Nicholl. A grammar of the Samaritan language, with extracts and vocabulary. 1858?

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53 a

A GRAMMAROF THE

SAMARITAN LANGUAGE,EXTRACTS AJSTD VOCABULARY.

BY

G. F. NICHOLLS,EEADER IN ORIENTAL LITERATURE, AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS ;

LAXE EXHIBITIONEU OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

LONDON:SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS;

YTABEHOrSE FOB BIBLES, NEW TESTAMENTS, PBAYEK BOOKS, CHT7RCH SEBTICF.S,LEXICONS, GBAMMABS, COKCORDANCES, PSALTERS, AND BIBLICAL "WORKS,

IN ANCIENT AND MODERN LANGUAGES;


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PREFACE.

IN offering to the public a work of so novel a characteras the present, the author has seized the opportunity ofstating the grounds on which it was undertaken.

The importance of the study of the Biblical languageshas never been questioned, excepting by those men who areignorant of them, and are disposed to condemn in toto theutility of that which they have not the means or oppor-tunity to acquire. On the other hand, those illustriousscholars, whose definition of the utilitarian cui bono isdirectly opposed to the former, have not only inculcated themomentous importance of linguistic study by precept, buthave led the van thereof conspicuously by example.

To recount the imperishable names of those who, fromthe earliest ages of Christianity, have patronised or pursuedthis study, is unnecessary in this place ; their opinions of itsimportance may be summed up in the words of the learnedDr. Jahn: " occurrit et illud, quod est totius theologiaefundamentum, neque tamen sine subtili et intimd linguarum


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IV PREFACE.sacrormn librorum, qua Idbefactatd, ruit authoritas horumdocumentorum, et theologiae aedificium evertitur." Andagain, " librorum ^vrfa-ior'rjra et verum sensum, dbsquesubtili et intimd linguarum srientid, coraprobare nemo potest."

The phrase " Biblical Languages," although capable ofextension to all those versions of the Sacred Scriptures whichhave been made during the last century into almost everyimportant language and dialect, is usually confined to thefollowing: viz. Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan,Ethiopic, Amharic, and Coptic ; to which, of course, theGreek and Latin may be added.The first four of the languages just enumerated have

received especial attention at the hands of scholars; whilethe four latter have been wholly neglected or forgotten. Infact, during the last few years, so little attention and studyhave they attracted, that, at the present time, it is impossibleto acquire even the rudiments of them, except through themedium of the Latin tongue. Why they have been allowedto fall into such disrepute, it is not worth while to inquire,but we have only to do with the fact that such is the case,and, if possible, to remedy it.

The present work is a Grammar of the Samaritan Lan-guage; it is strictly Rudimentary, and is intended as aprecursor to a more critical and philological view of thetongue. The main object of the author has been to dealwith the ordinary facts of Etymology and Syntax, and toproduce such a work (to use an illustrious scholar's words),"


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PREFACE. Vper eum excolatur, et ad altiora prseparetur." How far hehas succeeded in his endeavours will be for the discerningpublic to determine^ to whose favour he would commendhis present attempt.

The author has consulted nearly the whole of the extantwriters on the subject, as Cellarius, Morinus, Castellus,Leusdenius, and others. To the first he is especially in-debted in the Etymological part of the work; whose facts,notwithstanding they are undigested, and expressed inquestionable Latinity, are undoubtedly invaluable.

The Syntax is, however, wholly original; and the authorhas especially aimed at giving the ordinary rules, to theexclusion of all which might seem hypercritical to the youngscholar.

The Work is preceded by a brief dissertation upon theSamaritans, their language and literature, which the authorhopes will not be unacceptable to the reader, and is con-cluded by an extract, from Walton's Polyglot, of threechapters of the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch, withexegetical remarks upon the text, together with a shortLexicon, carefully compiled by actual reading and obser-vation. The student will do well, after he has mastered theGrammar, to construe, by the aid of the Lexicon, and parsethe whole of the extracts, in doing which he will find hislabours considerably diminished by observing the analogywhich the Samaritan bears to the Syriac and Chaldee.


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VI PREFACE.the extent to which the Samaritan text as edited in thebooks is vitiated; and no doubt many of the anomalies,which have come to be considered grammatical peculiarities,are to be referred to this cause. The fact is simply men-tioned here, to show that the reader must bear with somethings, which in the present state of the text are un-avoidable.

The author hopes to have an opportunity of editing acritical and philological Grammar, which, with a Lexiconand a revised text of the Samaritan Pentateuch, would forma somewhat complete library of Samaritan literature.

LONDON :1853.


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INTRODUCTION.

BEFORE entering upon the Grammar, a brief account ofthe Samaritans, their language and literature, may not beunacceptable to the generality of our readers.

It appears that the ten tribes of Israel who had revoltedfrom Solomon's son, elected Jeroboam as their king, whofixed his capital at Shechem, in mount Ephraim.The Israelitish king, in order to prevent his people from

going to Jerusalem, set up two golden calves, one in Dan,and the other in Bethel, to which they might offer the usualsacrifices.

We pass over the remaining acts of Jeroboam and hissuccessors, until we come to Omri, the sixth king of Israel,who began his reign, A.M. 3079. He it was who purchasedthe hill of Samaria from Shemer, and built on it a citycalled by the same name, from which the gentile noun,Samaritans, is derived.The city Samaria was besieged during Ahab's reign, bythe Syrian king, Ben-hadad, but without success : in thereign of Hoshea, however, Shalmaneser, king of Assyria,attacked it, and after three years' siege succeeded in takingit, and carrying away the Israelites captive into Assyria.The territories of the banished Jews were occupied by amixed people, brought from different parts of the Assyrian


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2 INTRODUCTION.pharvaim. It is to these colonists that the name Samaritansis specially, though not exclusively, applicable. Accordingto Josephus, they were called D^filD CuthcEi, as the fol-lowing extract will show (B. ix. c. 14):- ol Be êroiia19 TTjv âfjidpeiav XvOaiot, ravrrj jap e^p&vroBevpo rfj Trpoarjyopla, $i,a TO e/c TT}? XovQasâpa? fjLera^Brjvac^ avrrj ' early ev ry HepaLî teal TTOTa/409TOVT e^cov ovo/jLa, etc.

It appears, moreover, that these colonists were infestedwith lions, on account of their idolatry; and believing thecause of this visitation to be their ignorance of the worshipdue to the " God of the land," they resolved to request Shal-maneser to send them a priest or priests of the captive people,who might teach them " the manner of the God of theland." This request was complied with, a priest was sent.But it does not appear that the instruction he imparted hadthe effect of totally eradicating idolatry from among them ;for we read, that " they feared the Lord, but served theirgraven images." How long this semi-idolatry continued itis impossible to say : it would appear, however, that onthe return from the Babylonish captivity it had ceased ; forthey not only made an application to Judah and Benjaminto be allowed to participate in rebuilding the temple, forwhich the latter had obtained a decree, but added, as ifreprobating their former wickedness, " we seek your God,as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days ofEsar-haddon, king of Assur, which brought us up here."This proposal was refused by Ezra and Kehemiah, and theother Jews; who were not only empowered by the decree ofCyrus to rebuild their temple, but also to fortify their city.


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INTRODUCTION. 3placable and deadly hatred which ever after existed betweenthemselves and the Samaritans.

The latter, by their calumnies and intrigues at the courtof Persia, at length forced the Jews to desist from theirwork. We are told that they " hired counsellors againstthem ;" and to judge from the proceedings recorded inEzra, c. iv., there can be no doubt that the Samaritans wereactuated by the most fiendish spleen. They are even said tohave gone so far as to attempt to hinder the rebuilding byforce, but without success, for the temple was completed.The Jews never forgave the Samaritans: and as an in-

stance of the contempt and abhorrence in which they heldthe latter, we may mention the saying, " he who eatethbread of a Cuthsean shall be as one who eateth pork." TheJews even refused to write a copy of the law on a Samaritanparchment.What their feelings were, therefore, when it was resolvedto build a rival temple to their own, may be more easilyimagined than described.

Manasses, brother of the high-priest, and son-in-law ofSanballat, the governor of Samaria, was ordered, in commonwith the other Jews, to give up his " strange wife." Herefused, and was consequently compelled to fly for protectionto his father-in-law.On the representation of Sanballat, that the building of

a temple in opposition to that of the Jews would tend toweaken the latter, whom he represented as a nation everdisaffected, and always ready for revolution, a templewas built by the Samaritans on mount Gerizim, of whichManasses was made high priest.


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4 INTRODUCTION.revolted from Alexander, who expelled them, and putMacedonians in their place, and gave the province to theJews. After Alexander's death, Ptolemy Lagus subduedboth Judaea and Samaria, and carried away numbers of Jewsand Samaritans to Egypt. Samaria afterwards fell into thehands of John Hyrcanus the Jewish chief priest ; and soonafter him into the hands of the Romans, during whose ruleHerod Antipater rebuilt the temple and city with greatmagnificence, to which he gave the name Sebaste, orAugusta. At the present time, few of this once powerfulpeople exist. Scaliger, who was desirous of being informedof their customs, wrote two letters, one to the Samaritansof Egypt, and the other to the chief priest, who resides atNeapolis, in Syria. Their answers are now in existence,and are well worthy of perusal.We shall close the preceding brief sketch of the Sama-ritans, with a short account of their language and Penta-teuch ; and especially of what is called the Samaritan Version.But as our remarks have been, and must be brief, we mayrefer those who wish for complete information on thesubject, to the Proleg. of Walton's Polyglot, Gesenius" de origine et indole Samaritani Pentateuchi," Cellarius,Schwarzius, Scaliger, Hottinger., and others.The Samaritan is chiefly a compound of the Hebrew,Chaldee, and Syriac. Among the words derived from thesesources, are to be recognised a great number of Cuthaeanwords, imported, doubtlessly, by the new colonists.

