NiCd Battery Training - Amper Online - AMPER_Training_2018.pdf · 2018-10-29 · NiCd Battery...

NiCd Battery

Training

2017 corporate presentation

2 Saft proprietary information2

Agenda

o Who we are

o Battery basics

o Technology comparison

o Lithium -Ion

o Sizing Tool

Saft Groupe 2016

Saft proprietary information

Who is Saft today?

GROUP PROFILE

3,000+ customers

INTERNATIONAL PRESENCE

~100 years of history

Leadership position

on 75-80% of revenue base

9% invested in R&D with 3 main

technologies

€738m revenue FY 2016

4,100+ people

35%North

America

32%Europe

33%Asia, MEA,

LatAm

3 Saft group


A strong international presence

4

Head office

Manufacturing sites

Sales offices

14 manufacturing

sites

31sales offices

19 countries

Saft group


Where we fit in Total

5 Saft group


Transportation, Telecom & Grid

Saft 2016 sales by division

€738mSales 2016

Civil Electronics

€264m

Industrial Standby

€156m

Space & Defense

€80m

€238m

32%

Transportation,

Telecom & Grid

11%

Space & Defense

36%

Civil Electronics

21%

Industrial Standby

6 Saft group

Igal Carmi, Executive VP

Civil Electronics

Manufacturing sites:▪ Büdingen, Germany▪ Kiryat Ekron, Israel▪ Poitiers, France▪ Raškovice, Czech Republic▪ South Shields, UK▪ Valdese, USA▪ Zhuhai, China

Saft proprietary information – Confidential

Civil

Electronics

▪ Smart metering

▪ Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)

▪ E-call

▪ Asset tracking

▪ Internet of Things (IoT)

▪ Medical devices

▪ Portable military

▪ Oil drilling

▪ Primary lithium batteries

▪ Lithium-ion batteries

Main technologiesMain applications

Market overview: Civil Electronics

8

Saft proprietary information – Confidential9

Powering smart meters in China

Our batteries

for Civil

Electronics


€100M Metering sales in 2016

2016 highlight

for Civil

Electronics

Franck Cecchi, Executive

VP

Industrial Standby

Manufacturing sites:▪ Bangalore, India▪ Bordeaux, France▪ Oskarshamn, Sweden▪ Raškovice, Czech Republic


Industrial

Standby

▪ Emergency back-up power, starting power and cycling applications in the oil and gas industry

▪ Power generation and distribution

▪ Railway signaling systems

▪ Nickel-based batteries



Market overview: Industrial Standby

12


Delivering back-up power for E.ON’s

remote North Sea offshore wind farm

Our batteries

for Industrial

Standby


144,000 cells for backup power for

Doha metro – largest ISD contract

2016 highlight

for Industrial

Standby

Annie Sennet, Executive

VP

Space & Defense

Manufacturing sites:▪ Cockeysville, USA▪ Poitiers, France


Defense

▪ Base camps

▪ Weapon systems & torpedoes

▪ Military aircraft

▪ Hybrid armored vehicles

▪ Communications, scientific and military satellites

▪ Satellite launchers

▪ Space vehicles

▪ Work boats

▪ Ferries

▪ Cruise liners & luxury yachts

▪ Cargo & offshore vessels

Marine

Space



▪ Silver-based batteries (for torpedoes and missiles)

Market overview: Space & Defense

16


Powering the ExoMars Rover that

searches for life on the red planet

Our batteries

for Space &

Defense


2,767 X6T batteries for

General Dynamics

2016 highlight

for Space &

Defense

Tom Alcide, Executive VP

Transportation,

Telecom & Grid

Manufacturing sites:▪ Bordeaux, France▪ Jacksonville, USA▪ Nersac, France▪ Valdosta, USA


Ground

Transport1

▪ Backup power for lighting, air-conditioning & on-board communications, and critical safety applications (emergency braking & door opening systems)

▪ Electrification of industrial vehicles

▪ Backup power and emergency systems

▪ Engine and turbine starting

▪ Backup power for the telecommunications industry

▪ Storage solutions for installation & renewable generation plants, micro-& distribution grids, and commercial or industrial end user sites

Telecom &Grid

Civil

Aviation


Market overview: Transportation, Telecom & Grid

1 Including Rail, Specialty vehicles (e.g., forklifts)

20

▪ Nickel-based batteries



Enabling renewable energy

in Puerto Rico

21

Our batteries for

Transportation,

Telecom

& Grid


€15.5M largest TTGrail contract

2016 highlight for

Transportation,

Telecom

& Grid


We serve multiple customer segments for specific applications

23

Industrial Standby

Rail

Telecom

Civil Electronics

Defence

Space

Other (Marine, Grid, Vehicles)

