Nigerians’ Perceptions of, And Level of Interaction With Ghanaians_Research Project_Theophilus...

8/11/2019 Nigerians Perceptions of, And Level of Interaction With Ghanaians_Research Project_Theophilus Tackie-Komme

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FMKA\MNFU XA\EAXRMCFU CG, NFB IAWAI

CG MFRA\NERMCF [MRD KDNFNMNFU(\asanred Xrc`aet) Utaractypa lamfk n ufmvarsni pdafcoafcf, wns raintmvaiy axpicrab wmtdmf tda Ngrmenf ecftaxt.

Fmkarmnfs (mf-krcup) wara clsarvab mf taros cg tdamr pareaptmva vmaws nlcut Kdnfnmnfs (cut-

krcup) nfb dcw tdcsa rainta tc tdamr mftarnetmcf wmtd tda inttar. Gmfbmfks grco tdms stuby nra

nbbmtmcf tc tda imttia jfcwiabka nvnminlia cf staractypa wmtdmf tda sul-rakmcf .Rdms stuby ms nf

mfgcrontmcfni nfb prnetmeni ocbai tc ocra stubmas cf staractypa mf Ngrmen tc ecoa.

RNEJMA-JCOOA, R

5


2/45

Fmkarmnfs pareaptmcfs cg, nfb iavai cg mftarnetmcf wmtd Kdnfnmnfs.

>

QFMWA\UMR] CG KDNFN

BAXN\ROAFR CG XU]EDCICK]

FMKA\MNFU XA\EAXRMCFU CG, NFB IAWAI CG MFRA\NERMCF

[MRD KDNFNMNFU

L]

RNEJMA-JCOOA RDACXDMIQU

(>858554>)

N BMUUA\RNRMCF UQLOMRRAB RC RDA BAXN\ROAFR CG XU]EDCICK],

QFMWA\UMR] CG KDNFN, IAKCF MF XN\RMNI GQIGMIIOAFR CG RDA

\A^QM\AOAFR GC\ RDA N[N\B CG N LNEDAIC\ CG N\RU (DCFU)

BAK\AA.

ON], 5.

BAEIN\NRMCF

M daraly baeinra tdnt, axeapt gcr ragarafea tc ctdar pacpias wcrj wdmed

dnva laaf neecrbmfkiy nejfcwiabkab, tdms icfk assny tmtiab Fmkarmnfs

pareaptmcfs cg, nfb iavai cg m ftarnetmcf wmtd Kdnfnmnfs ms oy cwfcrmkmfni wcrj nfb prasaftab tc tda Bapnrtoaft cg Xsyedcicky,

Qfmvarsmty cg Kdnfn, Iakcf, gcr tda nwnrb cg Lnedaicr cg Nrt Bakraa. M

nisc wmsd tc baeinra gurtdar tdnt tdms icfk assny dnb famtdar mf wdcia fcr

mf pnrt laaf prasaftab tc nfy ctdar axnomfmfk lcby.

Bnta0 81 / 5.

RNEJMA-JCOOA RDACXDMIQU(Utubaft)

Rdms icfk assny wns sulomttab gcr axnomfntmcf wmtd tda npprcvni cg0

Bnta0 81 / 5.O\. [MNGA-NJAFRAFK L\AF]N

(Uuparvmscr)


3/45


Babmentmcf. >

Imtarntura \avmaw..>>

Rdacratmeni Grnoawcrj ..>>

\avmaw cg raintab stubmas...>>

Nmos cg stuby.>=

Dypctdasas .>=

Cparntmcfni bagmfmtmcf>=


5/45


2

EDNXRA\ RD\AA.


6/45


1

NLUR\NER

Rdms stuby nmoab nt axnomf mfk dcw Fm karm nfs pareamva Kdnfnm nfs nfb

dcw tdnt r aintas tc tdamr mftarnetmcf wmtd Kdnfnmnfs. Fmkarm nfs rasmbmfk

mf Kdnfn wara tda tnrkat pcpuintm cf, cut cg wd med >85 wara snopiab

tdrcukd n purpcsagui snopimfk taedfmqua. Rda snopia ragiaetab tda

gciicwmfk baockrnpdmeni ednrnetarmstmes: sax, iavai cg abuentmcf nfb

nka. M t wns n sur vay nfb bntn wns ecii aetab usmfk n quastmcffnmr a wmtd 5

sul-senias: Baockrnpdmeni ednrnetarmstmes cg Fmkarmnfs, Kdnfnmnf

trnmts, nfb iavai cg mftarnetmcf wm td Kdnfnmnfs. Gcur dypctdasas wara

tastab ly oanfs cg m fbapafbaft t-tast nfb tda Xanrscf r ecrr aintmcf. Cg

nii gcur dypctdasas tastab, tdraa wara r a`aetab nfb cfa ratnmfab. Fc

smkfmg menft bm gg arafeas wara gcufb latwaaf sax, iavai cg abuentm cf nfb

nka cg Fmkarm nfs, nfb dcw tday pareamva Kdnfnmnfs. Dcwavar, m t wns

astnlim sdab tdnt, tda ocra pcsmtm vaiy Fmkarm nfs avniunta Kdnfnm nfs tda

ocra tday mftarnet wmtd tdao nfb tda iass pcsmtmvaiy tday avniunta

Kdnfnm nfs tda iass tday mftarnet wm td tdao.

EDNXRA\ CFA

MFR\CBQERMCF

Utaractypas

Rda mssua cg staractypasdns laaf cg krant mftarast tc scemni

psyedcickmsts nfb dns raeamvab oued stuby cvar tda pnst baenbas. Rda

quastmcfs dnva niwnys laaf wdy bc pacpia afknka mf staractypmeni

tdmfjmfk3 Bc staractypas aoarka grco parscfnimty nfb octmvntmcfni

vnrmnlias: raspcfsa tc grustrntmcfs cr n faab tc kc tc tda axtrn omia cg

mfgcrontmcf kmvaf3 Nra staractypas kafatmes cr prcbuet cg scemni

mftarnetmcf cr cfaspnrtmeuinr euitura3 Nt ianst scoa nfswars dnva laaf

kmvaf. Utaractypmfk aoarkas (m) tc smopimgy cf pareamvars baonfbs

(Lcbafdnusaf at ni >==2 n,l: Onerna at ni >==2e): (mm) mf raspcfsa tc

afvmrcfoaftni gnetcrs, sued ns bmggaraftmni scemni rcias (Ankiy, >==1),

krcup ecfgimets (\clmfscf at ni, >==1), nfb bmggarafeas mf pcwar (Gmsja,

>==5), nfb (mmm) ns n wny cg `ustmgymfk tda stntus quc (@cst & Lnfn`m,


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7

>==2: Umbnfmus >==5), cr ranetmcf tc n faab gcr scemni mbaftmty (Dckk &

Nlrnos, >=44), ùst tc oaftmcf scoa.

Nbcptmfk n qunftmtntmva nfb mfbmvmbuni oansura cg staractypmfk,

OeEnuiay nfb Utmtt (>=;4) bagmfab staractypa ns, prclnlmimstme

prabmetmcfs tdnt bmstmfkumsd tda staractypab krcup grco ctdars. Rdms

oansura aopmrmeniiy cpafs quastmcf nlcut staractypas: aspaemniiy mts

vnimbmty. Utnfbnrbiy, staractypas nra laimags nlcut ednrnetarmstmes,

ladnvmcrs nfb nttrmlutas cg oaolars cg eartnmf krcups (Dmitcf nfb vcf

Dmppai, >==7). Utaractypas ecoa grco laimags nfb tday trnfseafb tdasa

laimags tc tdacrmzmfk nlcut ctdars. Rda laimags ecoa grco twc scureas,

tdus (m) tda oaftni raprasaftntmcfs cg rani bmggarafeas latwaaf krcups

nfb (mm) laimags nlcut vnrmcus krcups mfbapafbaft cg rani krcup

bmggarafeas. Utaractypas cparnta ùst imja clàet sedaons. Uedaons nra

oaftni grnoawcrjs nfb ecfvmetmcfs bmggmeuit tc lranj cr la parsunbab.