Some of the words borrowed from the former languageshave undergone various transformations, as will be seenhereafter, while others have remained entire and unchanged.


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INTRODUCTION. 5Chaldaic, as the reader will observe in the sequel. This isprobably to be attributed to the fact, that while the Sama-ritans sought to fashion their own tongue after the mannerof that of the Syrians, who were situated in Decapolis, northof Samaria; they scrupulously eschewed every thing whichsavoured of their southern neighbours, against whom theyappear to have entertained the most implacable hatred.

There does not appear to be any substantial ground for theaffirmation of Cellarius, that the Samaritan dialect was ruderand less polished than those of its neighbours. Generallyspeaking, it is far more simple in its syntax than the Hebrew,and free from those technical constructions with particles,which are especially found in the latter. It does not, how-ever, appear to convey ideas more imperfectly than theHebrew ; on the contrary, there are cases in which its simplediction seems paramount to that of the latter; and to judgeof a tongue by the utilitarian principle, that it was madefor man, so far the Samaritan successfully attains the end forwhich language was in part designed. There is one pecu-liarity in the Samaritan, which especially arrests our atten-tion ; and that is, the promiscuous interchange of the so calledguttural letters : but whether this is an argument against theaKpifteia of the language, it is not our intention to determine.

It has been previously stated, that besides a large numberof words borrowed from the three principal dialects of theShemitic family, the Samaritan language is found to containwords foreign to all three of them. The historical fact, thatthe Cuthaei held possession of the Samaritan territories afterthe Babylonish captivity, or else that the Jews, on theirreturn from Assyria, imported a number of exotic words


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6 INTRODUCTION.is not only sufficient to account for the presence of suchwords, but also gives a clue to fixing the date when theSamaritan dialect was formed. This appears to have beenabout the seventh century before Christ. Previous to thecaptivity, there is every reason to believe that the Alphabetnow called the Samaritan, was also employed by the Jewsin transcribing those copies of the law which were disse-minated throughout the tribes of Israel. The Pentateuch,known as the Hebrseo-Samaritan, appears to support thissupposition; for although written in Samaritan characters,the difference between it and the authorised Hebrew Pen-tateuch is so small, that there can be no difficulty in pro-nouncing the former to be a copy of the latter, or ratherthe latter a copy of the former; for, notwithstanding theingenuity of Kopp, it is highly probable that on their returnthe Jews adopted, instead of their ancient characters, theChaldee, now called the Hebrew, in which the Sacred text,as restored by Ezra, was written. In fact, the coincidencebetween the Hebrew and Hebrseo-Samaritan text is so re-markable, that it induced Morinus to say of the latter," purum putum Mosis Pentateuchum." The whole question,however, of the priority which ought to be given to oneof these two copies of the Law, apparently turns upon thepoint as to whether the Assyrian characters were knownamong the Jews previous to the Babylonish captivity, aquestion which it is not our purpose to discuss here. TheSamaritan Version, which is written in the Samaritandialect, and of which the following work is a Grammar,claims especial notice in this place.We have previously spoken of the language in which it


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INTRODUCTION. 7extract from the Atlas Ethnographique of the learned AdrienBalbi: " Le Samaritain tient de 1'H^breu, du Chalde'en, etdu Syriaque; mais differe cependant d'une maniere asseznotable de ces idiomes, soit par ses formes grammaticales,soit par des racines qui lui sont propres, soit par des accep-tions particulieres de celles qui lui sont communes avec lesautres dialectes se'mitiques."A few remarks upon the time, and author of this Version,will not be out of place here.Upon the question of time, many illustrious scholars are

at issue. Gesenius, in his learned discourse on the originand character of the Samaritan Pentateuch, is disposed toplace its execution some centuries after Christ. Hottingerand Walton, on the other hand, considered it of the highestantiquity. The illustrious orientalist Gesenius has notfavoured us with the grounds upon which he came to thepreceding conclusion, whereas the opinion of the two latterscholars appears to be supported by as reasonable hypothesesas the case admits.

In the first place, the internal evidence of the Version issufficient to show that it is not older than the Babylonishcaptivity, in fact, that it must have been made after thebuilding of the temple, under the auspices of Sanballat, thegovernor of Samaria ; because the words rendered in ourVersion (Deut. xxvii. 4) by Mount Ebal, were changed bythem into ^OTA^'Vl^S in Mount Gerizim. This couldnot have been done till after the building of their temple.The reader who will take the trouble to consult Schwarzius,will find also another reason, which, however hypercriticalit may seem, is certainly no less conclusive than the pre-


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8 INTRODUCTION.Moreover, the analogy which the corresponding Hebrew

version bears to the Samaritan will probably enable us tofix more precisely the time when the latter was written.

During the long captivity of the Jews in Babylon, few,if any of them, could have retained their own language freefrom the contamination of that of their conquerors. Besides,on the termination of that captivity, all the old Jews whohad been removed from their country must have been dead:and if we suppose the Assyrian king carried away theirinfant children, we cannot doubt that few at the restoration,judging from the ordinary length of human life, remainedalive to return; and those who did must certainly havespoken the language of their conquerors. Most of the Jewswho returned to their country must have been men whohad been, born in Assyria ; so that the Law in the originalHebrew must have been to them pretty much the same as abook written in the standard English of the present daywould be to a real Lancashire provincialist. The conse-quence was, that a paraphrase was made called Targumin,and by this means the Jews were enabled to understandthat which, from their ignorance of their vernacular lan-guage, must have otherwise remained almost a dead letter.

Judging, therefore, from analogy, it seems reasonable tosuppose that the Samaritan version was made for a similarpurpose, and about the same time.

That it was made for a public purpose is highly probablefrom the fact that such works were usually undertaken withthat view ; and there is no reason to believe that a privateindividual would undertake and complete such a work for hisown amusement, much less that such an attempt would have


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INTRODUCTION. 9been handed down to our own age. This supposition, toge-ther with the fact that the independence of the Samaritansappears to have had no existence after the time of Alexander,would at least be presumptive evidence that it is coevalwitli the Targumin ; because, generally speaking, works fornational use are not undertaken when a nation's nationalityis destroyed, or its independence lost.As regards the author of this version, nothing is known;

his name has not transpired, like those of Onkelos, Jonathan,and Saad. The way, however, in which he has performedhis work, with few solitary exceptions, (and those probablydue to the inaccuracy of the librarii, who have here, as inother cases, disBgured the original text by innovations, eitherthe result of design or negligence,) will justify the words ofSchwarzius: " Caeterum nostro, quisquis demum ille fuerit,interpret! variae et ingenii et doctrinae laudes merito defe-runtur."


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SAMABITAN GBAMMAB,CHAPTER I.

1. THE Samaritan letters are the same in number as theHebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac; they have the same power,and the same names. The following Table contains theAlphabets of the four languages :

Names.


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DIVISION OF LETTERS. 11The Samaritan Alphabet may be written in various ways.

The first of the three columns of letters given above containsthe Alphabet as edited by Brian Walton in his PolyglotBible, and Edmund Castel in his Heptaglot Lexicon, and isthe mode of writing adopted in this Grammar. The secondcolumn contains the Alphabet as adopted by Scaliger, andLeusdenius in his Syriac Grammar. The third columncontains the letters which Castel affirms are especially usedin MSS.The Samaritans have no means of distinguishing between

the Hebrew letters b and & , both of which may be repre-sented by XXA . There are only a few purely Hebrew wordsinvolving b, in which that letter is represented by "* ; as,^mm for ppg, . 2,A.V"fTT for ^nb, etc.; for in most otherwords, where analogy requires Sin, they imitate the Syrians,and use ^ ; as, *\^V for TO ,


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12 READING AND ORTHOGRAPHY.the Radicals in derivation, conjugation, declension, andcomposition.

All the Serviles may be Eadicals, but the Kadicals arenever Serviles. Those letters which are essentially Radicalare, ^SV-mav^^^^l. The Serviles, which mayalso be Radicals are, A ^ *$ Z 3 Itf ? 3 Z 9 A.

VOWELS.3. The Samaritans have no points to mark the vowels,

like the Hebrews. To remedy this defect, various meanshave been proposed. Some scholars are of opinion thatthe Hebraeo-Chaldaic method of punctuation ought to beadopted ; others the Syriac, among which the learned authorof the Heptaglot may be mentioned: he says, " LinguaSyriaca optima est ac certissima regula punctandi tarnChaldaica, quam Samaritana."

Cellarius has taken the mean between these extremes,and, arguing from the fact that the Samaritan is for themost part a compound of Chaldee, Syriac, and Hebrew, hesays, " Liberiorem esse Samariticam pronunciationem, et quaein lingua ilia sunt pure Ebrsea, Ebraeo forsitan more efferriposse; quse Syro-Chaldaica ad Syrorum indolern enunciaridebere."The remark of Hottinger, Anti. Mor. p. 34, that Jac.

