J. and K. Liptay, 2000: Seasonal varioations in methane oxidation in a landfill vover

soil as determined by an in sity stable isotope technique. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14,

pp. 51-60

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.amgen.com/pdfs/misc/An_Introduction_Biotechnology.pdf.

B. http://www.pacontrol.com/introduction-to-biotechnology.html

C. http://www.slideshare.net/FyzahBashir/introduction-to-biotechnology.html

D. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_in_pharmaceutical_manufacturing

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY BOT16208

UNIT CONTENT

1

Introduction to Plant Biotechnology: History of Plant Biotechnology; Application of Plant

Biotechnology, Micro Propagation, Somatic Embryogenesis, Somaclonal variation,

Production of Secondary Metabolites, Germplasm conservation; Techniques in Plant Tissue

Culture, Plasticity and cellular Totipotency, Culture Environment, Plant Growth Regulators

and Tissue Culture, Culture types, Plant Regeneration

2

Cell Culture: Types of cell culture, Meristem culture, Anthers and Pollen Culture, Embryos

and Embryogenesis, Callus Culture, Cell Line; Suspension Culture, Characteristics features

of Suspension Culture; Production of Secondary Metabolites from cell Suspension culture;

Single Cell Culture, Importance of Single Cell culture, Methods of Single cell Culture;

Micropropagation, Stages of Micropropagation, Advantages of Micropropagation,


Disadvantages of Micropropagatio; Somaclonal variation, origin and Causes, Regeneration

System, Application of Somaclonal Variation; Somatic Embryogenesis, Factors influencing

Somatic Embryogenesis, Problems associated with Somatic Embryogenesis, uses of Somatic

Embryogenesis; Production of Embryoids from Somatic Embryogenesis

3

Hybrid Plants: Haploid, Types of Haploids; In-vitro Production of Haploid, Androgenesis,

Gynogenesis, In situ Parthenogenesis; Diploid Production; Protoplast Isolation and fusion,

mechanical, Sequential Enzymatic (two step), Mixed Enzymatic Procedure; Somatic

Hybridization and Cybrid Production and their Application in Crop Improvement, Somatic

Cell Hybridization Process, Characteristics of Somatic Hybridization and cybridization,

cybrid, Application of Somatic and Cybrid Hybridization; Transgene in crop Improvement,

Resistance to Biotic Stresses, Herbicide Resistant Plants, Glyphosate Resistant Plants,

Sulphonyl Urea Resistant Plants, Atrazene, Phosphinothricin (PPT); Bromoxynil Tolerance .

4 Virus Free Plants: Production of Virus free Plants using Meristem Culture; Materials,

Methods.

5

Plant Genome-I: Plant Genome organization; Structure of Representative Plant Genes and

Gene Families in Plant organization of chloroplast (CP) Genome, Representative Plant Genes

and Gene Families of chloroplast Genome; nuclear Encoded and Chloroplast Encoded Gene

for Chloroplast Proteins, Toc34 and 33,Toc159,Toc75, The Translocon on the Inner

Chloroplast Membrane (TIC), Tic20, Tic214, Tic100, Tic56;Targeting of Proteins to

Chloroplast, Targeting of Proteins to the chloroplast Stromal Space, Targeting of Proteins to

the Thylakoids

6

Plant Genome-II: Structure and Organisation of Chloroplast Genome, Comparison of size of

some Chloroplast DNA; Other RNA Processing Activities, Protein genes, Chloroplast

Promoter Sequences, Nuclear Genes Encoding Pastid Proteins; Mitochondrial Genome, Size

and Organization of Plant Mitochondrial Genome; Genome Rearrangements; Ribosomal

RNA and tRNA Genes; Cytoplasmic male sterility, Origin of CMS, Fertility Restorer Genes,

Variations in CMS Types, Maize(Zea maize)CMS Types; Seed Storage Protein;

Classification and Isolation of Seed Proteins, Classification, Isolation; structural Studies,

Homologies of Seed Storage Proteins and their Genes; transposable elements in Maize; Plant

Hormone Phototropism ;Photoperiodism ; Critical Night Length, Responding in Day Length

and Night Length, Phytochrome Regulation in Plants, Interconversion Abilities of

Phytochrome; Editting by Insersion or Deletion, Effect of Uracil Insertion in Pre-mRNA

Transcripts; Editing by Deamination, C-U Editing, A-I Editing; origin and Evolution of RNA

editing, RNA Editing may be involved in RNA Degradation; Transcriptional Regulation,