Ns sedaons, staractypas ony enusa pareamvars tc nlnfbcf mfbmvmbuni

bmggarafeas (vcf Dmppai at ni, >==5). Rdasa laimags nra usuniiy fakntmva,

scoatmoas neeurnta lut cgtaf cvar kafarnimzab. Mf cur avarybny imga, wa

ianrf staractypas grco amtdar bmraet ecftnet wmtd mfbmvmbuni tnrkat krcup

oaolars cr grco ecooufmentmcfs nlcut tda tnrkat krcup raeamvab grco

ctdars, wdmed mf turf dnva ecfsaquafeas gcr tda fntura nfb ecftaft cg

staractypas wa gcro (Xnrj & Dnstma, >=4;). Rda vary lmnsas tdnt

staractypas mfbuea ecoa grco tdamr nitarntmcf tdrcukd scemni

ecooufmentmcf (Rdcopscf at ni,


8/45


;

bmsermomfntmcf. Xraùbmea ms pareamvab tc la nf nutcontme netmcf. Nf

anrimar ocbai sukkasts tdnt wdaf mfbmvmbunis nra tc avniunta staractypab

krcups, tday nutcontmeniiy netmvnta tda partmfaft staractypa ecftaft

(Bavmfa, >=4=). Uulsaquaft stuby rntdar ravaniab tdnt, tda nutcontmeniiy

netmvntab fakntmva laimags ecoa grco inej cg staractypmeni laimags dcib

nknmfst n tnrkatab krcup (Iceja at ni, >==2).

Rda aggaet cg staractypmfk euts nercss nii spdaras cg duonf nfb scemni

imga sc gnr ns tdara nra krcups nfb tdamr mftarasts: tdmfj cg rnea, euitura

nfb atdfmemty, sax nfb kafbar, pcwar nfb pcimtmes, raimkmcf nfb scemc-

aecfcome stntus ùst tc oaftmcf n gaw. Utaractypas enf nggaet baemsmcf

onjmfk nfb mfgcrontmcfprceassmfk strntakmas. Mf ùry smtuntmcfs,

staractypmeni laimags daib nlcut cfas atdfme krcup cr rnea ony ecst dmo

ùstmea nfb n gnmr danrmfk (Lcbafdnusaf & [yar, >=41).

Utaractypas dnva laaf rapcrtab tc mfgiuafea pargcronfea tc n inrka

axtaft mrraspaetmva cg cfas mbaftmty mf tda nenbaome spdara (Udmd at ni,

>===). Mf atdfmemty, wa gcro moprassmcf nlcut ctdars nfb scemniiy pinea

tdao tdrcukd tdamr bmniaet (n rakmcfni vnrmaty cg n infkunka). Rdasa

staractypmeni avniuntmcfs nra qumta taftntmva mf tda lakmffmfk nfb ednfka

ns faw mfgcrontmcf ms nequmrab. Mftarastmfkiy, tdasa staractypas sdnpa

dcw wa ranet tcwnrbs ctdars mf imttia fctmea (Baimn,


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4

axaopt tda pcimtmeni nrafn. N rasanred gmfbmfk sukkasts tdnt pnrtmsnf

staractypas dnva ecfsmbarnlia mfgiuafea mf pcimtmeni mfgcrontmcf

prceassmfk: dafea pcimtmeni pnrtmas ecftmfua tc piny n on`cr rcia mf

aiaetcrntas baemsmcf-onjmfk prceassas (\ndf, >==5). Ecomfk tc oy

cwf ecuftry, Kdnfn, vctars dnva tdms staractypmeni tdmfjmfk tdnt n

syopntdatme lniict enst gcr n pcimtmeni pnrty ctdar tdnf tda twc on`cr

pnrtmas, FBE nfb FXX wmii ymaib fc mopnet cf gmfni cutecoa lut rntdar n

wnsta cg vcta. Mfbaab, tda aggaet cg staractypas enf kc cf nfb cf. Xar tda

nfniysms brnwf sc gnr, cfa pcmft ms astnlimsdab nfb rufs tdrcukd:

staractypas nrmsa bua tc krcups nfb tdamr bmggaraft mftarasts. [dnt nra

tdasa krcups3

Mf-krcup nfb Cut-krcup

Mf cur avarybny imga wa wcrj wmtd krcups nfb mf krcups. Mf cfa wny cr

tda ctdar wa nii laicfk tc nt ianst n krcup. Rdmfj nlcut cur gnomimas,

raimkmcf, atdfme krcup cr avaf ecuftry. [a smopimgy cur wcrib tdrcukd

entakcrmzntmcf, tdus tda cfsat cg mf-krcup nfb cut-krcup. Rdrcukd cur

scemni mbaftmtmas wa nsscemnta cursaivas wmtd eartnmf krcups nfb ecftrnst

cursaivas wmtd ctdars (Rurfar: >=4;0 Dckk, >==7). Xacpia brnw n oaftni

emreia tdnt bagmfas us (tda mf-krcup) nfb axeiubas tdao (tda cut-

krcup) (Oyars,


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=

tda rasuit tdaf ms staractypa (Dnkafbccrf, >==5). Nt ianst n bmraet

raintmcfsdmp dns laaf astnlimsdab latwaaf scemni entakcrmzntmcf cg n

tnrkat mfbmvmbuni nfb tda scemni staractypa tdnt ms neeassab nfb usab tc

brnw mfgarafeas (Pnrnta nfb Uomtd, >==8). Rdms mopimas tdnt

entakcrmzntmcf lmnsas cur pareaptmcfs cg bmvarsmty. [a saa cursaivas ns

mfbmvmbunis, lut yat wa cvarastmonta tda smominrmty cg ctdars wmtdmf

krcups ctdar tdnf curs (cutkrcup dcockafamty). N stuby gcufb tdms

nssuoptmcf tc la wanj nfb astnlimsdab tdnt dcockafamty aggaets nra

gcufb mf lctd cut-krcup nfb mf-krcup (Umocf,. >====5). Rda kccb faws ms tdnt

octmvntmcf nfb nggaetmcf dnva laaf cutimfab ns nggaetmva tccis tc ecftrci

staractypas bua tc tdamr mopnet cf eckfmtmcf. Mfbmvmbunis nwnrafass cg

pctaftmni lmns, tdamr octmvntmcf nfb cppcrtufmty tc ecftrci mt, nfb nt tmoas

tdamr ecfsemcusiy daib laimags enf bataromfa wdatdar lmnsas mf tdamr omfb

wmii onfmgast mf netmcf.

Lnejkrcufb cg stuby / Utntaoaft cg tda prcliao

Nii stubmas saaf tdrcukd nfniytmeni ranbmfk nfb ravmaw cg imtarntura wara

nii [astarf lnsa. Rdms wns nf mfbmentmcf cg nf nenbaome knp smfea tda

ecfeapt cg staractypa ms ufmvarsni nfb nisc faabab tc la stubmab

ecftaxtuniiy. Rdms prcvmbab afcukd octmvntmcf tc stuby tda ecfeapt cg

staractypas mf n typmeni Ngrmenf sattmfk.

\asarvntmcfs wara onba. [ns tda cut-krcup staractypmeni trnmt raniiy

vnimb grco tda pcmft cg vmaw cg tda mf-krcup3 Bmb mf-krcup sax

bmggarafeas onttar wdaf staractypmfk nknmfst cut-krcup3 [dnt nlcut

iavai cg abuentmcf nfb onturmty3 Rda nlcva wara scoa quastmcfs nsjab

mf mftrcbuemfk tda stuby. Kdnfnmnfs wara nttrmlutab tc pcsmtmva trnmts imja

panea nfb dcspmtnlmimty (Ontam, >): fakntmva trnmts imja snjnwn

(spmrmtuni grnub) (Nrostrcfk, >) nfb [ast Ngrmenf ecenmfa dul. Mf n


11/45


>8

stuby wmtd Fmkarmnfs ns mf-krcup, wcuib tday afbcrsa tda Kdnfnmnfs

pcsmtmva trnmts nfb ra`aet tdamr fakntmva trnmts wmtdcut nfy trnea cg mf-

krcup lmns3 Rdms stuby wns kanrab tcwnrbs axnomfmfk tda pareaptmcfs

Fmkarmnfs dnb nlcut Kdnfnmnfs nfb wdatdar tdara wns nfy raintmcfsdmp

latwaaf tdcsa vmaws nfb tdamr iavai cg mftarnetmcf wmtd Kdnfnmnfs.

\aiavnfea cg tda stuby

Rdms stuby wcuib la cg mopcrtnfea tc lctd Kdnfnmnfs nfb Fmkarmnfs mf

tdamr mftarnetmcf mf avarybny imga.