Golius had been informed by an individual acquainted withthe Samaritans at Damascus, that the pronunciation of thelatter was rough and inartificial, would, perhaps, justify thebelief that such was the case in ancient times. This sup-position receives confirmation from the fact that the Syrians


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VOWELS. 13Samaritans, have never admitted into their languages allthose subtle rules of punctuation adopted by the Jews.The chief vowel or mater lectionis made use of by the

Samaritans is ;Y, as is manifest from the frequent occurrenceof this letter or its substitutes in Samaritan words. Thisfact must be carefully borne in mind, because in combi-nations of letters which cannot be properly pronouncedwithout a vowel, we may suppose this vowel inserted.

The reader who is an advocate of the Masoretic punc-tuation cannot do better than follow the advice given byCellarius. There is, however, no necessity for his doing so ;for it is not only easy to read the Samaritan without points,but the whole of the Shemitic languages in which they areomitted. The questionable authenticity of those pointsought to be a great objection to their use, especially in theSamaritan, where no regular system of punctuation has beenadopted.We may suppose, therefore, the letters A^, 5f, fit, V, T,which are chiefly called quiescents, to be the vowels or

matres lectionis which are to be employed in reading theSamaritan language. These letters are equivalent to ourfive vowels a, , 2, 0, u respectively.

There cannot possibly be any objection to extend to theindividual letters of the Samaritan exactly the same usageas is observed in our own language ; thus, when any letteror consonant, as b, d, g, etc., is pronounced, we are com-pelled to add a short vowel to it, though that vowel is notexpressed; thus, we pronounce the preceding letters be, de,ge, etc., adding the short vowel e to each. In the Sanscritlanguage the short a or 3f is usually omitted. Thus cff^


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14 READING AND ORTHOGRAPHY.nounced kara ; c^fj ^ katara, etc. Moreover, in our ownlanguage, words with sliort vowels are usually pronouncedso rapidly, that if the consonants were written without thevowels we should have no difficulty in recognising them;as, for instance, who does not immediately recognise thewords bkr, mckrl, mrnr, sllr, etc., as baker, mackerel, mariner,seller, etc.? The same might be observed in other lan-guages, where, on the omission of the sliort vowels, theconsonants are sufficient to indicate the word. Vide CopticGram.

Judging, therefore, from analogy, it is reasonable to sup-pose that the short vowels were omitted in Samaritan words,while the long ones were usually expressed by the lettersA- , % , fit , V , if . And in every case where a vowel is re-quired after a letter, we may suppose the mater lectionis tobe the short a of the Sanscrit, and supply it accordingly.We shall subjoin a specimen from Gen. i. 1, 2, of themanner in which the language may be read; presuming, ofcourse, the student is aware that, in common with all theShemitic languages (with the exception of the Abyssinianbranch), the Samaritan is read from right to left.Samaritan. *m*ZX"* * Am *Pronunciation. shumie ith Alee tlamas B'kamautheSamaritan. 33*"^ * flftVflr^r * 5^yV*" A?3 ' SV%Y7Pronunciation, v'k&shace v'rikni shame eiith V'aroeThe short vowels are marked; the others may be pro-

nounced long and distinctly. The student will find nodifficulty in reading, by adopting this course: we would,however, remind him of the pithy remark of Cellarius," Linguas hasce addiscimus non tarn colloquendi causa, quam


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ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS. 154. The Samaritans distinguish each word by means of a

thick point placed after the word; as, ZZiiJiiS * AftrZ- Atthe end of a period they generally use the sign : ; sometimesthe simple distinctive ' , at others -: . When the sense issuspended and imperfect, instead of our colon they substitutethe sign ' * placed above the word and after it. Sometimesthe single point is used instead of it, and vice versa.

They have various signs to supply the place of our fullstop; as, =-:,


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16 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.Grammar, viz. the Noun, Verb, and Particle; in whichorder they will be considered.

CHAPTER II.THE NOUN.

1. THE Samaritan nouns, like the Hebrew, may be con-sidered as having their roots in the verb. They are formedin various ways: some consist of radical letters alone; as,***^A- a man, =(ZyV God: others by the insertion of somequiescent letter; as, ^fTO-m a goat, &***3 ajudge, etc.; orby the addition of a letter or letters to the beginning or endof the root; as, Z2ZS?5 award, ^V**^ ajudgment.

Some are derived from imperfect verbs ; as, *\"?flfl astranger, ftTT^/Y history, etc.The quadriliteral nouns are such as are composed of four

radical letters. They are usually read with some quiescent;as, Z?V^3 a treaty.The adjectives are found to vary in their formation, like

nouns substantive; as, "^ffT^P holy, %/f-A\ pitiful, yYZ^*Wnaked, etc.In a rudimentary Grammar like the present, a criticaldiscussion of the various senses of the nouns, according tothe species of the verb from which they are derived, wouldbe out of place. The Lexicon will supply their senses,which will be sufficient for all practical purposes.In the Samaritan, as well as in the other Shemitic orSyro-Arabian languages, there are only two genders, Mas-culine and Feminine.


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THE NOUN. 17The Feminine supplies the place of a Neuter gender.Nouns of the Masculine gender are usually known by

their termination or signification. By the former, whenthey end in a radical letter, or servile other than 5[ or A * ;as, *"^/* a man, frTA-^SV an Hebrew ; by the latter, whenthe subject of the noun is masculine; as, BfZ/f God.Nouns of the Feminine gender are also known by their

termination or signification. By the former, when they endin 9f and A*; as, rfZt^LY a maid servant; by the latter,when the subject of the noun is essentially feminine; as,Z"^ Rachel, Gen. xxxiii. 7; ?$fc a mother, Exod. xx. 12.The nouns expressing districts and cities are generally

feminine. Sometimes under one termination both gendersare included. This is especially the case with the names ofanimals, as in the Hebrew.

Some nouns, though terminating in an essential mas-culine characteristic, are, however, feminine; as, Lev. v. 1,A^Â ' Â- * ***3^T and when a soul sins. So VÂ- theearth, ÔT^ breath, ^fttV an eye. As no fixed rules can begiven for determining the genders, they can only be ac-quired by reading and observation.

There are two Numbers, the Singular and Plural. It isscarcely necessary to recognise a Dual number, since, inconsequence of the absence of diacritical points in the Sama-ritan, there are no means of distinguishing it from the plural.

Cellarius apparently inclines to the opinion, that the dualnumber, if it occur at all, is not supported by sufficientlyconclusive examples to justify us in attempting to establishit as one of the essential numbers of the Samaritan language.

* Nouns in T and fit , apocopated for Â? and ÂfTf ( 5, 9) are


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18 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.Morinus, however, is of opinion, that ft inserted before thetermination is probably characteristic of the dual; thus,ii5ftrA^9A} Gen. xxvii. 36. Many exceptions may be takento the use of this letter as an essential mark of the dualnumber, and none stronger than that of ^sm^ttf in Exod.xvi. 29, where it is absolutely necessary that the Hebrewdual P?*?i* should be emphatically marked, so as to preventthe possibility of confounding it with the plural, such,however, is not the case. The terminal Vfc, which is sup-ported by Castel, does not depend upon sufficiently conclusiveexamples to justify its adoption as a mark of this number.All the pertinent examples produced of it by the learnedauthor of the Heptaglot are accompanied by numerals,which, in the absence of a characteristic termination of thenoun, supply the place of the dual number. The termination^/f- is evidently plural. The same remarks apply to theform 3f/Y;Y in Gen. xxxiii. 1, which is accompanied by thenumeral; as, SfAA^iiS^ ' nTAwV two handmaids.The existence of a dual in the Hebrew language, essen-tially different from the plural, is entirely due to theMasoretic points. In such cases as the one given abovefrom Exod. xvi. 29, where there is an apparent necessity fordistinguishing the numbers, it is doubtful whether this dis-tinction is not as clearly pointed out by the context, inde-pendent of the diacritical distinction, as it would be by theaddition of a numeral which removes all ambiguity. Andin the case just mentioned this numeral is actually expressed7in the Syriac; as,

STATES OF NOUNS.


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THE NOUN. 1Cstates or forms of nouns, viz., the absolute, emphatic, andconstructive. In each of these states we have to consider theformation of gender and number.

ABSOLUTE STATE.3. Singular Masculine. Every noun which is used simply

or absolutely, or which does not govern another usuallyexpressed by our genitive, is said to be in the absolute state;as, iJZiiJ a king, ^9*7 a master, etc.

4. Plural Masculine. The affinity which the Samaritanbears to the Chaldseo-Syriac, might lead us to expect thatthe plural termination tW of the latter would be far moreused than the Hebrew iiJfflf. Such, however, is not thecase, as the more usual form is *3flT ; thus, ^ttt^m days,iiJfflf ^*"^ judges, etc. Cellarius rightly affirms that thevast majority of nouns are thus formed.The Syro-Chaldaic form will also be found, though, com-

paratively speaking, rarely ; as, ^JTT^S sons, ^ITfaftfV eves, etc.Nouns ending in fit omit one of the consecutive yods,

which concur in affixing the plural terminal; as, Exod.xxxiv. 24, 53flfir*l ' !iJfln^ many nations, for * *3nrnfl^sanrnm .Some masculine nouns form their plural like those of thefeminine gender; as, ^^Sf* fathers, ^53*" names.

The two nouns, ^nTI7T0[ life, ^ftft/f- a countenance, haveno singular number : this is also the case with some others.

