Nicholas II: The Last Nicholas II: The Last Romanov TsarRomanov Tsar

[r. 1894-1917][r. 1894-1917]

The Tsar & His FamilyThe Tsar & His Family

Hemophilia & the Hemophilia & the TsarevichTsarevich

Causesof

Revolution

Causesof

Revolution

1. Early 1. Early 2020cc: :

Russian Russian Social Social

HierarchHierarchyy

2. First Stages of 2. First Stages of IndustrializationIndustrialization

An Early Russian Factory

3. Weak Economy3. Weak Economy

1905 Russian Rubles

4. Extensive Foreign 4. Extensive Foreign Investments & Investments &

InfluenceInfluence

Building the Trans-Siberian RR[Economic benefits only in a few

regions.]

5. Russo-Japanese War 5. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]

The “Yellow Peril”

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

• Imperial rivalry between Japan and Russia over Korea and Manchuria

• Japanese surprise attack and take Port Arthur, Manchuria from the Russians– First modern defeat in war of a European power

by a non-European power• Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

– Russians left Manchuria– Japan gained recognition of Korea as part of its

sphere of influence (i.e., imperialism)– Japan gained the southern half of Sakhalin Island

Russia Is Russia Is HumiliatedHumiliated

Text reads: Russian Bear: “Running Away? Not a bit of it! I’m luring ‘em on!”

Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth - - 19051905

President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the Peacemake

r

[He gets the Nobel

Peace Prize for his

efforts.]

6. Unrest Among the 6. Unrest Among the Peasants & Urban Peasants & Urban

Working PoorWorking PoorFather Georgi Gapon

March on the Winter Palace

• Among long-standing complaints, the people were unhappy over Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, hunger, famine and poor working conditions

• Bloody Sunday (January, 1905)– Peaceful protesters, led by a priest named Gapon,

marched on the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg with a petition

– Shot at by Tsar’s forces– 92 dead and hundreds wounded

Bloody SundayBloody SundayJanuary 22, 1905January 22, 1905

The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

The The RevolutioRevolutio

n n SpreadsSpreads

The BattleshipThe Battleship PotemkinPotemkin Mutiny Mutiny [June, [June,

1905]1905]

Results

Results

1. The Opening of the 1. The Opening of the DumaDuma::

Possible Reforms?Possible Reforms?

1906 The first two tries were too

radical.

The third duma was elected by the richest people in Russia in 1907.

2. The Tsar’s 2. The Tsar’s October October ManifestoManifesto

October 30, 1905

Russian Duma

• August, 1905—Duma organized as an advisory body– But this wasn’t well received

• October Manifesto– Legislative powers for the Duma and civil liberties

for the people

• Nicholas II repeatedly butted heads with the Duma– Socialists and revolutionaries kept winning seats

so he kept dissolving and reducing its power

The Russian Constitution The Russian Constitution of 1906of 1906 Known as the Fundamental Laws

[April 23, 1906].

The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared.

The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma.

It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.

3.3. Jews targeted in Jews targeted in systematic and systematic and spontaneous spontaneous pogroms.pogroms.

Why? Why? Government incited, (via the Okhrana) were intended to detract from civilian unrest and also as a by-product could eliminate revolutionaries.

As well, Jews are scapegoated for losses in Russo-Japanese War.

• Pogroms across Russian territories in July

After October Manifesto – Pogroms in 660 towns across Ukraine region of Empire. Over 800 confirmed Jewish deaths though the number could be much higher. In the port city of Odessa alone, the police reported that at least 400 Jews and 100 non-Jews were killed and approximately 300 people, mostly Jews, were injured, with slightly over 1,600 Jewish houses, apartments, and stores incurring damage. (Robert Weinberg, "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study" )

Postcard of 1905 Odessa Pogrom source: jewishsphere.com

By 1907 Pogroms are on the decline across Russia. USA and Western Europe are flooded with Jewish refugees.

4. 4. The The Path Path

to to October, October,

19171917

- Many - Many lessons lessons

have have been been

learnedlearned