Rda cutecoa cg tdms stuby wcuib mfgiuafea tda ladnvmcr cg Kdnfnmnfs.

Fmkarmnfs avniuntmfk tdao wcuib prcvmba Kdnfnmnfs wmtd n gaablnej cg

dcw tday nra pareamvab ly tdamr [ast Ngrmenf niimas. N pcsmtmva

avniuntmcf wcuib lccst tda ecfgmbafea nfb saig-astaao cg Kdnfnmnfs mf

mftarnetmfk wmtd Fmkarmnfs nfb ctdar fntmcfnis. N fakntmva avniuntmcf cg

Kdnfnmnfs wcuib ecopai tdao tc put up tda last cg ladnvmcr tc raeamva

neeaptnfea grco Fmkarmnfs nfb ctdar fntmcfnis.

Rda cutecoa cg tdms stuby wcuib nisc mfgiuafea netmcfs nfb baemsmcfs

tdnt lctd Kdnfnmnfs nfb Fmkarmnfs wcuib tnja mf mftarkrcup ecftnet tc

afsura outuni sntmsgnetmcf cg kcnis ns waii ns outuni raspaet nfb trust

gcr cfa nfctdar nt tda fntmcfni nfb mftarparscfni iavai.

Gmfniiy, tdms stuby wcuib nbb up tc jfcwiabka cf tda imttia axmstmfk cfas

cf staractypas kafarntab wmtdmf tda Ngrmenf sul-rakmcf.


12/45


>>

EDNXRA\ R[C

IMRA\NRQ\A \AWMA[

Rdacratmeni grnoawcrj

Onfy tdacrmas dnb laaf gcroab tc axpinmf staractypas. Rda Mopimemt

Rdacrmas cg tda saig nfb ctdars ms cfa cg sued. Rdms tdacry prcvmbas tda

fctmcf tdnt pareamvars' laimag systaos prcvmba mfgcrontmcf nlcut tdamr

scemni wcrib (Iavy at ni, >==4). Rdms tdacry axpinmfs staractypmfk ns n

eckfmtmva gufetmcf. [a onja oanfmfk cg cur wcrib ly raeamvmfk

mfgcrontmcf grco tda afvmrcfoaft, prceass mt nfb mftarfnimza tda prcbuet

ns n laimag systao cg wdmed wa onja ragarafea tc tda cutsmba wcrib. Rdms

ecfeaptunimzntmcf ms ecfearfab wmtd fnmva tdacrmas nlcut pacpia's

nttrmlutas nfb dns mts rccts mf Jaiiy's (>=11) npprcned tc parscfnimty.

Niipcrts (>=12) Mftarkrcup Ecftnet Dypctdasms ms nisc wcrtd fctmfk.

Rdms tdacry axpinmfs tdnt pcsmtmva aggaets cg mftarkrcup ecftnet ceeur

cfiy mf smtuntmcfs wdara tda gciicwmfk gcur jay ecfbmtmcfs nra prasaft0

aquni kr cup stntuswmtdmf tda smtuntmcf: ecoocf kcnis: mftarkrcup

eccparntmcf: nfb tda suppcrt cg nutdcrmtm as, inw, cr eustco. Rdms

axpinmfs tdnt mf mftarkrcup mftarnetmcf mg lctd mf-krcup nfb cut-krcup

oaolars pareamva tdaosaivas ns aquni scemniiy, pcimtmeniiy cr

aecfcomeniiy, sat outuniiy rawnrbmfk kcnis, wcrj tckatdar wmtd outuni

raspaet gcr cfa nfctdar ufbar gnvcurnlia inws nfb eustcos, tday wmii

bavaicp outuni trust nfb ecfgmbafea nfb pareamva cfa nfctdar ocra

pcsmtmvaiy. Rda cppcsmta ms nisc vary trua.

\avmaw cg raintab stubmas

\amkrctsjm nfb Nfbarscf (>=1=->=78) rapcrtab grco n QFAUEC (>=24)

stuby nlcut ecoocf mbans nlcut pacpia mf ctdar ecuftrmas. Rdms stuby

rapcrtab tda fntmcfni staractypas cg tda Karonfs nfb tda Grafed ns daib

ly ctdar pacpia nfb ly tdao. Rda stuby mfvcivab n eccrbmfntab

quastmcffnmra tc mftarvmaw vnrmcus Aurcpanf tnrkats: Laikmuo (f ? 24< tnlias nfb

suoonrmzab ns laicw0

Rnlia >0 knva tda rntmfks ly Grafed nfb Karonfs cg aned ctdar nfb cg

tdamr cwf pacpia. Rda knp latwaaf saig-rntmfks nfb ctdar-rntmfks ms

ecfsmbarnlia, lctd gcr tda tctnis nfb gcr spaemgme ednrnetarmstmes. Gcr

mfstnfea, gcr tda Grafed rntmfks, tda knp ms krantast gcr tda twc fakntmva

qunimtmas, Eruai (8.7 tc 5;. >%) nfb Bcomfaarmfk (5.7 tc 1=%), nfb tda

pcsmtmva mtao, Kafarcus, 1.1% gcr tda

Karonfs.

Rnlia 2: >8). Rda [niiccfs sdcwab n rntmfk cg 210 >8 gcr tda

Grafed nfb


14/45


>5

mferansas, tda fuolar cg pcsmtmva nfswars baeransas mf raintmcf tc

fuolar cg fakntmva nfswars.

Rnlia 70 sdcwab tda rntmc cg pcsmtmva tc fakntmva wcrb-imst nfb

spcftnfacus nfswars cg tda Grafed nfb Karonfs basermlmfk aned ctdar.

Rdms sdcwab nf cppcsmta trafb mf wdnt wns gcufb mf tnlia 1. Dara tdara

wns imfjnka cg saig-monka nfb ctdar monka.

Rnlia ;0 sdcwab tda oansura cg ecmfembafea gcr tda saig-monkas cg tda

Grafed nfb Karonfs, ly axtraoa mftarfntmcfni ecftnet krcups. Rda

[niiccfs wara saaf tc la vary grmafbiy tc tda Grafed lut iass sc tc tda

Karonfs. Rda Giaomsd tdcukdt bmggaraftiy nlcut lctd tda Grafed nfb

Karonfs.

Rnlia 40 sdcwab tda oansura cg ecmfembafea mf cpmfmcfs nlcut tda

Grafed nfb Karonfs axprassab ly ctdar pacpia ly mfbax ecftnet.

Rnlia =0 oansurab cpmfmcfs cg Laikmnfs, Grafed, Karonfs, nfb Buted mf

tdamr nlmimty tc kat nicfk waii cr fct wmtd ctdar spaemgmab pacpia.

Rnlia >80 sdcwab tda rnfj crbar rntmfk ly tda Grafed, tda Laikmnfs,

Buted, Mtnimnfs nfb Karonfs mf taros cg syopntdy nftmpntdy cpmfmcfs

nlcut aned ctdar (mf %).

Rnlia >>0 sdcwab tda rnfj crbar rntmfk cg Grafed, Laikmnfs, Buted,

Karonfs, nfb Mtnimnfs ly tda gcur mftarvmawab pacpia raknrbmfk ansmast

cr ocst bmggmeuit tc kat nicfk wmtd. Gmfniiy,

Rnlia >


15/45


>2

trnmts nfb ra`aet ocst cg tda fakntmva trnmts. Rdms stuby iavaiab suppcrt tc

tda mban tdnt staractypas tafb tc la ocbmgmab tdrcukd abuentmcf nfb

tdrcukd gcramkf ecftnet nfb nequnmftnfea (mftarkrcup mftarnetmcf).

Mf n raintab stuby, Utnfkcr at nis (>==7) tnrkatab Noarmenf stubafts

wdc waft cf stuby nlrcnb nt tda Qfmvarsmty cg Rulmfkaf, Karonfy cr

tda Qfmvarsmty cg Lrmstci, QJ wdco wara ecftnetab wmtd nssmstnfea grco

tda gcramkf axednfka cggmea nt tdamr dcst ufmvarsmtmas. Rda stuby wnftab

tc gmfb cut wdatdar staractypas nfb nttmtubas cg Noarmenf stubafts (mf-

krcup) tcwnrbs Karonf stubafts cr Lrmtmsd stubafts (cut krcup) wcuib

smkfmgmenftiy ednfka ngtar stnymfk tckatdar nfb dcw tdnt avaf wcuib

sdnpa gurtdar nttmtuba nfb staractypas tcwnrbs tda cut-krcup. Rdms wns n

tdraa quastmcffnmra stubmas.