The Hebrew ecthlipsis of fit in the formation of the pluralnumber is also to be remarked; thus, ^Jftt/YS houses, fromin the singular number, the Hebrew plural being B^3 .

of this state


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20 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.is formed by adding the suffix ^ ; as, BfZ^A- a maid servant,3ffT$ a beast, from Zt^/f , OT$ respectively.As regards the termination A, Cellarius doubts whetherit is legitimately employed here in expressing the feminine;he refers all nouns in A*? and AftT to the constructive ratherthan to the absolute state.

Characteristic of this gender also are "K and fit ; as, Exod.xx. 16, t^V-^ testimony; Deut. x. 18, ftt^a/Y a garment.

The adjectives in this state have no other mark for thefeminine than rf ; as, ianTVT? living, masc., 5ft3fTTVlP, fern.;fttc\'mii5 Egyptian, masc., ^ftr'V/nia , fern. This is the casealso with all names of people and races.

6. Feminine Plural. The feminine plural is formed bythe suffix X the Chaldee ! T ; as, ^Z*" complete, ^3Y- God.3*"^/f the man, 9(^5V the people, etc. Sometimes theHebrew prefix n is employed, especially with pronouns andparticiples, as will be seen in the Chapter on the Particles.Such cases are, however, rare, and foreign to the geniusof a language, which from its Syro-Chaldaic sympathies,


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THE NOUN. 21Nouns ending in flT/V on assuming the suffix 5f drop the

penult. fTT; as, rfAASV the Hebrew, for ^fTTA^SV. Simi-larly, SyVAffrZA third, SA-VOm /owrZ/i, from flTAAITTZAand fitA-Vflr3so-lutexm 1* or ^fTT^^.

9. Feminine Singular. The feminine singular of thisstate is formed by changing the absolute terminal -f into5fA ; as, 5(Ai*5T/f the earth, from BfiS^yV ; Â^fTT^P AoZy,from 5j^rrr^V , etc.Nouns ending in ? and fit add B(A ; as, 9fAT^^yV from

"?!y0(Â- ; 5(A^fZ^ from ftrZ3 , etc. Cellarius considers theemphatic forms of such words as having been once theabsolute, whence by apocope those in t and HT arose.

Some nouns are feminine in gender, but masculine in thetermination of their absolute state ; as, *"3^ the soul, Â^ ahand, etc. Such words form their emphatic state like nounsmasculine; as, *"*:&, Â ; similarly 3VwY the land.The use of the letter A in iJAV


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22 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.5fA, if ^ be preceded by ft- or Bf , but if not, into =


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THE NOUN. 2314. Feminine Plural. The constructive feminine plural

ends in A, the Chaldee H T . The mater lectionis A- some-times precedes this termination; as, Gen. xlix. 26, * fJT^aii^A? ' itt9yY * Aim the blessings of thy father and thymother have prevailed; Gen. vi. 2, rJ^yY ' A/Y^S thedaughters of the man.

The following masculine nouns follow this form; viz.A39A father, A^*" names, Afift^ft ^te. Examplesare, Num. xxxi. 26, 3A"^3 * A33A * ]7T"A^ Meof thefathers of the congregation; Gen. xxxvi. 40, *

e raawes o/* Me rfu&e* o/* JEtow; Gen. i. 26,These observations will be sufficient to show the modes

employed in forming the different states of nouns.CASES.

15. The genitive case is the only one marked by inflec-tion ; the others are formed by prefixing prepositions to thenouns, sometimes separable, sometimes inseparable.The genitive case is not only formed constructively, after

the manner explained in 11-14, but also with the Syriacprefix


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24 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.the separable word ARt (the Chaldee IV) to the noun; as,SVÂ- Afire * Xm^*" ' Am the heavens and the earth.Sometimes by prefixing iiJV , which is properly a prepo-sition signifying with like the Hebrew J"iK; as, Exod. iv. 25,

' iiSV * AiSfttVIP she cut off theforeskin ; Exod. xx. 24,* iiJV * AîJÂ / Aaue recorded my name. In all

these cases it is probable that the preposition iJ5V has, asfar as we are aware, lost its original force and become re-dundant; though, from the similar instances found in otherlanguages, this construction would seem to have originallyarisen from phrases in which the force of the prepositionwas emphatically marked. The same remarks apply to^ in Exod. xxxii. 35, where we find BfiiJV * î5 * 3lyY heplagued the people.As in other languages, in the absence of a particle, theactive verb is a sign of the accusative case.The vocative case is the same as the nominative.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.16. There are three degrees of comparison: the positive,

comparative, and superlative ; each of which is defined as inother languages.Of the positive degree nothing need be said.The comparative is formed by ^3, a preposition con-

veying an idea of superiority; as, ^V^yV * iiSV * ^5more than the people of the land, Exod. v.5; /TftiS *more righteous than /, Gen. xxxviii. 26.

The superlative is formed by an adverb; as, Gen. i. 31,very good: or by doubling the positive; as,

a very greatly, Gen. xvii. 2.


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ADJECTIVES. 25

NUMERALS.17. The numeral nouns are divided into two classes,

Cardinal and Ordinal; as their construction is sufficientlyexplained in the Syntax on Adjectives, it will be sufficientin this place to give tables of both classes.The following is a Table of the Cardinals :

Masc. Fern.OneTwoThree AZAFourFiveSix A1" 3A*" and AA1"SevenEightNineTen

TwentyThirtyFortyFiftySixtySeventyEightyNinetyHundredThousand

In the formation of the numerals between ten and a


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26 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.eleven, ^Jffftii5A * AZA eighty-three, etc. This

rule is, however, relaxed in the case of numbers exceedinga hundred; as, =*A*" * ^flP^V^ * SA^iS *


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THE VERB. 27

CHAPTER III.THE VERB.

1. THE second part of speech is the verb, which we nowproceed to consider ; and, in so doing, two things claimespecial attention : First, the species of the verb, by whichare meant its various forms and conjugations: Secondly,the mode of inflecting each species or form through itsmoods, tenses, and persons.

2. The primitive species consists of radical letters alone(generally three in number), as in the Hebrew.

3. The derivative species are formed from the primitiveby the addition of servile letters, which mark the peculiarcharacteristics of each.

4. Edmund Castel, in his Heptaglot Lexicon, recognisesin the Samaritan as many different species of the verb, or asmany forms as are found among the Syrians and Chaldees;that is, six, three active and three passive : the activeare respectively called Pehal, Pahel, and Aphel; and thecorresponding passives, Ethpehel, Ethpahal, and Ettaphal.The primitive species is Pehal; all the rest are derivative.Morinus, however, is of opinion that, in consequence of theabsence of diacritical points in the Samaritan dialect, thereare only three distinct conjugations, viz. Pehal, Aphel, andEthpehel or Ethpahal.The difference of opinion which exists between Castel andMorinus, as to the number of conjugations may be reconciled


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28 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.former, which appear to differ but slightly in form, as oneand the same species; and the three passive forms, whoseindividuality cannot be easily discerned, as in reality butone form; we have then only three conjugations.

Castel's division is, however, not only supported by Syro-Chaldaean usage, but in the Samaritan language itself thereis, doubtlessly, evidence to show that Pehal and Pahel arenot only distinct in signification but also frequently in form.This is especially the case in the infinitives and participles,as may be inferred from the few examples which Cellariushas given in his Grammar: he quotes $V3 of the conjugationPehal from Exod. xx. 5, which is used in the sense of visiting,whereas V3ii5 of the conjugation Pahel is found in Deut.iv. 2, in the sense of commanding. Compare also iS^SiiSGen. xii. 3; ^S^iS Num. xxiii. 10, etc., " quse frustra adPehal reduxeris, partim formatione, partim significationerepugnante."

The individuality of the passive forms cannot be so de-fended: generally speaking, there is apparently no reasonwhy they should not be considered one and the same,though used in different senses. There can scarcely be anydoubt, however, that the Samaritans and the other tribes ofthe Shemitic family were able to distinguish accurately inpronunciation the different senses of a word consisting ofthe same combination of letters; or, at least, that the sensecould easily be conjectured " ex serie orationis," supposingthe pronunciation the same; under these circumstances weshall adopt the division of Castel, and in the first place givethe signification of each of these species, upon which theirclassification must depend in the absence of distinct forms.


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THE VERB. 29and Hebrew Kal, has simply an active transitive or intran-sitive signification ; as, ^M he sold, Z^9 he ceased.

The second conjugation, or Ethpehel, is the passive ofPelml ; and, like the Chaldee Etlipehel and Hebrew Niphal,has, generally speaking, a passive signification; as, A-Z^5fZ ' ntZlAA * Â because there he was revealed unto him,Gen. xxxv. 7; !Vt3 ' ÂÂ? ' ^3f9 ' ^?9/YÂ * AZye shall not make yourselves unclean with them, that ye bedefiled thereby, Lev. xi. 43.

The third conjugation, or Pahel, the Piel of the Hebrews,has various senses. First, when the signification of Pehalis intransitive, this conjugation renders it transitive; thus,ÂaVA thou shall return, Gen. iii. 19, of the conjugationPehal is intransitive, but in Pahel it is transitive; as,i5\3 * Afflf ' Â^VA * ^TA^V must I certainly bring backthy son, Gen. xxiv. 5. It is causative, Gen. xv. 11, * ^^V^5*\3A ' ^tyVflt Abraham caused them to go away. Some-times also it is intensitive

The fourth conjugation, or Ethpahal, is the passive of thepreceding, and as Pahel is frequently causative in an activesense, this is causative in a passive one ; as, TZ-^VAAwere finished, Gen. ii. 1 , in the sense of having been causedto be made orfinished.The fifth conjugation, or Aphel, the Hiphil of the Hebrew,

is usually the causative of Pehal; as, Âflf * VeÂt andcaused it to be led about, Exod. xiii. 18. It may have thesense of permitting, declaring, exhibiting what is indicated byPehal: as also a passive sense; thus, Z^PflT he shall be slain,Num. xviii. 7; T^mii5A they were anointed, Num. iii. 3, etc.The sixth conjugation, like the Hebrew Hithpael, is


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30 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.he shall purify himself. It is sometimes found

actively ; as, iT^a^AA- they desired, Num. xi. 4,We have previously stated, 1 , that each species is inflectedthrough moods, tenses, numbers, persons, and genders.