Post-transcriptional Regulation; translational Regulation, Protein Degradation; Localization,

Expression System

7

Molecular Biology in Plants: nitrogen Fixation in Plants; Agrobacterium Tumefaciens T-

DNA Transfer process, Bacterial Colonization, Induction of Bacterial Virulence System,

Generation of T-DNA Transfer complex, T-DNA Transfer, Integration of T-DNA Into Plant

Genome; Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation in Monocotyledonous Plants,

Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.),

Establishment of Transformation Protocol; Importance of Viruses; Viruses Transmission;

Classification of Virus; Genome Properties; Biological Properties; Serological Properties,

transgenic Plants for immunotherapy, vaccines, Modulation of Immune Response to Acquire

Immune Tolerance; stress Response, cell Death and Signaling; Oxidative stress and the

oxidative burst; Second messenger, Phase transition

8

Genetic Engineering in Plants: Neomycin Phosphotransferase Gene (NPT), Luciferase

Gene (LUX), Chloramphenicol Acetyltrasferase Gene(CAT), cDNA Libraries ; DNA

Sequencing , Expression of Cloned Genes; Molecular Breeding in Plants, Domestication;

Genetic Engineering of Plants, transformation of Dicotyledonous plants; other

Transformation methods, Transformation of Monocotyledonous Plants, Targeting Genes to

Organelles




A. Roberta H. Smith, Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques and Experiments, Third Edition, 2013.

B. B.N. Sathyanarayana, Plant Tissue Culture: Practices and New Experimental Protocols, 2007.

C. S.S. Bhojwani, M.K. Razdan Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice: Theory and Practice,

1996.

D. Robert N. Trigiano, Dennis J. Gray, Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology,

2011

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/K-12/TeachersGuide/PlantBiotechnology/Documents/ Plant

Tissue Culture.pdf.

B. Philip M. Gilmartin and Chris Bowler, Molecular Plant Biology- volume 1&2, Oxford

University Press.2005

C. http://faculty.plpa.cfans.umn.edu/neviny/cfan1501/handouts/1%20Cloning&Transgenic-

white.pdf

D. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=-M4IR.

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (P)-BOT16208P

1. To learn the preparation of stock solutions and their maintenance.

2. To learn the preparation of MS medium (liquid / semi-solid)

3. To learn the sterilization techniques for different explants.

4. Initiation of callus cultures from different explants.

5. To initiate the organogenesis in the callus cultures.

6. Initiation of in vitro cultures through axillary bud induction.

7. Rooting of micropropagated shoots on liquid and semisolid media in vitro.

8. Initiation of indirect somatic embryogenesis in elite plants. (Callus culture)

9. Establishment of the suspension cultures.

10. Pollen / Anther culture for the production of haploid plants.

11. Conservation of germplasm through artificial seed production.

12. Isolation of protoplasts.

13. Measurement of cells in cultures with the help of stage and ocular micrometer.

BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY _BOT16209

UNIT CONTENT

1

Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering: Distance and Recent Past; Bioreactors v/s

Chemical Reactors, Products of Bioreactions, Key Issues in Bioreactor Design and

Operation, Bioreaction/Fermentation Technology; Technologies under Development;

Isolation of Microorganisms, Microbes History, Isolation and Screening of

Microorganisms; Microbial Kinetics, Quality of Experimental Data, Kinetic Models and

Data Processing; Substrate Mixtures and Mixed Cultures, Utilization of Mixtures of


Carbon Sources; Preservation and Maintenance of Industrial Microorganism; Anabiosis

of the Microorganisms, Historical Concepts and Recent Hypotheses, Freezing;

Anoxybioses, Anabiosis in Nature, Freesing of the Microorganisms; Vacuum-

Sublimation Drying (Lyophilization) of the Microorganisms, Cultivation and

Preparation for Lyophilization, Principles of the Vacuum-sublimation Drying; Heat-

carrier, Definition of the Parameters of the Microbial Lyophilization, Factors

Influencing the Conservation Process, Protection of the Microorganisms;

2

Fermentation Process: Polysaccharides, Batch Culture, List of Reagents and

Instruments, Nutrient Preparation (Defined Medium), Nutrient Sterilization, Batch

Fermentation Monitoring; Fed-batch Fermentation, Fixed Volume Fed-batch, Variable

Volume Fed-batch; Control Techniques for Fed-batch Fermentation, Modelling Fed-

batch Fermentations Fixed Volume Fed-batch; Microorganisms Growing Exponentially,

Models of Possible Situations that may occur in a Fed-batch Fermentation;

Fluorescence, Parameters to start and Finish the Feed and Stop the Fed-batch

Fermentation.