[mtdmf 5 waajs cg nrrmvni stubafts ecopiatab gmrst quastmcffnmra mf dcst

ecuftry. Uaecfb quastmcffnmra wns ecopiatab ly stubafts mf sonii

krcups lagcra bapnrtmfk dcoa nt afb cg nenbaome yanr. Mf Nprmi >==84 stubafts mf

Karonfy nfb 2> stubafts mf tda Q.J. Mf saecfb stuby, 7 trnmts (amkdt pcsmtmva, amkdt fakntmva) pareamvab ns typmeni

cg Karonfs, Afkimsd nfb Noarmenfs wara edcsaf gcr avniuntmva

mopimentmcfs cf tda lnsms cg Nfbarscfs (>=74) imjanlmimty rntmfks.

Utubafts nisc mfbmentab dcw ansy cr bmggmeuit tday dnb gcufb mt tc onja

ecftnet wmtd pacpia gcro tda dcst ecuftry (8 ? vary bmggmeuit, = ? vary

ansy). N oansura cg sntmsgnetmcf wmtd ecftnet wns nisc astnlimsdab (8 ?

fct vary sntmsgymfk, = ? vary sntmsgymfk). Axparmafeas wara nisc


16/45


>1

oansurab (8 ? vary fakntmva, = ? vary pcsmtmva). Xnrtmempnfts wara nisc

nsjab (cf nrrmvni) nlcut dcw strcfkiy tday mbaftmgmab atdmeniiy wmtd tda

dcst ecufty cf n senia (8 ? fct nt nii strcfkiy, = ? vary strcfkiy). Rc

mfvastmknta ednfkas mf krcup pareaptmcfs, tda nttmtuba, staractypa nfb

vnrmnlmimty oansuras wara aftarab mftc sapnrnta < (snopia0 Karonfs

vmsmt, Afkinfb vmsmt) x < (krcup rntab0 dcst fntmcf, ecftrci fntmcf) x 5

(tmoa cg oansuraoaft0 nrrmvni, bapnrtura, gciicw-up) NFCWN. Gcr

stubafts mf Karonfy, Afkimsd pareaptmcfs sarvab ns n ecftrci nfb n vmea

varsn. Rdara wns n smkfmgmenft krcup rntab x tmoa cg oansuraoaft

mftarnetmcf. G(>7) ? 2.82, X 98.8< cf tda nttmtuba oansura. Nttmtubas

tcwnrb pacpia grco tda dcst fntmcf, wdmed wara vary pcsmtmva nt tda

cutsat, laenoa smkfmgmenftiy iass pcsmtmva latwaaf nrrmvni nfb bapnrtura,

nfb bmb fct ednfka ngtar tda raturf dcoa. Nttmtubas tcwnrb tda ecftrci

fntmcf raonmfab stnlia nercss nii tdraa tmoas. Gcr staractypas,

pnrtmempnfts afbcrsab ocra pcsmtmva nfb gawar fakntmva staractypas cg

tda dcst ecuftry nt nrrmvni tdnf nt gciicw-up cr bapnrtura, lut staractypas

cg tda ecftrci fntmcfnimty bmb fct ednfka cvartmoa. Rdms rasuitab mf n

smkfmgmenft krcup rntab x tmoa cg oansuraoaft mftarnetmcf, G(>2) ?

5.2=, X 9 8.81. [mtd staractypa vnrmnlmimty, tda cfiy smkfmgmenft aggaet cf

tda staractypa rnfka oansura wns n onmf aggaet cg tmoa cg oansuraoaft,

G(>2) ? 5.


17/45


>7

ecoprmsmfk cg >> fcf-Dmspnfme linejs,

>;45 Dmspnfmes nfb >>


18/45


>;

nt Fcrtdanstarf Qfmvarsmty mf axednfka gcr erabmt. Umx sapnrnta stubmas

wara ecfbuetab. Utuby >, F ? 8%

ctdar rnemni omfcrmtmas cr gcramkf stubafts. Nka rnfka cg tda snopia wns

mf gcur entakcrmas ns gciicw: >< nfb >5yanrs, >2 nfb >1yanrs, >7

>4yanrs nfb >=yanrs cr cibar. Lagcra stntmstmeni nfniysms, ;2 stubafts

wara aimomfntab grco tda sat onjmfk tctni snopia 255 wmtd 8 onias

nfb


19/45


>4

praùbmea nknmfst kny onias nfb iaslmnfs, parscfs wmtd DMW cr NMBU

vmrus nfb Ngrmenf Noarmenfs. NFCWN, Onfcvn nfb intar ufmvnrmnta

wara usab mf nfniysms cg bntn. Rda rasuits mfbmentab tdnt nt nii nkas, onias

wara ocra praùbmeab nfb sax-rcia staractypab tdnf gaonias. Kny nfb

iaslmnf praùbmea baeimfab wmtd mferansmfk nka. \nea praùbmea raonmfab

raintmvaiy stnlia burmfk dmkd sedcci, lut mferansab mf eciiaka. DMW/NMBU

praùbmea wns gcufb tc raonmf raintmvaiy gint wmtd mferansmfk nka.

Imfsa (


20/45


>=

Nmos cg eurraft stuby

Rdms stuby nmoab nt tda gciicwmfk0

(m) Rc axnomfa tda raintmcfsdmp latwaaf tda sax cg Fmkarmnfs nfb

tdamr pareaptmcf cg Kdnfnmnfs.

(mm) Rc mfvastmknta tda raintmcfsdmp latwaaf tda Iavai cg Abuentmcf

cg Fmkarmnfs nfb tda pareaptmcf tday dnva nlcut Kdnfnmnfs.

(mmm) Rc mfvastmknta tda raintmcfsdmp latwaaf nka cg Fmkarmnfs nfb

tda pareaptmcf tday dcib cg Kdnfnmnfs.

(mv) Rc mfvastmknta tda raintmcfsdmplatwaaf Fmkarmnfspareaptmcf

cg Kdnfnmnfs nfb tdamr iavai cg mftarnetmcf wmtd Kdnfnmnfs.

Dypctdasas

Rda gciicwmfk dypctdasas wara tastab.

m. Fmkarmnf gaonias wcuib dnva ocra pcsmtmva pareaptmcf nlcut

Kdnfnmnfs tdnf Fmkarmnf onias.

mm. Rda dmkdar tda iavai cg abuentmcf cg Fmkarmnfs tda ocra pcsmtmva

pareaptmcf tday wcuib dnva nlcut Kdnfnmnfs.

mmm. Rda cibar Fmkarmnfs wcuib la tda ocra pcsmtmva pareaptmcf tday

wcuib dnva nlcut Kdnfnmnfs.

mv. Rda ocra pcsmtmvaiy Fmkarmnfs wcuib avniunta Kdnfnmnfs tda

ocra tday wcuib mftarnet wmtd tdao, nfb tda iass pcsmtmvaiy

tday wcuib avniunta Kdnfnmnfs tda iass tday wcuib mftarnet

wmtd tdao.

Cparntmcfni bagmfmtmcf cg taros

Mf cparntmcfnimzmfk jay taros nfb ecfstruets mf tda stuby, tda gciicwmfk

wara ecfsmbarab.

Utaractypas0Xareaptmcfs nlcut n krcup ctdar tdnf cfas krcup.

Rday ony la pcsmtmva lut ocstiy fakntmva nfb cvarkafarnimzab. Gcr

tdms stuby tday ecfstmtutab gmva gnvcrnlia vmaws (Xanea-icvmfk,

Dcspmtnim ty, Rciarnfea, @cvmnimty, nfbEnrmfk) nfb gmva ufgnvcrnlia

vmaws (Unjnwn (spmrm tuni g rnub), Ecrruptm cf, Ecenmfa dul,

Inzmfass, nfb Kraab), nii cg wdmed wara basermlmfk Kdnfnmnfs.


21/45


2- yanrs 0- ycufk Fmkarmnfs

mm. 85 Fmkarmnfs rasmbmfk mf

Kdnfn, pnrtmeuinriy tda fntmcfni enpmtni, Neern. Rda kafbar quctn gcr tda

snopia raprasaftab 11.5% cg onias (f ? 1;) nfb 22.;% cg gaonias (f ?