There are three modes, the indicative, imperative, andinfinitive. There is no difference between the subjunctiveor potential mood and the indicative in form ; they can onlybe distinguished by the sense or context.The indicative is susceptible of a definition similar to that

given to it in other languages.The imperative mood is only used in commanding, ex-

horting, or imprecating ; its place is supplied by the futurein forbidding, dissuading, and deprecating.

The infinitive mood expresses an action or passion ; some-times an intransitive notion indefinitely, that is, withoutrestriction to time, person, number, and gender, all of whichare regarded in the finite verb. This mood exactly resem-bles the noun in its use, inasmuch as it is capable of receivingnominal constructions, especially when used with the pre-fixes ii5, Z, i3, 3. Moreover, the sense resulting fromcombination with these prefixes is such as is usually con-veyed, or may be usually conveyed, by verbal nouns, andhence it is that De Sacy, in his Arabic Grammar, prefers toconsider infinitives as verbal nouns. For instance, the wordfTT^TZ"^ , which is when I sent, may also be rendered by averbal noun on my sending. This is also the case in theHebrew, which, as well as the Samaritan, approximates tothe terse mode of construction followed by the Greeks, whouse the article with the infinitive, as, ev TU> Tre^Treiv. Thisidiom is further exemplified in the Syntax.


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THE VERB. 31carrying with it a notion of action or passion ; it is scarcelynecessary to remark that the laws for the formation ofgender, number, etc., are the same as those for nounsadjective.

There are two tenses in the indicative alone, the perfectand future. To express our present tense, the same methodis adopted as among the Hebrews. Vide Syntax.

The numbers are two, singular and plural.The persons in each number of the perfect and future of

the indicative are three; but in the imperative mood thereis only one person in each number, viz. the second; theplace of the third is supplied by the future tense.

There are two genders, masculine and feminine. It willbe observed that the first persons in each number arecommon.

Subjoined is a Paradigm of a regular verb through itsdifferent conjugations.

I. PEHAL.INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.

Person. Singular. Plural.

3.

2.


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32 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

Future Tense.Person. Singular. Plural.

fM.3. \LF.

fM.2- 1LF.1.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.Person. Singular. Plural.

M.2. , and

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Also [according to Cellarius],

PARTICIPLES.Present Past.

M. F. M. F.


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THE VERB. 33

II. ETHPEHEL.INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.Person. Singular.

M.F.

Person.

{{"

Future Tense.Singular.

{":21.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.Person.

Singular.2. fM.' U

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Plural.

Plural.

Plural,

PARTICIPLE.


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; III. PAHEL,INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.Same as the Perfect of the First Conjugation.

Future Tense.Same as that of Pehal.


2. F.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLE.

IV. ETHPAHAL.INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.Same as the Perfect of Ethpehel

Future Tense.Same as that ofEthpehel


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THE VERB. 35IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Same as that of the Third Conjugation.INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLE.

V. APHEL.INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.Singular.erson.

3.

2.

Future Tense.Same as that of PehalIMPERATIVE MOOD.

Person. Singular.C M

2.31.

Plural.

Plural.


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INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLE.and

VI. ETTAPHAL.INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.

Same as the Perfect of Ethpehel.Future Tense.

Same as that of the Second Conjugation.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.Same as that of EthpeheL

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLE.


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THE VERB. 37. 7. Upon the first conjugation, the following observationswill be found useful.

The preterite of the indicative of this conjugation isformed like the Syriac, and differs both from the Hebrewand Chaldee. The difference between the Hebrew andSamaritan in the singular is apparent in the third personfeminine; the former ending in pi, and the latter in A. Inthe plural number, the Samaritan and Hebrew differ widely,especially in the first and third person; the difference isnot so great between the Samaritan and Chaldee, thoughremarkable in the first and third person feminine, both ofwhich end in X . Sometimes, however, the servile letter ft-is adopted, as in the Arabic ^XA , after the masculine ter-mination ?, as will be seen from the examples ^A-^iiJZ^Gen. xlix. 23, and ^jV?"*3i5 Num. xxxiL 39. It must notbe forgotten, however, that in most cases of this kind thepronominal suffix % is found; so that ft would seem to havebeen added for the purpose of distinguishing more emphati-cally between the verbal termination and the suffix.

It will, perhaps, be as well to observe, that the suffix Aof the first person singular may be considered as attachedto the verbal root by the vowel yfc; for, as Morinus hasobserved, ft is sometimes expressed, as in Exod. xxxiv. 18,i5yYA-^1P3 / have commanded ihee. This expression of ft-may be accounted for on the ground that, as all the charac-teristic terminations of the persons are derivable from the pro-nouns expressing those persons respectively, we may supposethe whole of the pronoun of the first person, viz. ftftA- *,

* The inserted letter X if we suppose it changed into A, will give


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38 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.added to the root of the verb, without omitting the 'ft-,This will lead us also to determine the vowels by which theother suffixes may be supposed attached to the root, as thesecond person singular, masculine and feminine, and thewhole of the plural, whose initial letters being >Y r we maysuppose this to be the mater lectionis by which they areconnected with the verbal root.The first person plural is usually expressed by double !^ ;

still it is to be found with a single ^ in the Pentateuch, asthe instance produced by Cellarius, from Num. xxi. 7, willprove, where ^ZZ^IS we have spoken, is read.

8. The future tense of this conjugation is decidedlyChaldaic in its formation; it agrees as closely with theChaldee as the perfect does with the Syriac, because, thoughthe second person feminine singular is found usually with-out the paragogic X it is frequently employed. The lastradical of the verb in the future tense is sometimes precededby ?, the Syriac o, and Hebrew \ ; as, Z*?VmA- Gen. vi. 7,for ZP*"/*. The termination ^t of the second and thirdperson plural is sometimes read ^ with the omission of the^ ; thus, iftAvY Num. xxxv. 6, ^Z^Sftt Gen. viii. 22. Thisecthlipsis of Nun no doubt induced Castel and Morinus toconsider it as paragogic; the frequent occurrence, however,of this letter, as well as the coincidence of the future gene-rally with the Chaldee, would seem to be a great objectionto the opinion entertained by those two scholars.

9. In the imperative mood, the Syriac o is very rarelyfound before the last syllable. It must also be observed,that, in the imperative mood, examples of the plural femi-nine are very rare. Cellarius gives the following instances :


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THE VERB. 3910. In the paradigm we have given various forms of the

infinitive of Pehal, which is sometimes accompanied by theSyriac io , but is more frequently without it ; the form with 2$being chiefly confined to Pahel ; in fact, there appears to beno reason why this form should not be exclusively confinedto Pahel (except in the case of the infinitive of Aphel,which is generally known by the termination =(A-), espe-cially when we consider that Pehal and Pahel have fre-quently the same force, like Kal and Piel in the Hebrew.It must be observed that the form with **J is seldom usedwhen the infinitive is construed with its verb; as, ' ZiSA-ZiMTfA, the governing preposition 3 being omitted. Theform frequently made use of among the Hebrews in this con-struction is the infinitive of Kal, which being usually ren-dered in the Samaritan version by the infinitive without 53 ,is, to say the least of it, a circumstance which favours thesupposition previously made, that the form without theprefix **J is exclusively confined to Pehal, while that with**J belongs to some of the other conjugations.

In some instances we find t placed before the last radical ;as, Num. xxiii. 11, iST ^ * AiS^S ihou hast certainly blessed;m?^i39 in gathering together, etc. This is frequently thecase in the construction followed in the first example; thus,V& ' YttX just gone out, Gen. xxvii. 30; Aftt^ * ftf?^Gen. xxxi. 30. The paragogic 5f of the infinitive is changedto A before suffixes; as, Num. x. 36, ?t/YWft!39 when itrested, where the paragogic 5f has been changed to A beforethe suffix 9f. The same may be said of the metabole of9f into At before suffixes, and when the infinitive is inconstruction; as, ^AtflTiS^Z to purify them, Num. viii.


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40 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.11. The first conjugation has two participles, called

Benoni and Pehil, corresponding to the Chaldee partici-ples of the same name; the former answers in sense to theLatin participle in ens ; the latter generally to the perfectparticiple in tus ; thus, *%fttVZ they who ascend, ol ava-Paivovres; iSfTC ^ blessed, 6 ev\oyrjfj,evos.

Cellarius has given numerous instances in which he consi-ders the active participle as having ^ before the last radical ;thus, 3?3*** he that sheddeth, Gen. ix. 6; iitZ^S he that pos-sesseth, Gen. xiv. 19 ; Z^A^I he that revengeth, Num. xxxv. 21.I strongly suspect, however, that these instances, and otherswhich are met with, are nouns substantive, formed by meansof the servile letter ? . Compare cV*m3 a judge, Z^V amurderer,


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THE VERB. 41Moreover, after this transposition, if the first radical be A\ ,the Tau is changed into $ ; if it be m , into ^ ; as,he shall be called, Gen. xvii. 5, for PVA^fTT, fromAlso, ^'W^'fllA ye shall be afflicted, Gen. xlv. 5, for^T'WA'fnA, from ^V-fil. The prefix AA- is sometimesfound written A?f , though rarely. The first person of thisconjugation sometimes ends in ft?A ; as, Deut. xxxiv. 4,ftfAV9A*"yY / sware. The second person plural femininesometimes also ends in ^ftTA instead of !^A.