3

Downstream Processing: Stages in Downstream Processing; Centrifugation, Cell

Disruptions; Multistage Extraction, Adsorption; Fixed-Bed Adsorption, Purification;

Electrophoresis, Membrane Separation; Whole Cell Immobilization, Rationale for

Whole-cell Immobilization; Modified Methods of Cell Immobilization, Antibiotic

Production by Immobilized Microbial Cells; Co-immobilization, Emerging Trends;

4

Industrial Production: Production Of Ethanol, Sugar, Starches, Cellulosic Materials,

Ethanol Fermentation with Yeast, Ethanol Production Bacteria vs Yeast; Immobilized

Cell Reactor (Continuous Process), Rate Equation for Batch Fermentation; Acetone and

Butanol Fermentation, Origin of Acetone Butanol Fermentation, Acetone-Butanol

Fermentation of Starches, Fermentation Process, Conditions for Fermentation;

Manufacturing Process, Starting the Culture, Fermentation, Isolation and Purification,

Refining, Quality Control; Single-Cell Protein (SCP), Commercial Production,

Advantages of Single-Cell Protein Manufacture, Disadvantages of Single-Cell Protein

Manufacture, Primary and Secondary Microorganism; General Manufacturing Process

for Amino Acids, Manufacturing Method of L-Gln; Crude Isolation Process.

5

Introduction to Food Production: Packaging, Paperboard; Microwavable Packaging,

Modified Atmosphere Packaging; Food Safety, Factors Influencing the Safety of Food;

History of Food Safety, Food Safety Regulations; Thermal Sterilization, Conventional

Thermal Sterilization; Irradiation, Ultraviolet Light/Radiation; Bread making,

Composition and Chemistry; Cheese, Composition of Milk; Treatment of Milk for

Cheese Making, Method for Standardizing Milk, Filtration; Nitrosamines are Potent

Carcinogens, Colors; Mesophilic Starter Cultures, Streptococcus.



A. Ahlgren, G. Effects on algal growth rate by multiple nutrient limitations. Arch. Hydrobiol.

89:43-53

B. Andrews, J. F. A mathematical model for the continuous culture of microorganisms utilizing

inhibitory substrates.

C. Azam F. and R. E. Hodson. Multiphasic kinetics for D glucose uptake by assembles of natural

marine bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 6:213-222. 1980

D. Babel, W., U. Brinkmann, and R. H. Muller. The auxiliary substrate comcept and approach for

overcoming limits of microbial performance. Acta Biotechnol. 13:211-242. 1993

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.gch.ulaval.ca/agarnier/GCH7007/Lectures%20dirigees/LD4_stochio.pdf.

B. http://www.dcu.ie/registry/module_contents.php?subcode=BE580&function=2


C. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprocess_engineering

D. http://www.industry.siemens.com/verticals/global/en/pharma-industries/bio-

api/pages/fermentation-process.aspx.

BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (P) – BOT16209P

1. Bacteria/ml Sample Calculation

2. Hemocytometer (spore concentration determination)

3. Automatic Colony Counter

4. pH Meter Operation (AB15/15+) Fisher Scientific

5. Exponential growth analysis of Escherichia coli

6. Microbial Industrial Fermentation: Batch Culture Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger

7. Investigation of batch culture specific production and consumption rates in Aspergillus niger.

8. Operation and Sterilization of a Bioflo 3000 Laboratory Bioreactor

9. Determination of Cell Mass, and Growth Yields

10. The Batch Growth Kinetics of E. coli or Bacillus Strains

11. Construction and Calibration of Inexpensive Galvanic Dissolved Oxygen Electrodes

12. Methods for Determination of the Volumetric Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient, KLa

13. Detection of number of bacteria in milk by breed count.

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY– BOT16210

UNIT CONTENT

1

Biotechnological Environment: Environment; Basic Concepts and Issues of Environmental

Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Society, Biotechnology and Environment,

Bioremediation, Factors Affecting Biodegradation, Bio Stimulation, Bio Augmentation;

Biotechnological Methods to Reduce Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Environmental

Management; Environmental Pollution, Elements of Environment; Types and Methods for

the Measurement of Environmental Pollution, Waste and Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Soil