27). Ctdar baockrnpdmeni lnejkrcufbs wara baivab mftc tc afsura tdnt

tda snopia wns raprasaftntmva cg tda pcpuintmcf. Iavai cg abuentmcf wns


22/45


mf tdraa entakcrmas (lnsme abuentmcf, saecfbnry abuentmcf nfb tartmnry

abuentmcf) gcromfk >1.1% (f ? >7),


23/45


4

pnejnka0 tda scgtwnra gcr tda bntn aftry nfb prceassmfk.

Basmkf nfb Xrceabura

Rda basmkf nbcptab gcr tda stuby wns n Ercss saetmcfni basmkf.

Eciiaetmcf cg bntn wns bcfa mf Onred, 5, nfb tccj n parmcb cg twc

waajs.

Icentmfk Fmkarmnfs grco nii wnijs cg imga mf Kdnfn tc raprasaft tda

pcpuintmcf cg tda stuby wns n lmt bmggmeuit. Dcwavar, tdrmvas wara onba.

Xnrtmempnfts wara raerumtab grco tda Eaftrni Lusmfass bmstrmet mf Neern,

scoa ecooaremni nrans mf Csu, tda Kdnfn Mftarfntmcfni Uedcci nt

Enftcfoaft nfb tda Qfmvarsmty cg Kdnfn, Iakcf. Xnrtmempnfts wara

vmsmtab nt tdamr cwf ecogcrt gcr bntn eciiaetmcf. Xnrtmempnfts wara lrmagab

gcr tdamr mfgcroab ecfsaft lagcra raerumtoaft gcr bntn eciiaetmcf:

nssurmfk tdao cg tda ecfgmbaftmnimty cg tda bntn eciiaetmcf nfb tdamr

nfcfyomty. Aned pnrtmempnft ecopiatab n quastmcffnmra. Xnrtmempnfts

wara kmvaf n spnea cr prmvney tc afsura tdamr ecfgmbafea mf raspcfbmfk

tc tda quastmcffnmra. Ngtar ecopiatmfk tda gmiimfk cg tda quastmcffnmras,

tday wara raeamvab nfb japt mf n gmia cr n gcibar. Rda bntn eciiaetab wara

ecbab mftc tda UXUU >4 nppimentmcf cf n ecoputar tc kafarnta tnlias nfb

ctdar stntmstmeni tccis gcr rasuits nfniysms nfb mftarpratntmcf.


24/45


, Bm snkraa ? , Qfimjaiy ? 0

Uuoonry cg Baockrnpdme ednrnetarmstmes cg raspcfbafts

Wnr mnlia Graquafey Xareaft

Uax

Onia 1; 11.5

Gaonia 27 22.;

Abuentmcf

lnsme abuentmcf >7 >1.1

saecfbnry

abuentmcf


25/45


cf tda pravmcus pnka sdcwab tda basermptmva stntmstmes cg tda

baockrnpdme vnrmnlias sax, iavai cg abuentmcf nfb nka rnfka cg

Fmkarmnfs imvmfk mf Kdnfn.

Rnlia >.7; FU

Gaonia 27


26/45


8


27/45


85 pnrtmempnfts. Rda pravmcus stuby nbcptab onfy

senias tc oansura bmggaraft ecfstruets sued ns nttmtubas raintab tc kafbar,

rnea, eckfmtmva styia, aoctmcfs, scemni-mftarparscfni nfb ctdar

parscfnimty vnrmnlias imja saig-astaao. Rdms eurraft stuby nbcptab `ust n

smfkia senia tc oansura baockrnpdmeni ednrnetarmstmes cg Fmkarmnfs,

rntmfk cg Kdnfnmnf trnmts nfb iavai cg mftarnetmcf wmtd Kdnfnmnfs. Rda

bmggarafeas mf sattmfk, snopia smza nfb oatdcbcicky nbcptab ly tda twc

stubmas ecuib dnva ecftrmlutab tc tda bmspnrmty mf gmfbmfks.

Rda saecfb dypctdasms wdmed prabmetab tdnt tda dmkdar tda iavai cg

abuentmcf cg Fmkarmnfs tda ocra pcsmtmva pareaptmcfs tday wcuib dnva cg

Kdnfnmnfs wns nisc fct suppcrtab. Rdms sukkasts tdnt mt ecuib fct la

astnlimsdab wdatdar tda ocra abuentmcf Fmkarmnfs raeamva wmii dnva nfy

smkfmgmenft mopnet cf dcw tday pareamva Kdnfnmnfs. Mf n raintab stuby

wdmed suppcrtab tdms dypctdasms, Nsmnfs wmtd dmkdar iavai cg abuentmcf

wara gcufb tc la iass ecfsmstaft mf ra`aetmfk fakntmva staractypas baspmta

tda onss nwnrafass nfb jfcwiabka nt tdamr bmspcsni ([cbtja,


28/45


8===) suppcrts tda eurraft gmfbmfk: tdus,

mf mfvastmkntmfk tda bavaicpoaft cg pra`ubmea nfb sax rciastaractypmfk

mf wdmta nbciaseafts nfb ycufk wdmta nbuits, mt wns gcufb cut tdnt

DMW/NMBU pra`ubmea raonmfab raintmvaiy gint wmtd mferansmfk nka.

Ecftrnry tc tdms gmfbmfk, n pravmcus stuby astnlimsdab tdnt nka enf nggaet

staractypmfk. Mf staractypmfk pmeturas cg cibar nbuits, mt wns ranimzab tdnt

cibar pnrtmempnfts saiaetab gawar pcsmtmva staractypas gcr tdcsa pmeturas

tdnf ombbia-nkab nfb ycufk pnrtmempnfts (Duooart at ni, >==;). Rda

bmggarafeas mf tdms eurraft gmfbmfk nfb tda pravmcus enf la axpinmfab ly

tda sattmfk cg tda rasanred. Rdms eurraft stuby ms n survay ufimja tda

pravmcus wdmed wns nf axparmoaft nfb tdara wns onfmpuintmcf cg tda

sax nfb nka vnrmnlias cg tda tnrkat krcup cg staractypmfk. Mf tdms eurraft

stuby, Fmkarmnfs avniuntab Kdnfnmnfs kafarniiy wmtdcut tda stuby tnjmfk

mftc neecuft sax, nka nfb avaf trmlni bmggarafeas wmtdmf Kdnfnmnfs.


29/45


==7). N ecftrnbmetcry rasuit wns nisc gcufb tc tdms

eurraft stuby ly \amkrctsjm nfb Nfbarscf (>=1=->=78). Iccjmfk nt tda

ouitmfntmcfni mfbax cg ecftnet bmstrmlutmcf gcr Grafed nfb Karonfs, tday

gcufb cut tdnt ns mftarfntmcfni ecftnet mferansab latwaaf tda twc, tda

fuolar cg pcsmtmva nfswars cg trnmts tday daib nlcut aned ctdar

baeransab mf raintmcf tc fuolar cg fakntmva nfswars. Xardnps Niipcrts

(>=12) mf tarkrcup ecftnet dypctdasmswmii neecuft gcr tda bmserapnfey

mf tdms eurraft stuby gmfbmfk nfb tda pravmcus cfa. Rda gciicwmfk gnetcrs

dnva laaf mbaftmgmab tc afsura danitdy mftarkrcup ecftnet: aquni krcup

stntus wmtdm f tda smtuntmcf, ecoocf kcnis, mftarkrcup eccparntmcfnfb

nutdcrm ty suppcrt(Xattmkraw, >==4). Fmkarmnfs imvmfk mf Kdnfn nra dara

gcr onfy ranscfs. Rday wnft tc nedmava aecfcome kcnis, abuentmcfni

kcnis, scemni kcnis nfb raimkmcus kcnis `ust tc oaftmcf scoa. Mf tdamr

pursumt cg tdasa kcnis tday oaat nfb mftarnet wmtd Kdnfnmnfs. Mg tdamr

kcnis nra ecfkruaft wmtd tdcsa cg Kdnfnmnfs, nfb tdara ms danitdy

eccparntmcf latwaaf tda twc, ns waii ns outuni raspaet ednrnetarmzab ly

suppcrtmva nutdcrmty grco lctd fntmcfnis, bagmfmtaiy lctd fntmcfnis wmii

bavaicp pcsmtmva pareaptmcfs nlcut cfa nfctdar nfb mftarnet ocra nfb

danitdmiy. Rda cppcsmta ms nisc vary trua. Rdms neecufts gcr tda pcsmtmva

ecrraintmcf latwaaf Fmkarmnfs pareaptmcfs cg Kdnfnmnfs nfb tdamr iavai

cg mftarnetmcf wmtd Kdnfnmnfs, Zr(>8


30/45


8>) ? -

.