Aviation

Saft group

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCIvsksLqwcgCFQtYPgodvYoPDg&url=http://www.dakotafinancialnews.com/zacks-downgrades-itron-to-sell-itri/189224/&psig=AFQjCNEMAduOo8AR8FlGUfUqvU6VpgFQqA&ust=1444907627321968


Research and Development excellence

24

Create new, cost-competitive products that meet customer requirements

€67m

invested in

R&D~ 9% of sales

9 new

patents filedTotal portfolio of

patents: 153

Multiple

research

programs(electrochemistry

research, new

materials, etc.)

Saft group

Battery Basics


Saft proprietary information32/1

5

Baghdad battery

iron rod (1)

copper tube (2)

clay jar (3)

asphalt plug (4)

Electrolyte (acidic liquid)

fermented grape juice

Vinegar

Used for electroplating

gold onto a silver surface

FIRST BATTERY (226 AD)


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

1792 - voltaic pile / first electric battery

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000



1802 - Dr. William Cruickshank (English chemist)

designed the first electric battery capable of

mass production.

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000



1802 - Dr. William Cruickshank (English chemist)

designed the first electric battery capable of

mass production.

1836 - John F. Daniell, (English chemist)

developed an improved cell that produced

a steadier current.

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000

1859 - Gaston Planté (French physician)

invented the first rechargeable Lead acid battery.

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000



1868 - Leclanché (France)

Invention of the Leclanché cell

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000



1868 - Leclanché (France)

Invention of the Leclanché cell

1888 - Gassner (USA)

Completion of the dry cell

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000

1899 - Jungner (Sweden)

Invention of the nickel-cadmium battery

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000



1901 - Edison (USA)

Invention of the nickel-iron battery

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000



1901 - Edison (USA)

Invention of the nickel-iron battery

1932 - Shlecht & Ackermann (Germany)

Invention of the sintered pole plate

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000

1947 - Neumann (France)

Successfully sealing the nickel-cadmium battery

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000



Mid 1960 - Union Carbide (USA)

Development of primary alkaline battery

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000



Mid 1960 - Union Carbide (USA)

Development of primary alkaline battery

Mid 1970

Development of valve regulated lead acid battery

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


1990 - 2000

Commercialisation nickel-metal hydride

& lithium-ion polymer battery

1792 1802 1836 1859 1868 1888 1899 1901 1932 1947 1960 1970 1990

2000

SINCE 1792 TO 2000

Battery History


Battery Technologies

46

Technologies

• General Classification

Planté

Flat

Tubular

Flat

Tubular

Vented

Gas recombination

“VRLA”

Lead-Acid

100% Lead

Lead - antimium

Lead - calcium

Lead - selenium

Others... AGM

GEL

Vented

Gas recombination

“Low Maintenance”

Nickel -cadmium

Pocket

Sintered

PBE

Fiber

X

H

M

L

By plate composition

By PlateBy constructionBy electrochemistry By discharge type

By electrolyte


The Concept

47 Saft Groupe 2016


Plate Construction

48

Saft proprietary information49

Electrolyte

=

Potassium

Hydroxide

KOH

+

H2O

+ -

Positive electrode

Charged state

Nickel oxy-hydroxide

NiOOH

Discharged state

Nickel hydroxide

Ni(OH)2

Negative electrode

Charged state

Cadmium

Cd

Discharged state

Cadmium hydroxide

Cd(OH)2

Ni-Cd Electrochemistry


OH22PbSO42SO4H22PbPbO2 +++

– Lead-acid

ACID PARTICIPATES TO ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION

& LEADS TO SUDDEN DEATH

Nickel-Cadmium

)2OH(Cd)2OH(Ni2OH22CdOH.NiO2 +++

ELECTROLYTE IS NEUTRAL


Electrolysis and Gas Recombination

51


Ultra Low or free Maitenance

52

Saft Uptimax


IEC 62259 - Major differences with IEC 60623

– It includes a test procedure to measure the gas recombination

efficiency (§ 7.9)

• Cells are being charged at constant current, you apply a 0.005C current

and start gas measurement.