Pollution; Methodology of Environmental Management; Air Pollution and its Control

through Biotechnology, Air Pollution; Air Sampling Techniques, Passive Sampling, Active

Sampling, Automatic Sampling, Optical Analysers; Biodiversity, India‟s Biological Profile

and Status, Assessment of Biodiversity, Monitoring the Dynamics of Biodiversity,

Acquisition of Biological Wealth; Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD),

Implementation of CBD, Bio Safety Protocol, Sharing Profits; Mansanto and Genetically

Modified Organisms; Conservation and Management

2

Wastewater Management: Water Pollution and Its Control, Fresh Water and Its Pollution;

Water as a Scarce natural Resource, Core Issue – Economics of Water, Water (Prevention

and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act,

1977; Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation; Water Pollution, Drinking Water from Rivers;

Need for Water Management, Integrated Water Resources Development and Management,

Inefficiency in Resource management, Pricing Poluicies, Institutional Set-up and Legal

Framework, Strategies for Sustainable Water Management, Rainwater Harvesting; Causes

and Measurement of Water Pollution, Causes of Water Pollution, Measurement of Water


Pollution; Wastewater Treatment, Primary Treatment, Secondary Treatment, Effects of

Wastewater Pollutants, Sources of Wastewater, Treatment Plant; Methods of Wastewater

Treatment, Physical/Chemical Treatment, Biological Treatment; Algal Blooms and Human

Health, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), Pfiesteria Piscicida, Life Cycle, Effects of Fish,

Environmental Conditions, Pfiesteria Piscicida Toxin(s)

3

Microbiology of Wastewater Treatments: Indicators and Detection; Biological Wastewater

Treatment, Principal Goals, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Eutrophication; Fundamentals

of Biological Treatment, Biofilms, Microbiology of On-site Systems; Role of Bacteria in the

Sewage Treatment Process; Aerobic Process, Activated Sludge, Trickling Filter, Rotating

Biological Contactors (RBC), Rotating Drums, Oxidation Ponds; Anaerobic Processes,

Fermentative Anaerobic Baffle Reactor, Anaerobic Digestion, Anaerobic Filters, Up Flow

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors; Treatment Schemes for Wastewater of Dairy, Distillery

and Tannery Industries, Wastewater Disposal, Aerobic Systems, Anaerobic Treatment, Need

for Wastewater Treatment; Biotechnological Applications of Microbes from Extreme

Environment

4

Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics: Buireneduatuib, Factors Affecting Biodegradation,

Bioremediation of Xenobiotics; Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics in the Environment;

Ecological Considerations, Pesticides in the Environment, Wildlife and Endagered Species,

Decay Behaviour and Degradative Plasmids, Hydrocarbons; Bioaccumulation of Metals and

Radio-nuclerds, Detoxification; Bioremediation of Industrial Wastes, Bioremediation of

Dyes, Bioremediation of Heavy Metals, Bioremediation of Coal Wastes through VAM Fungi

5

Biological Process: Molecular Nitrogen, Biological N2 Fixation, Mechanism of Biological

Nitrogen Fixation, Specificity and Effectiveness; Factors Limiting Biological Nitrogen

Fixation, Edaphic Factors, Climatic Factors, Biotic Factors, Defoliation Crop Competition

and Pests, Estimation of Nitrogen Fixation, How to increase BNF and N2 Fixing Ability,

Microbial Screening, Host-plant Screening and Breeding, Cropping Systems and Cultural

Practices; H2 Production, Bio Photolysis of Water by Microalgae and Cyanobacteria,

Hydrogenise-dependent Hydrogen Production, Nitrogenise-dependent Hydrogen Production;

Biofertilizers and Biopesticides, Biofertilizers, Biopesticides; Solid Wastes, Sources of Solid

Waste, Management of Solid Waste; Management of Biomedical Wastes, Wormi-Culture,

Methane Production; Single Cell Protein (Spin/Una and Yeast, Mushroom); Global

Environmental Problems; Global Warming, How to Combat Global Warming?; Green House

Effect and Acid Rain, Greenhouse Gases (GHGs); Ozone Depletion, Impact of Ultraviolet

Light, The Issue, The Ozone Depleting Substances, Ozone Hole;

6

Solid Waste Management: Solid Waste Management Plan; Waste Minimization

Techniques, Classification of Waste Minimization (WM) Techniques, Source Reduction,

Recycling, Product Modification, Waste Management Technologies; Hazardous Waste

Management, Hazardous Waste Characteristics, Transport of Hazardous Waste, Treatment