31/45


58

Fmkarmnfs wmii la sntmsgmab, bavaicp ocra pcsmtmva pareaptmcfs, mftarnet

ocra nfb axdmlmt danitdy nttmtubas tcwnrbs cfa nfctdar.

Edniiafkas

Rdms stuby wns gneab wmtd vnrmcus edniiafkas. Rwc prassmfk edniiafkas

dnva laaf cutimfab0

\aturf rnta cg quastmcffnmra wns fct tda last. Rda prcpcsab snopia smza

wns >85 gmiiab quastmcffnmras wara raeamvab. Ocst cg tda

pnrtmempnfts raerumtab nt tda eaftrni lusmfass bmstrmet mf Neern wara lusy

trnbars nfb prcomsab tc tnja quastmcffnmras, gmii tdao nt tdamr iass lusy

tmoa nfb raturf tdao. Xarsmstaft aggcrt ly rasanredar tc raeamva scoa cg

tdasa quastmcffnmras lnej grco tda trnbars prcvab gutmia.

Mf n smominr mfstnfea, ocst tnrkatab pnrtmempnfts (wmtdmf tda lnsme

abuentmcf entakcry) grco tda Kdnfn Mftarfntmcfni Uedcci ecuib fct

pnrtnja mf tda stuby bua tc tdamr prapnrntmcf tcwnrbs tda 5 Lnsme

Abuentmcf Eartmgmentmcf Axnomfntmcf (LAEA). Ucoa quastmcffnmras wara

raeamvab ly tda sedcci nutdcrmty cf tdamr ladnig tc gmii intar, lut tdara

wara raturfab vary inta ngtar nfniysms nfb rasuit mftarpratntmcf wdmed

faabab tc la bcfa bua tc imomtab tmoa grnoawcrj tc gmfmsd stuby. Rdamr

mfeiusmcf ecuib dnva mferansab tda smza cg tda lnsme abuentmcf entakcry

cg tda baockrnpdme ednrnetarmstmes.

Ucoa tnrkat snopia cg tda pcpuintmcf nisc axdmlmtab inej cg mftarast

tcwnrbs tda stuby bua tc ganr. Ucoa pareamvab tda rasanredar ns nf

ufbarecvar kcvarfoaft nkaft tc kntdar mfgcrontmcf grco gcramkf

fntmcfnis tc tda Kdnfnmnf kcvarfoaft. Rda rasanredar dnb tc sdcw

mbaftmty ns n stubaft nfb abuenta tdao cf tda raiavnfea cg tda stuby.

Dcwavar, scoa tnrkat snopia cg tda pcpuintmcf bmb fct ednfka tdamr

mfmtmni pcsmtmcf tc pnrtnja mf tda stuby wdmed ecftrmlutab tc rabuemfk tda

prcpcsab snopia smza cg >85.

\aecooafbntmcfs

Rda gciicwmfk raecooafbntmcfs dnva laaf onba tc bmraet gutura

stubmas0


32/45


5>

m. Qfimja tdms stuby wdara cfiy Fmkarmnfs avniuntab Kdnfnmnfs,

gutura stuby sdcuib oansura outuni avniuntmcf cg ctdar

latwaaf Kdnfnmnfs nfb Fmkarmnfs ns baocfstrntab ly

\amkrctsjm nfb Nfbarscf (>=1=->=78).

mm. Kdnfn ms atdfmeniiy piurnimstme wmtd bmggaraft euiturni laimags nfb

nttmtubas. Gutura stuby sdcuib nbcpt n ecopiax basmkf nfb

oatdcb tc neecuft gcr tda bmggarafeas mf Kdnfnmnfs wdaf

avniuntmfk tdao lnsa cf pareaptmcfs cfa dcibs nlcut tdao.

Uax ms nisc nfctdar bmggarafea tdnt faabs tc la ecfsmbarab mf

tda gutura.

Uuoonry nfb ecfeiusmcf

Utaractypa lamfk n ufmvarsni pdafcoafcf, ms nisc euiturniiy raintmva.

Rdms stuby dns laaf n ocva tc eicsmfk mf tda nenbaome knp latwaaf tda

[ast nfb Ngrmen. Rdms ms vary faeassnry mg psyedcickmeni jfcwiabka ms tc

la mfbmkafmzab tc sciva iceni prcliaos (Umfdn, >=42). Rda ecfeapt cg

staractypa dns laaf kmvaf nttaftmcf wmtdmf tda Ngrmenf ecftaxt ly

axnomfmfk dcw Fmkarmnfs pareamva Kdnfnmnfs wdmed intar wns

astnlimsdab tc la ragiaetmva cg dcw tday mftarnet wmtd Kdnfnmnfs.

Gmfbmfks grco tdms stuby nra nf nbbmtmcf tc tda imttia jfcwiabka nvnminlia

cf staractypa wmtdmf tda Ngrmenf ecftaxt. Mts lafagmts tc lctd Kdnfnmnfs

nfb Fmkarmnfs enffct la ufbarsecrab. Mt ms mfbaab n gaablnej ocbai tc

Kdnfnmnfs cf dcw Fmkarmnfs pareamva tdao ns nf cut-krcup. Mt nisc

lamfk n ocbai tc strafktdaf lmintarni raintmcfs latwaaf Kdnfn nfb

Fmkarmn ms wcrtdy cg nttaftmcf. Rda edniiafkas afecuftarab wara kmvaf n

fctmeanlia aya. Gutura stubmas sdcuib nbcpt ecopiax oatdcbs nfb

basmkfs tc axpicra tda bmggarafeas mf Kdnfnmnfs: n fntmcf tdnt ms

atdfmeniiy piurnimstme, mf trymfk tc stuby tdamr trnmts. Rdms stuby ms nf

mfgcrontmcfni nfb prnetmeni ocbai tc ocra stubmas cf staractypa mf

Ngrmen tc ecoa.


33/45


5=12). Rda Fntura cg Xraùbmea.\anbmfk, ON0 Nbbmscf-

[asiay, 15;, emtab ly Xattmkraw G. Rdcons, (>==4). Mftarkrcup

Ecftnet Rdacry.Nffu. \av. Xsyedci. 2=071-41, Nffuni \avmaws Mfe.\atrmavab grcodttp0//www.nffuniravmaws.crk

Nonfjwnd N (177. Lrctdar @asus Xrmftmfk Xrass, Juonsm, Kdnfn.

Nrostrcfk N, (>). Unjnwn ruocurs0 Ceeuit mftarfat grnub nfb

Kdnfnmnf mbaftmty.Bapnrtoaft cg Nftdrcpciy, Qfmvarsmty Eciiaka

Icfbcf. [crjmfk pnpar Fc. 84/>. \atrmavab grco

dttp0//www.uei.ne.uj

Lcbafdnusaf K.W, Jrnoar K.X, Ussar J.(>==2n). Dnppmfass nfb

staractypme tdmfjmfk mf scemniùbkoaft, emtab mf Dmitcf I. @ & vcf

Dmppai [, (>==7). URA\ACR]XAU.Nffu. \av. Xsyedci., 2;, ==2l). Fakntmva

nggaet nfb scemni ùbkoaft0 tda bmggaraftmni mopnet cg nfkar nfb

snbfass., emtab mf Dmitcf I. @ & vcf Dmppai [, (>==7)

URA\ACR]XAU.Nffu. \av. Xsyedci., 2;, =41), Aggaets cg staractypas mf

baemsmcf onjmfk nfb mfgcrontmcf-prceassmfk strntakmas.@curfni cg

Xarscfnimty nfb Ucemni Xsyedcicky, 24(4,Aisavmar Xulimentmcf. \atrmavab

grcodttp0//www.semafeabmraet.eco

Ecrafliuo L, (), 57=. \atrmavab grcowww.sprmfkarimfj.eco

Baimn K. @, (>=;


34/45


55

Dmitcf I. @ & vcf Dmppai [, (>==7). URA\ACR]XAU.Nffu. \av.