13. In the imperative mood, instead of ft- we find 5f,though, as far as I have observed, this is not very frequentlythe case; as, Gen. xlii. 16, W"yVA5f.

14. The usual form of the infinitive of this conjugationis that first given in the paradigm : the other forms are tobe explained in the same manner as in 10. The two in-stances, viz. ^A.


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42 THE PARTS OP SPEECH.of receiving the terminations A, A?, under the circum-stances mentioned in 10.

The participles of this conjugation, as well as the impe-rative, are formed like the Syro-Chaldaic.

16. Eemarks on the fourth conjugation: What has beensaid of the second conjugation will also apply here; theusual forms of the infinitive are At^1P3A;V and A^P^AyY .

17. Eemarks on the fifth conjugation: It has been pre-viously stated ( 5) that Aphel has sometimes a passivesense. The prefix fr is often changed to % ; as, Gen. xxxv. 2,^aZ^t ' tiS^f purify yourselves, and be clean ; so tf^PSffor ^9


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THE VERB. 43and Anomalous verbs; in which order they will be con-sidered.

DEFECTIVE VERBS.20. Of these verbs there are two classes, those which lose

theirjtfrstf radical, and those which lose their second.The verbs of the first class are, as in Hebrew and Chaldee,

such as have Nun for their first radical ; those of the secondclass, such as have their second and third radicals the same.

DEFECTIVES OF FIRST CLASS.21. Verbs of this class follow, for the most part, the same

rules as in the Hebrew and Syriac. The future of the indi-cative, the imperative, and infinitive of Pehal, also the wholeof the conjugation Aphel, omit, generally speaking, the !^.These verbs are, for the most part, regular in the other con-jugations, except Ettaphal.

(a) Examples of the future of Pehal are, 9^ftf for 3^fft ;P^ for P-j^ we will go up; te^Xttt for t^tttar, etc.

(/3) Examples of the imperative are, P^ for V-& ; *Wfor


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44 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.out. This is, however, very rarely the case, and such devi-ations are remarkable rather as anomalies. Many of theseverbs are regular; as, ^i& he slew, 2& he fell, etc.

The sense of the different conjugations is, of course, thesame as in the perfect verb.

DEFECTIVES OF SECOND CLASS.22. Verbs of this class are mostly regular; the chief irre-

gularities are observable in the whole of Pehal (the parti-ciple excepted), and in the whole of the fifth conjugation,where the third radical is usually omitted.

(a) Examples of the preterite of Pehal; Gen. xxxviii. 11,ZV he entered, for ZZV , which is found in full, Gen. xiv. 5.So Gen. xxxviii. 9, with A- interpolated, ZA^V. The femi-nine of the third singular is found in full AZZV , but with-out the last radical, AZV, Gen. xlii. 21. Similarlyand ^Z>VV are read for ?ZZV , etc.

For the future, ZV/mtt Gen. xxxii. 11, T^fttlike T>p


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THE VERB. 45(e) The instances given in the preceding paragraphs, in

which the forms are uncontracted, seem to belong to theconjugation Pahel; in fact, the only means of distinguish-ing the first and third conjugation in form appears to beby considering the apocopated forms to belong to Pehal,and the perfect forms to Pahel; as, ?ZZV, Gen. xix. 10;ZZiiS, etc.

(5) The passive of Pehal is not apocopated; as,etc.; while Ettaphal loses its middle radical; as,etc.The observations made in this and the preceding section

will be found sufficient without a paradigm.QUIESCENT VERBS.

23. Verbs are called quiescent whenever, among the let-ters constituting the root, any one of the quiescents 9f , yfc ,fir , T , as they are improperly called, is found.

These verbs may be divided into three classes; first, suchas are quiescent in the first radical ; second, those which arequiescent in the second ; third, those quiescent in the thirdradical.

The Samaritan mode of inflecting these verbs is verylike the Syro-Chaldaic.

QUIESCENTS OF FIRST CLASS.In Aleph, or Pe-Aleph.

24. The class of verbs, whose first radical is >V, isinflected more like the perfect verb than any other classof quiescents. The following observations will supply theplace of a paradigm. In the first and fifth conjugations, the


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46 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.servileformative. For example, in Pehal, from ^^fr comes\;snryfc I will say; so, for \!*SyWS we find ^fra, etc.The same law is also observable in the passive forms; as,Gen. xvii. 1, Z^fttAS walk; Z%mA?S, also Z3A-Ai3, etc.The Aleph is sometimes omitted; as, Deut. vii. 10,

to destroy it; in Exod. iii. 2, we find the passive; but in Gen. vi. 21, the apocopated form ZiSAftt is

given, unless it be read ZiSfltttt, Aphel used in a passive sense.Cellarius adduces an instance in which the quiescent is

changed to 5f ; as, ZyVA^iS, Gen. xi. 31. This is very-rare, and I cannot call to mind another instance of it.

In such forms as Zi5^, ZiS?Ai3, etc., the K is manifestlychanged to ? ; this sometimes takes place in Aphel, as wellas in the passive forms. There does not seem to me, how-ever, to be any reason for exclusively confining this metaboleto those conjugations. The example adduced by Cellarius,viz. ZiSt^ > in the conjugation Aphel, may also be referredto the first or third conjugation.

In Yod, QiPe-Yod.25. The quiescents whose first radical is flT are formed

much in the same way as Hebrew verbs of the same kind.The Yod is usually omitted in the future and imperative

of Pehal, but in Aphel is changed to ? .(a) Examples of the future: 93yY for S-tftfA^ 9AA for

SlAfttA; though it may be written regularly asGen. xxi. 10, not AMTT.

(ft) Examples of the imperative mood are, 3A forsit thou; so from ^Zflf we have ^Z, fTT^Z, etc.

(7) Examples of the fifth conjugation: a/WtvY I will add,


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THE VERB. 47Gen. xlv. 5, etc. There are cases, however, in which the

m is not changed; as, Gen. iv. 7, A^fTTyY, instead ofA9^?yY. Again, IStttfr for Z9?A^, Exod. xiv, 21.(8) The flT sometimes undergoes the same change for the

passive conjugations as in Aphel; thus, Y; nr&T/Yyfcfrom a radix =T$nr, etc.

(e)Those cases in which the fir is omitted in the perfect

tense, as in Gen. ix. 23, where ?i3Z is found for ^iSZftt, areto be marked as anomalies. The same may be said of thepresence of Yod where it should be absent; as STAfTf,Deut. xxxi. 19.

26. Verbs in Aleph and Yod are usually regular, exceptin the cases mentioned in the preceding sections.

QUIESCENTS OF SECOND CLASS.In Van, or Ayin-Vau.

27. Theonly

class of verbs worthy of note under thishead are those whose middle radical is Vau. The followingparadigm with OT or ^SVP will give the student an idea ofthe peculiarities of verbs of this class :


Perfect Tense.Person. Singular. Plural.

. ~ -- oro.or

2.i

1 . AiiSV?


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Future Tense.

Person. Singular. Mural.

fM.3 -I*

1.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.Person. Singular.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLES.

Present


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THE VERB. 4928. Remarks on the first conjugation: The preterite of

this conjugation strongly resembles the Syriac. In theparadigm of Pehal, we have given two forms of the thirdperson singular, one with and the other without the materlectionis. The third person plural may be similarly writ-ten ; as, tiiJP , Gen. xxxvii. 35 ; in fact, the mater lectionisis sometimes absent in the other persons.The future tense is generally read with ? ; it is, however,found without it; as, Deut. xiii. 8, ^"^ftTA it shall spare;

they will go, for titt^ffT, Exod. xxxii. 1; PVtff for, Deut. xxviii. 52.

The imperative mood is like the Chaldee and Hebrew.When the ultimate or penultimate is a guttural or Resh, theYau is frequently omitted; as, \S inhabit, Gen. xxxv. 1,for ^'Y; also, iS3 go, etc.

In this case the t , though omitted in the imperative, issometimes found in the future; as, 'Yt^yY, Gen. xxiv. 55;the rule, however, for omission in the future is, generallyspeaking, the same as that for the imperative.Of the infinitive mood, we have given various forms;

those which are preceded by iiJ belong rather to the thirdconjugation; thus, s^VfiiiJ, Gen. xxxi. 7, is transitive,whereas the signification of Pehal is intransitive, as will beseen by consulting Gen. xxxviii. 10, where mV9 intransitivelyis to be evil. Compare also ^V^, Gen. xxiv. 3, and xiii. 6.

The mater lectionis of the participle of the present issometimes changed to V ; thus, instead of iiJA-V , we findii5VP , Exod. iii. 5 ; sometimes fc is changed to 5f , as in theanomalous verb A^iiS ; sometimes for Aleph, yVBf or yYflr iswritten; as, ^K*^, Num. xiii. 20; ^A-flTT, Gen. xv. 14,


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THE PARTS OF SPEECH.INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.