Storage and Disposal, Remedialaction, Control or Minimization of Hazardous Waste

7

Hospital Hazards Management:

Healthcare Waste; Hospital Waste Management, Medical Waste Risks, Minimization of

Medical Waste, Collection and Storage of Medical Waste, Transport of Medical Waste,

Medical Waste Treatment and Disposal

8

Water Quality: Introduction to Water Quality, Hydrodynamic Features, Physical and

Chemical Properties, Biological Characteristics; Salinity of Water, Sources of Salt, Causes of

Irrigation Salinity, Effects of Salt on Plants and Soil; Water Quality Measurement, Chemical

Composition, Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Suspended Sediment, Turbidity,

Microbiological Contaminants; Chemical Analysis, Total Hardness, Alkalinity, Chemical

Oxygen Demand (COD); Water Quality Criteria, Criteria for Chemical Composition, Criteria

for Temperature

9

Water Planning: Planning for Water Resources Development, Objectives of Water

Resource Planning, Approaches of Water Planning; Data Required, The Demand of Water,

The Supply of Water, Tasks for Planning a Water Resources Project; Project Formulation

Activities, Project Appraisal; Environmental Considerations; National Water Policy,

Multipurpose Projects




A. Ackerman, F., 2000, Waste Management and Climate Change, Local Environment, 5(2), pp.

223-229

B. Austrian Federal Government, 2001, Third National Climate Report of the Austrian Federal

Government, Vienna, Austria.

C. Gerben J Zylstraa and Jerome J Kukor, What is environmental biotechnology? Current Opinion

in Biotechnology 16(3): 243-245,2005

D. Chanton, J. and K. Liptay, 2000, Seasonal variations in methane oxidation in a landfill cover

soil as determined by an in situ stable isotope technique, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14,pp.

51-60

WEB LINKS:

A. http://www.eschooltodya.com/energy/non-renewable-energy/what-is-non-renawable-

energy.html

B. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/

C. http://ecosystems.psu.edu/youth/sftrc/environ-series/rnr-mat.

D. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science

DISSERTATION – DSR16201

M.Sc. (Advance Science/Life Science) dissertation is a substantial investigation of a challenging topic in

the subject area of MSc. (Advance Science/ Life Science). It is intended to give M.Sc. student a major

opportunity to exercise their new understanding and advanced skills acquired on their programme by

applying them to a significant and advanced practical problem. Students are supervised by a qualified

academic with expert knowledge in the subject area while they are doing the M.Sc. dissertation.

The Dissertation must meet international standard in terms of quality and actual bench work. Preparations

for the MSc dissertation begin at beginning of 2nd

year of the course. Students are expected to consult with

their supervisors throughout the second year for guidance and assistance in researching the background to

their dissertation.

The role of consult advisor is primarily to advise and provide all sort of scientific and technical support.

Your advisor should, of course, guide you to a specific, well-defined dissertation topic and will typically

also suggest some initial background reading you should do. Your advisor may also suggest a structure to

follow in writing your dissertation proposal. Your advisor may also propose one or more potential solution

strategies/methodologies for the work you will propose. It is your responsibility to do the necessary

background reading to be able to clearly and concisely summarize the work related to your proposal. You

must ensure that this summary is complete and that all work discussed in it is relevant to your proposal.

Your proposal should be written by you (with your advisor‟s input if you want it). You are advised to

submit proposal by (NAME OF STUDENT).

Key components of your dissertation proposal (Synopsis) include:

An abstract of the proposed work

A clearly specified problem statement (where “problem” is taken in the broadest sense)

An introduction to the problem and your proposed solution

A review of related work describing how it relates to your proposed work (this review is not

intended to be exhaustive but rather representative of existing work in the area)


A statement of how you propose to solve your problem including sufficient methodology to

convince the committee that your proposed solution is likely to be successful

A description of precisely how you will evaluate the success of your work

The dissertation will carry 200 marks and evaluation of dissertation will be done by external expert of the

centre, head of the department and supervisor of the student.

Dissertation Report

The text of the Dissertation could be arranged in the following sequence.

An abstract of the proposed work

Introduction (should include literature review and justification for

the study)

Objectives (general and specific)

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion (last paragraph of discussion may include conclusions /

Recommendations / suggestions for future work if any)

References

Appendices (if any)

You must use your own words and are not allowed to copy directly from books, technical reports, etc. The

University takes a very strong view on plagiarism. The centre will be conducting a plagiarism check upon

receiving your final report.

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