Xsyedci., 2;, ==1). Rda semafeanfb pcimtmes cg ecopnrmfk wcoaf nfb

oaf, emtab mf Dmitcf I. @ & vcf Dmppai [, (>==7).

URA\ACR]XAU.Nffu. \av. Xsyedci., 2;, ==8). Kafbar \cia

Utaractypas, Axpaetnfey Aggaets, nfb Xnrafts' Ucemnimzntmcf cg

Kafbar Bmggarafeas.@curfni cg Ucemni Mssuas, 27(45. @cdf

[miay & Ucfs, Mfe. \atrmavab grcodttp0//cfimfaimlrnry.wmiay.eco

Gmsja U.R. (>==5). Ecftrciimfk ctdar pacpia0 tda mopnet cg pcwar cf

staractypmfk, emtab mf Dmitcf I. @ & vcf Dmppai [, (>==7).

URA\ACR]XAU.Nffu. \av. Xsyedci., 2;, ==5). Atdfme entakcrmzntmcf nfb cutkrcup axeiusmcf0

Euiturni vniuas nfb scemni staractypas mf tda ecfstruetmcf cg atdfme

dmarnredmas.Atdfme nfb \nemni Utubmas,>7(>), . Rnyicr &Grnfems Krcup. \atrmavab grcodttp0//www.tnfbgcfimfa.eco

Dmitcf I. @ & vcf Dmppai [, (>==7). URA\ACR]XAU.Nffu. \av.

Xsyedci., 2;, ==7). emtab mf Oyars K. B, (==;). Utaractypmfk cg cibar

nbuits0 Rda rcia cg tnrkat gnemni euas nfb pareamvar ednrnetarmstmes .

Xsyedcicky nfb Nkmfk, >), >8;->>2. NXN Xulimentmcf. \atrmavab

grcodttp0//psyefat.npn.crk

@cst @.R & Lnfn`m O.\.,(>==2). Rda rcia cg staractypmfk mf systao-

`ustmgmentmcf nfb tda prcbuetmcf cg gnisa ecfsemcusfass, emtab mf

Dmitcf I. @ & vcf Dmppai [, (>==7).URA\ACR]XAU.Nffu. \av.

Xsyedci., 2;, =11). Rda psyedcicky cg parscfni ecfstruets.Faw ]crj0

Fcrtcf, emtab ly Iavy \.U, Utrcassfar @.U & Bwaej U.E, (>==4).
http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://d/action/doSearchhttp://d/loi/rers20%23vol_16http://d/toc/rers20/16/1http://www.tandfonline.com/http://www.tandfonline.com/http://www.tandfonline.com/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019339739900026X?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019339739900026X?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019339739900026X?np=yhttp://c/Users/OGBOO%20THEO/Desktop/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Developmental%20%0d%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Psychologyhttp://c/Users/OGBOO%20THEO/Desktop/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Developmental%20%0d%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Psychologyhttp://c/Users/OGBOO%20THEO/Desktop/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Developmental%20%0d%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Psychologyhttp://c/Users/OGBOO%20THEO/Desktop/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Developmental%20%0d%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Psychologyhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01933973/20/3http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01933973/20/3http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://psycnet.apa.org/http://psycnet.apa.org/http://psycnet.apa.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://psycnet.apa.org/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01933973/20/3http://c/Users/OGBOO%20THEO/Desktop/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Developmental%20%0d%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Psychologyhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019339739900026X?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019339739900026X?np=yhttp://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.tandfonline.com/http://d/toc/rers20/16/1http://d/loi/rers20%23vol_16http://d/action/doSearchhttp://www.annualreviews.org/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/


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52

Utaractypa Gcrontmcf nfb Afbcrsaoaft0 Rda \cia cg Mopimemt

Rdacrmas.@curfni cg Xarscfnimty nfb Ucemni Xsyedcicky, ;2(7).

>2->257. NXN Xulimentmcf. \atrmavab grco

dttp0//www.stnfgcrb.abu

Iaa @: Faiscf R.A.: Onfms O & Ucggm U, (>==1). Xra`ubmea, staractypas,

nfb inlaimfk aggaets0 Ucureas cg lmns mf parscf pareaptmcf.@curfni cg

Xarscfnimty nfb Ucemni Xsyedcicky, 74(), =48).

Uax staractypas nfb scemni `ubkoaft. @curfni cg Xarscfnimty nfb

Ucemni Xsyedcicky, 5=(1), 4-45>. NXN Mfe. \atrmavab grco

dttp0//psyefat.npn.crk

Onnss N: Eaeenraiim \ & \ubmf U, (>==7). Imfkumstme mftarkrcup lmns0

Avmbafea gcr mf-krcupprctaetmva octmvntmcf.@curfni cg Xarscfnimty

nfb Ucemni Xsyedcicky, ;>(5), 1>==7). URA\ACR]XAU.Nffu. \av.

Xsyedci.,Wci 2;, ). [a nkraa tc bmsnkraaN Utuby cg Kdnfnmnf

Qfmvarsmty Utubafts Fntmcfni Uaig-Monkas. Rda Mfstmtutmcf gcr

Ucemni Uemafeas, Ubartrf Qfmvarsmty Eciiaka, Lnedaicrs Rdasms >1

AERU. \atrmavab grcodttp0//sd.bmvn-pcrtni.crk

OeEnuiay E & Utmtt E. I, (>=;4). Nf mfbmvmbuni nfb qunftmtntmvaoansura cg staractypas.@curfni cg Xarscfnimty nfb Ucemni

Xsyedcicky, Wci 57(=), =


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51

Oyars K. B, (

\amkrctsjm A nfb Nfbarscf F, (>=1=->=78). Fntmcfni Utaractypas nfb

Gcramkf Ecftnet. Rda Xulime Cpmfmcf ^unrtariy, 1-1==5). Rda psyedcicky cg krcup ecfgimet nfb tda byfnomes

cg cpprassmcf0 n scemni bcomfnfea parspaetmva, emtab mf Dmitcf I. @ &

vcf Dmppai [, (>==7). URA\ACR]XAU.Nffu. \av. Xsyedci., 2;,

=42). Xsyedcicky mf tda ecfeapt Rdmrb [crib

Bavaicpoaft.Mftarfntmcfni @curfni cg Xsyedcicky, >=, >;==), >-58. Rnyicr nfb Grnfems Krcup.

\atrmavab grcodttp0//www.tnfbgcfimfa.eco
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00221031/36/6http://www.elsevier.com/?utm_source=sciencedirect&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=aboutelsevierhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://c/Users/OGBOO%20THEO/Desktop/Midwest%20Political%20%20%20%20%20%0d%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Science%20Associationhttp://c/Users/OGBOO%20THEO/Desktop/Midwest%20Political%20%20%20%20%20%0d%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Science%20Associationhttp://c/Users/OGBOO%20THEO/Desktop/Midwest%20Political%20%20%20%20%20%0d%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Science%20Associationhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2111381http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111381http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111381http://www.jstor.org/stable/2746820http://www.jstor.org/stable/2746820http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://psychweb.psy.umt.edu/http://psychweb.psy.umt.edu/http://pss.sagepub.com/http://pss.sagepub.com/http://pss.sagepub.com/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://d/action/doSearchhttp://d/action/doSearchhttp://d/loi/pers20%23vol_3http://d/toc/pers20/3/1http://www.tandfonline.com/http://www.tandfonline.com/http://www.tandfonline.com/http://www.tandfonline.com/http://d/toc/pers20/3/1http://d/loi/pers20%23vol_3http://d/action/doSearchhttp://www.annualreviews.org/http://pss.sagepub.com/http://psychweb.psy.umt.edu/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2746820http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111381http://c/Users/OGBOO%20THEO/Desktop/Midwest%20Political%20%20%20%20%20%0d%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Science%20Associationhttp://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.elsevier.com/?utm_source=sciencedirect&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=aboutelsevierhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00221031/36/6


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57

Utnfkcr E, Jinus @, [cigknfk U & Omias D, (>==7). Mfgiuafea cg

stubaft axednfka cf fntmcfni staractypas, nttmtubas nfb pareamvab

krcup vnrmnlmimty.Aurcpanf @curfni cg Ucemni Xsyedcicky, ->41. Kumigcrb Xrass.