SAME AS

37 37 37< < 3

CO 37 373? 37

3? J?Q. A.Jy- h-37 3?37 37

< :A. pihr Jv-37 3?37 37

M- uJv" K37 3737 37

o337

37

CO CO co


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THE VERB. 51


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52 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.29. Kemarks on the second conjugation : This Conjuga-

tion is like the Syriac in its formation; thus, ^tfr^/Y/fwas pleased, Gen. iv. 5 ; flfTf^AvY , Exod. xxxii. 30, etc.The student who is acquainted with the paradigm of theSjriac verb in Ayin-Vau will find no difficulty in recog-nising the tenses, etc., of the conjugation Ethpehel.

30. Kemarks on the thirdconjugation:

Thisconjugationmay be generally known by the characteristic fir , as in the

Syriac. It is, however, rarely used. Compare the ChaldeePahel.

31. Remarks on the fourth conjugation: This conju-gation is sometimes read with the characteristic flT; as,iiSfflflPAyY. The difficulty of distinguishing between it andEthpehel may have led to the adoption of T instead of fTT,and the duplication of the last radical; as, !^y?3A/Y,Gen. xvi. 2; ^iirrPAiS, xxviii. 13.

32. Remarks on the fifth conjugation: Aphel is gene-rally accompanied by the mater lectionis fit ; as, SflfljY ;though the ftf may be omitted before the syllabic suffixes ; as,AOTyY, Gen. xxi. 29; BfAaiiiS, xlv. 4. There are somefew instances in which fc is put for fir ; as, VA-VflT shalldistress, Deut. xxviii. 53, 55. The characteristic pre-formant fr is very frequently changed to 9f , as in the perfectverbs.

33. The sixth conjugation is scarcely distinguishable fromthe second, except as regards the sense.

QUIESCENTS OF THIRD CLASS.34. The quiescent verbs of this class have yY, 3f, ftt, *?

for their third radical. The two latter terminations are


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THE VERB. 53usually quoted as Pehal, seems to be Pahel, from the root

The two other instances given by Cellarius, viz.i, from Gen. xxxvii. 35, and T$i3, Exod. vii. 20,

may be obsolete forms, at least the latter; for the formermay be considered as Pahel, the first conjugation Pehalnot being in use.

The usual termination of quiescents of this class is 5f.The following is a paradigm of verbs of this kind withhe wept.



3 {:* {",

Ai53f M. A

2.

1.


f M.3. 4\F.

2. {M*


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54 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Person. Singular. Plural2.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLES.Present. Past.

M. F, M. F.nras

35. Remarks on the first conjugation: The feminineplural of the third person of the preterite occurs Exod. ii. 1 6 ;as, flTAZ^t * fflfZ^r ' WAA- they came and drew, andfilled ;it will be observed that the quiescent fc is not omittedin flTA-Z^S before m. This is also the case inGen. xxxii. 30. Compare remarks in 7.The quiescent letter may remain unchanged in the future ;

as, = 7 "*lCastel has ^t?Z1 > the Syriac rn\ . The Chaldee ter-mination j may also be added to the root; thus, tWiSfi.As far as I am aware, I do not think that any exampleexists, at least in the Pentateuch, to settle the matterdefinitely.


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THE VERB. 55as, ttfo^l to number, Gen. xv. 5; fttAê^ to see, Exod.iii. 4.The plural feminine of the participle is found in Gen.

xli. 54, ^yVfttV". It will be observed that Benoni andPehil do not differ in form.

36. Kemarks on the second conjugation: The followingare examples of the preterite: Gen. xvii. 1, ftttaÂyY;flTSA^yV, Exod. xiv. 21; AflNmAA-, Gen. xxxii. 30, etc.An instance of the future will be found in Gen. ix. 14.

37. Kemarks on the third conjugation: This conjugationis usually terminated in the third preterite by fit ; as,

, Exod. xv. 25; JTftA, Gen. xxix. 13.The other instances given by Cellarius, viz. B^^ and

, are of the conjugation Pehal.38. The passive of the third conjugation cannot be distin-

guished from that of the first, except by the sense; theyhave the same forms.

39. The fifth conjugation is supported by the follow-ing examples: For the preterite Gen. xix. 24, ftfl?Z^ ;AWV*, viii. 9; 5Â, viii. 13; -*T$S, xxxi. 20.For thefuture nTS'VY I will increase. Gen. xii. 2; flflûY,xv. 1 ; though in both cases they may be preterites for thefuture. (See the Syntax.) For the imperative moodflriJitSyY, Gen. xxiv. 14. For the infinitive mood ÂVmiiJ,Gen. xxiv. 19; -CA.Y , from Castel,as belonging to the sixth conjugation; it occurs but veryseldom. The following paradigm contains the remaining


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THE VERB. 57


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58 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.ANOMALOUS VERBS.

41. This class of verbs must be distinguished from theDefectives and Quiescents, inasmuch as the latter areregular, though varying from the paradigm of a perfectverb, while the former apparently follow no regular rule,but, in consequence of peculiar combinations of letters,undergo certain changes which sometimes cannot be ac-counted for by referring them to any class of verbs pre-viously considered. There are ten of these verbs which,from their frequent occurrence, may be advantageouslyexplained in this place.

I. THE SUBSTANTIVE VERB 9fra he was.INDICATIVE MOOD.


3. |M.|F.I".


f M. atnram or irrairr! ' IF.o

1 - rrrerrrA or

fM.' U__ rrrarrrA or, _ , ^ . or

^rrraA- or


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THE VERB. 59


2.

INFINITIVE MOOD., or T Gen. xviii. 18.

There are no participles. The third masculine future issometimes further apocopated; as, fira, Gen. xxviii. 14.The first person masculine is also read flf?/* , Gen. xvii. 8.This verb is, for the most part, regular in the perfect tenseof the indicative, and in the imperative mood, both ofwhich follow quiescents of the third class.

II. THE VERB A/tt/ there is.This verb is the same as the Syriac A*| and Hebrew B>* ;

it is frequently found in the Syriac New Testament.Examples of the Samaritan are, Exod. xvii. 7, AftfyY^ '3^*rrr ^9*19 Is God among us 9 The medial letter fit issometimes omitted; as, V^ ' 3


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60 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.III. THE VERB =*flret he lived.

PEHAL.This conjugation, which has an intransitive sense, is

rarely used; as, /7T0(A she shall live, Gen. xii. 13; xxvii.40;fire;, Gen. iii. 22, which should be read iTT^/IT, videDeut. v. 26; tttÂ ye shall live, Exod. i. 22.

PAHEL.This conjugation, which is transitive, is often found; as,

XtrtAm they will save thee alive, Gen. xii. 12;/ will make alive, Deut. xxxii. 39. It is alsofound written 9(A^ ; as, ?A^ keep alive, Num. xxxi. 18.Compare =CAî3, Gen. 1. 20, which is rather of the fifthconjugation.

APHEL.This conjugation is formed from a root which may be

supposed to arise from the metathesis of the initial radicals,viz. 5f^ftr; as, fiTft*?/* he lived, passim; Â/THX^ savedalive, Num. xxxi. 15 ; *iJV * 5fA-^tiiJZ to save the people alive,Gen. 1. 20, xlv. 5.

ETTAPHAL.This conjugation is used intransitively; as, ntWC/ffr, he

lived, Gen. xxv. 7; ?V[A>Y live, Gen. xlii. 18.The other conjugations are rarely met with.

IV. THE VERB AV^ he descended.This verb, which is the same as the Syriac A**J and

Chaldee nrp , is written for A*^ , whence it is formed bychanging "^ into V.


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THE VERB. 61PEHAL.

INDICATIVE MOOD.Perfect Tense.

This is, for the most part, regular. Sometimes the pri-mitive form is read; as, AA*^^ she let down, Gen. xxiv.16, 45.


. AvirnrrAVfTTA

. - AVOTAi.

N.B. It must not be inferred that all these forms are inuse; some few are given by analogy. ^TAVA occurs inGen. xlii. 38, xliv. 29, but, from its transitive sense, maybe referred to Pahel or Aphel.


f M. A^ orF.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

The participles are formed in the usual manner ; as, Deut.ix. 21, Gen. xxviii. 12.


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62 THE PAKTS OF SPEECH.APHEL.

INDICATIVE MOOD.Perfect Tense.

The two persons of this tense mostly used are. the thirdsingular; as, AVA- Exod. xix. 20; AAVtA Gen. xxiv. 18;and third plural, TAVA Gen. xliv. 11.

Future Tense.The third plural, ^AV/tt, Num. i. 51. Second plural,

!V?AVA, Gen. xliv. 29. The other persons are sometimesmet with.


2. J M. AVA' iINFINITIVE MOOD.

AVfttiiS Gen. xxxvii. 25.The passive form of this verb also occurs; as,

Gen. xxxix. 1; AflTVAyY, Num. x. 17, etc.V. THE VERB SSffT he gave.

PEHAL.INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.This is formed regularly. The instance Sflraitt, from

Lev. x. 17, given by Cellarius, must be referred to Pahel.Compare Lev. xix. 20.


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THE VERB. 63Future Tense.

This is regular, like verbs in Pe-Yod. It is, however,sometimes formed from ^A^, Hebrew ID}.


r M. 33 fir ; also, 3;V Gen. xxx. 26 ;2. J 3* Gen. xlii. 37.

I F. ftttt Gen. xxx. 14.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLES.Present. Past.; also, fl^nra Gen. xlix. 21.

The latter participle appears to be used in Gen. xxxviii. 14,=Onraftf she was given. This is probably the case with theinstances mentioned under the perfect tense. In Lev. xix. 20,our version has " liberty given her," though it should ratherbe he has not given her liberty ; a change of nominativewhich has been adopted in Lev. x. 17, correctly.

The passive forms also occur ; as, ^aaffflfAyY , Lev. x. 14 ;!K33flrAvY, Lev. xxvi. 25 ; S^fTTAfir, Lev. xxiv. 20. Alsothe participle 3=*nrA5, Exod. v. 16, 18.

VI. THE VERB Ati3 he died.This is the same as the Syriac A*^ , Chaldee n-ID .


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64 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.The middle letter of the whole of this tense is fit ; as,

AfTES he died; AAflTCS she died, Gen. xxiii. 2; ^AtfTiiSthey died, Exod. iv. 19, etc.

Future Tense.This is exactly like verbs in Ayin-Vau; as, Atii5A,

, etc.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.Singular. Plural.

Deut. xxxii. 50.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLES.Present. Past.

M. F. M. F.Gen. xxx. 1. Aftt^

VII. THE VERBINDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Tense.This follows the form of verbs in Ayin-Vau; as, ift he

went. Gen. xxii. 13.


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THE VERB. 65Future Tense.

In this tense t is omitted, on account of the guttural iJ.(Vide 28 of this Chapter.)The INFINITIVE MOOD is 3=*ii5 ; as, SittiSZ to go, Deut.

xxix. 18.

VIII. THE VERB ZAiA- he went.PEHAL.

INDICATIVE MOOD.In this mood the verb is formed regularly.


or ZA* *LA orINFINITIVE MOOD.

Gen. xi. 31.

The corresponding conjugation Ethpehel is also found;as, ZA^flfA3 walk, Gen. xvii. 1 ; ZA^fttAiiJ walking, Gen.iii. 8.

IX. THE VERB =cAA- he came.Compare the Syriac j .


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PEHAL.INDICATIVE MOOD.


J~M.IF.2 f

L

also AAA Gen. xlvi. 1.AfttAAM. AfTTAA-

. fTfAfttAA1. AftfAA and A/TTAA

Future Tense.This is formed regularly according to verbs in Pe-Aleph,

and quiescents of the third class.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.Gen. xxxvii. 13, and /TTAA

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Gen. xxxvii. 10. Gen. xlii. 15. Num. x. 21

PARTICIPLES.Singular. Plural.

fM. flTAA **5nrAA also ^rrrA/TTAPresent. \ Gen. xxx. 38.

IF. SfTTAA ^AOTAA Gen. xli. 29.


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THE VERB. 67

APHEL.INDICATIVE MOOD.

The perfect and future tenses are formed as usual; thus,nrA/TTA- he brought, Gen. xxxvii. 2 ; OrAfirftt he shall bring,etc.


PARTICIPLES.Exod. x. 4. nryWirAgS Deut. viii. 16.

This verb is very frequently used in Pehal.

X. THE VERB ZiSffT he was able.INDICATIVE MOOD.

The perfect tense of this verb is regularly inflected.The future follows the law of verbs in Pe-Yod ; as, ZiJft/ shall be able, Deut. xxxi. 2; Zi3A, thou shalt be able,

Exod. xviii. 23, etc. There are cases, however, in whichthe Hebrew anomaly is adopted ; as, ZiJ?A- / shall be able,Num. xxii. 11.

The infinitive, Z?i^> occurs Num. xiii. 31.


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CHAPTER IV.THE PARTICLES.1. The Particles, which form the third part of speech,

are generally understood to comprehend the Pronoun,Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection; or, inother words, all those parts of speech recognized in Greekand Latin, and in the modern European languages, with theexception of the Verb and Noun.

PRONOUN.2. The Pronoun, as being the most prominent and im-

portant of the grammatical divisions included in the termParticle, will be considered in the first place. The Sama-ritan pronouns may be divided into two classes, as in theother Shemitic languages, viz. Separables and Inseparables;the latter (except the relative) are sometimes called Suffixes,the propriety of which term will appear hereafter.Under the head of Separables are included, Personal

Pronouns in the nominative and vocative cases, Demon-stratives, sometimes the Relative (which is, however, gene-rally expressed by a prefix), and the Interrogative Pronouns.Under the head of Inseparables are classed, PersonalPronouns in the oblique cases or preceded by a preposition,Relative, Renexive, and Possessive Pronouns.

SEPARABLE PRONOUNS.PERSONAL.

3. The personal pronouns are, as in other languages, ofthe first, second, and third persons, in both numbers.


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THE PRONOUN. 69There is only one form for both genders of the first per-

son in each number; in the other persons there is a distinctform for each gender, as the subjoined table will shew:

TABLE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS.Pers. Singular.i. COM. -ftA, rrftA, rrri&A L2.

.

3.

Pluralwe.

JThere is another form of the first person singular, viz.

which sometimes occurs ; this form and that firstgiven in the table correspond exactly to the Chaldee N3^and n3NI ; while the second and third forms are the Hebrew^N and *?3N . The two forms of the second person mascu-line are the same as npx and fiK .

The second person feminine is found in Gen. xxiv. 23,without a line over it; it corresponds to the Hebrew ^IK,which is usually written Fit*.

The first form of the third person masculine is the sameas K-in, while the second is the Syriac 001-With the first form of the third feminine, compare the

Chaldee and Hebrew K*n .The second form of the first person plural is manifestly

the Chaldee ]}$.With the forms of the second plural, compare the Chal-

dee 1W13M, PB?K.With the two forms of the third plural, compare pan masc.and P3 Pi fern.; for, by interchanging the quiescents n and N


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70 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.' of the same organ,' the Chaldee forms are easily trans-formed to the Samaritan.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.4. These are included in the following table :

Singular. Plural

C. ^ffrZ/* these, those.M. !y, SfftraA^, ^ftfVAi this.F. 5f% rfA'Y /*.C. tVT, 3^ Mzs, */te.

Compare the first form of the masculine singular withthe Chaldee p?., and the second and third with the He-brew nj.With the feminine forms, compare the Chaldaean *n.The first forms of the masculine and feminine, as will be

observed, are repeated as of common gender; this arisesfrom their indiscriminate use, somewhat similar to that ofN-in and fcOH among the Hebrews.With the common form of the plural, compare v?$.It must be observed, that many of the Personal and

Demonstrative Pronouns receive % emphatic as a prefix;thus, ^AA'AT^ that very place. Again, =fnto9A'^flrZA-=fthese very stones.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.5. Like the Hebrews, the Samaritans have a separable

relative pronoun, viz. V*\te; its use, however, is gene-rally superseded by the prefix $, like the Chaldee T from'?. It is common in number and gender; thus, ' i^Tfltt

thy stranger, who is in thy cities, Exod. xx. 10;tfJTraZA- thy gods, which brought thee up, Exod.

xxxii. 4.


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THE PRONOUN. 71INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

6. There are two forms of this pronoun; the first !^5,Chald. |, which is used of persons, and equivalent to ourwho? the second %%$, Chald. KD, used of things, andlike our what ? Thus, fitAyY * !&*H ' A^S whose daughterare you ? and, *??** ' Bftu what is his name ? The neuterform 9f*J, as it may be called, sometimes appears to lose itssense when used with prefixes ; thus, BfiiSiS like as. Thereis also another interrogative form V^, found in Gen.xxxii. 29 ; . as, tfri3wZ ' Z/f-"VY *^ why seekfor my name ?

Before proceeding to the Inseparable Pronouns, it mustbe observed that, to express the words * self,' ' the same,'* the very one,' the Samaritans follow the Hebrews insubstituting iiJVl for its equivalent DJJJ, as in Gen. vii. 13,*X*&i * 5f^iT/Tr * ^M9 in this very day. Compare the Syriac)v-.r>in which is used in a similar manner; as, Rom. ix. 3,W^OQJLO \a\ I myself So 1 Cor. vi. 7, noVvMn you your-selves.

It is probable that ^JT^P, synonymous with **sVl , as wellas "*;& the soul, are used as reciprocals, in the sense of theLatin ' seipsum.' This inference is justified by the numerousexamples found in the New Testament, in which it is soemployed by the Syrians.The Samaritans apparently use ^TT^ the heart, recipro-cally; as in Gen. xviii. 12, where we find * 5^***

and Sarah laughed within her heart, i. e. herself.

INSEPARABLE PRONOUNS.7. These Pronouns, which may also be called suffixes,

from the peculiarity of their being joined to the end of


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72 THE PARTS OF SPEECH.words with which they coalesce, include the PersonalPronouns with a preposition, Reflexives, and Possessives.They are contained in the following table :Person. Singular. Plural.

i. COM. nr nft t& ^2 . {*;*m

a^. ..*.F. =*, 9ft tare, ^nr,

These inseparables are not joined to nouns, verbs, andparticles indiscriminately ; it will be proper therefore tomake a few remarks on their use.With respect to the^rsrf person, it must be observed, that

the form ft? of the singular is joined to nouns of both num-bers; thus, from 9\ comes [tffl^ my lord; from fflftS sons,we have fttflftS my sons, which is contracted into fTft9 , asin the Hebrew.

There are some instances in which fflf is joined to verbs;as, OretZ*** he sent me, Gen. xlv. 5, Exod. iii. 14. Thisis frequently the case when the letter immediately precedingthe suffix is essentially radical.The second form, however, is that usually found

Nicholl. A grammar of the Samaritan language, with extracts and vocabulary. 1858?

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