\atrmavab grco dttp0//www.kumigcrb`curfnis.eco

NXXAFBMEAU

Nppafbmx N

^uastmcffnmra usab

BAXN\ROAFR CG XU]EDCICK]

QFMWA\UMR] CG KDNFN, IAKCF

RCXME0 FMKA\MNFU XA\EAXRMCFU CG, NFB IAWAI CG

MFRA\NERMCF [MRD KDNFNMNFU.

M no n iavai 288 stubaft cg tda nlcva mfstmtutmcf ecfbuetmfk n survay cf

tda pareaptuni mbans Fmkarmnfs dnva nlcut Kdnfnmnfs nfb dcw tdcsa

mfgiuafea tdamr iavai cg mftarnetmcf wmtd Kdnfnmnfs. Rdms stuby ms gcr

nenbaome purpcsa cfiy. Ecfgmbaftmnimty nfb nfcfyomty ms nssurab.

UAERMCF N0 BAOCK\NXDMENI BNRN

Xiansa tmej tda nipdnlat ns ms nppimenlia tc ycu cf aned baockrnpdmeni

mtao.
http://isites.harvard.edu/http://isites.harvard.edu/http://isites.harvard.edu/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00221031/36/6http://www.elsevier.com/?utm_source=sciencedirect&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=aboutelsevierhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://spq.sagepub.com/http://spq.sagepub.com/http://spq.sagepub.com/http://spq.sagepub.com/http://www.annualreviews.org/http://www.sciencedirect.com/http://www.elsevier.com/?utm_source=sciencedirect&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=aboutelsevierhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00221031/36/6http://isites.harvard.edu/


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5;

^>. Uax

(n) Onia (l) Gaonia

^2 - yrs (l)


39/45


54

UAERMCF E0 IAWAI CG MFRA\NERMCF [MRD KDNFNMNFU

Xiansa raspcfb ly tmejmfk mf tda lcx tdnt wdmed last ragiaets ycur iavai

cg mftarnetmcf wmtd Kdnfnmnfs.

WaryQfimjaiy

Qfimjaiy Imjaiy WaryImjaiy

[mii ycu onja Kdnfnmnf

grmafbs3

[mii ycu neeapt grmafbsdmpgrco n Kdnfnmnf3

[mii ycu cggar n Kdnfnmnf n

`cl3

[mii ycu imja tc wcrj wmtd n

Kdnfnmnf cf n kmvaf `cl3

[mii ycu saa ycursaig

onrrymfk n Kdnfnmnf3

[mii ycu imja tc stny mfKdnfn gcr icfk3

Bc ycu gcrasaa ycur stny mf

Kdnfn ednfkmfk ycur vmawsnlcut Kdnfnmnfs3

[mii ycu entakcrmza niiKdnfnmnfs tc la tda snoa3

[mii ycu imja tc dnva

nfytdmfk tc bc wmtdKdnfnmnfs3

RDNFJ ]CQ!


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5=

Nppafbmx L

Utntmstmeni tnlias

\aimnlmimty Utntmstmes gcr Kdfnmnf trnmts

Ercflned's

Nipdn

Ercflned's Nipdn

Lnsab cf

Utnfbnrbmzab Mtaos F cg Mtaos

.;7< .;14 >8

\aimnlmimty Utntmstmes gcr iavai cg mftarnetmcf wmtd

Kdnfnmnfs

Ercflned's

Nipdn

Ercflned's Nipdn

Lnsab cf Utnfbnrbmzab

Mtaos F cg Mtaos

.;=< .4>5 =

Krcup Utntmstmes cf Uax cg Fmkarmnfs

sax F Oanf Utb. Bavmntmcf Utb. Arrcr Oanf

Kdnfnmnf

trnmts

onia 1; < 2.=>5=4 .7184;

gaonia 27 ;2 2.718;1 .741;124 .8=2;;gaonia 27 5.>15

Dcspmtnimty onia 1; 5.8>;1 .;7;21 .>8>71

gaonia 27 8=41

Rciarnfea onia 1; >87>

gaonia 27 857

gaonia 27 5>;8

gaonia 27 .8=711 .>7>74

Kraab onia 1; .85841 .>5712

gaonia 27 2>22


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28

Mfbapafbaft Unopias Rast cf Uax cg Fmkarmnfs

Iavafa's Rast gcr

Aqunimty cg Wnrmnfeas

t-tast gcr Aqunimty cg

Oanfs

G Umk. R bg

Kdnfnmnf

trnmts

Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

.272 .2=; -.8>

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

-.4

Xanea Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

>.127 .; >.5>4 >8>

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

>.588.=2;

Enrmfk Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

>.;5> .>=> -.1=8 >8>

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

-.782 >88.==1

Unjnwn Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

1.742 .8>= -.=8> >8>

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

-.=88.;1>

Ecrruptmcf Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

5< -.>8>

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

-.>88.1572 .747 .==8 >8>

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

.=4= =7.>5=

Inzmfass Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

>.724 ..8;8 >8>

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

->.81= =>.=4=

Kraab Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

.==1 .5 -.;=1 >8>

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

-.48> =4.=>=


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2>

Mfbapafbaft Unopias Rast cg Uax cg Fmkarmnfs

t-tast gcr Aqunimty cg Oanfs

Umk. (5 -.87

Aquni vnrmnfeas

fct nssuoab

.4>> -.=> .>4>>7 .>5;2=

Aquni vnrmnfeas

fct nssuoab

.>4; .>4>>7 .>5722

Aquni vnrmnfeas

fct nssuoab

.;=2 .85=2=7;

tciarnfea Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

.25= .>1 .>718>

Aquni vnrmnfeas

fct nssuoab

.25= .>1 .>724=

`cvmnimty Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

.17; -.8=27547

Aquni vnrmnfeas

fct nssuoab

.11= -.8=27811887

Aquni vnrmnfeas

fct nssuoab

.12; -.84424 .>2711

snjnwn Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

.5;8 -.>14;17;

Aquni vnrmnfeas

fct nssuoab

.517 -.>14;848

ecrruptmcf Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

.=8> -.8>=21 .>11;7

Aquni vnrmnfeas

fct nssuoab

.4== -.8>=21 .>155>

ecenmfa Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

.57288 .>71;5

Aquni vnrmnfeas

fct nssuoab

.57288 .>714;

inzmfass Aquni vnrmnfeas

nssuoab

.


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2.77824

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

-814 .215=8

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

-.84=15 .21>41

dcspmtnimty Aquni vnrmnfeas nssuoab -.5

Aquni vnrmnfeas fct

nssuoab

-.====>5 .2112=


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25

Ecrraintmcfs cg Iavai cg abuentmcf cg Fmkarmnfs nfb Kdnfnmnf trnmts

Iavai cg abuentmcf cg

Fmkarmnfs Kdnfnmnf trnmts

Iavai cg

Abuentmcf

Xanrscf Ecrraintmcf > .8;;

Umk. (85 >85

Kdnfnmnf

trnmts

Xanrscf Ecrraintmcf .8;; >

Umk. (85 >85

Basermptmva Utntmstmes

Oanf Utb. Bavmntmcf F

Kdnfnmnf trnmts < .;5==5 >85

Ecrraintmcfs cg Fmkarmnfs nka rnfka nfb Kdnfnmnf trnmts

Kdnfnmnf trnmts Nka rnfka

Kdnfnmnf trnmts Xanrscf Ecrraintmcf > -.851

Umk. (85

Nka rnfka Xanrscf Ecrraintmcf -.851 >

Umk. (85

Basermptmva Utntmstmes

Oanf Utb. Bavmntmcf F

Kdnfnmnf trnmts 85

Ecrraintmcfs cg Kdnfnmnf trnmts nfb Fmkarmnfs iavai cg mftarnetmcf

Kdnfnmnf

trnmts

Fmkarmnfs iavai cg

mftarnetmcf

Kdnfnmnf trnmts Xanrscf Ecrraintmcf > .1>7**

Umk. (85 >85

Fmkarmnfs iavai

cg mftarnetmcf

Xanrscf Ecrraintmcf .1>7** >

Umk. (85 >85

**. Ecrraintmcf ms smkfmgmenft nt tda 8.8> iavai (


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Nigerians’ Perceptions of, And Level of Interaction With Ghanaians_Research Project_Theophilus...

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Transcript of Nigerians’ Perceptions of, And Level of Interaction With Ghanaians_Research Project_Theophilus...