• Gas recombination efficiency shall not be less than 70%


Plaque Profiles

54

1,14 V

1,10 V H

1,05 V M

1,00 V L

10m 15m 30m 60m 2h 3h 5h 8h

Most cost – effective product


Co

st

/ P

erf

orm

an

ce

H

M

L

30 min 2 hours Autonomy

General features

Features of Ni-Cd batteries

Optimized performanceDifferent designs providing the required discharge time at the lowest cost



56

VOLTAJE

Potenciales electroquímicos

REDUCTORES OXIDANTES

Litio

Zinc

Cadmio

Oxihidróxidode Níquel

Cloruro de Tionilo

Óxidode plata

-3,0 v -1,38 v -0,81 v +0,49 v +0,50 v +0,60 v0

VOLTIOS

VOLTAJE DE LA PAREJA

ELECTROQUÍMICA

Potencial del Oxidante

electroquímico

Potencial delReductor

Electroquímico= - -( )

Ni-Cd cell voltage

▪ Nominal voltage : 1.2 Volt

• Voltage negative electrode: - 0.8 V

• Voltage positive electrode: +0.4 V



57

5

LOW

M

AIN

TEN

AN

CE

Block battery range

SBLE SBM SBH

Single cells range

SCL, SCM, SCH

SPH Range

Ultima range

SLM

Sunica.plus range

SUN+

Uptimax range

UP1L UP1M

TLX range

MA

INTE

NA

NC

E F

REE

VRLA / NiCd

Differences

2017


VRLA failure modes/ Thermal runaway

59

– VRLA batteries:

• starved electrolyte

• stack compression

• often placed in very

confined location

• increasing impedance

• associated with dry-out

– Ni-Cd battery design involves a large quantity of free

electrolyte, that means a large thermal inertia


The Concept

60 Saft Groupe 2016


VRLA failure modes / Corrosion & sudden death

61

– VRLA battery:

• corrosion of negative

lugs and straps

• positive grid corrosion

• corrosion is water loss

– The alkaline electrolyte does not react with the steel

supporting structure of Ni-Cd batteries.

There is no corrosion and risk for sudden death

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20 25

Ca

pa

city

(%

)

Life (years)

Ni-Cd

Lead-acid


VRLA failure modes /Ripple current

62

– VRLA batteries:

• excessive ripple will

increase battery

temperature, shorten life

and accelerates

degradation of the

positive plate

– The lifetime of Ni-Cd batteries is unaffected by

ripple currents


VRLA failure modes / Storage

63

– VRLA batteries should not

be stored of charge for

more then 6 month

– Ni-Cd batteries are not damaged by being left in

an uncharged condition.

Routine freshening charges are not necessary

during storage


VRLA failure modes / Temperature

64

– VRLA batteries:

• a 10 years design life at 20oC

is reduced to 5 years at 30oC

• lead acid is sensitive for hightemperatures

• reduced performance at low

temperatures

– Ni-Cd batteries are optimised for excellent performance

at a wide temperature range.


LCC Life Cycling Cost

66

77°F / 25°CUS $

Years

Ni-Cd

VRLA


LCC Life Cycling Cost

67

VRLA

Ni-Cd

100°F / 38°CNi-CdVRLA

US $

Years



68

0 10 20 30-10-20

Temperature (°C)

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% capacity

Ni-Cd

Lead-acid

– NiCd

– Excellent capacity

availability at low

temperatures

– No danger of freezing


Sintered /PBE Battery

69


Ni-Cd plates technologies

Sintered plate (SP)

Sintered plate construction


Ni-Cd plates technologies

Plastic Bonded Plate (PBE)

Pocket plate construction


Summary

72

Sintered PBE L/A

Sudden death NO YES

Carbonation NO NO

Loss of active material NO YES

Ageing effect Reduced Yes

Memory effect NO NO


Summary

73

Sintered PBE

Charging Voltage 1.45/1.47

Internal resistance Meddium Really

L/A

Charge efficiency >90% <80%

Thermal runaway NO YES

Low Temperature performance Excellent Very bad

Corrosion NO YES

2.3/2.4


Summary

74

Sintered PBE L/A

SizeUp to 38 %

less in startingGood

Topping up 20°CUp to 1 each

3 years2- 3 per year

WeightUp to 30 %

less in startingheavy

Electrolyte Reserve5 - 6 cm3

per AH

1.5 - 2cm3

per AH


Summary

75

Sintered PBE L/A

Railway Operation Long term

experience

Long term

experience

Cycling ability Really good Really low

Casing Plastic Steel Plastic Steel

Charging

Principles



Nominal charging current

The charging current 0.2 C5A, i.e. 20 A per 100 Ah rated cell capacity

is usually called the nominal charging current

Example

Battery of 150 Ah

Nominal charging current = 30 A

CHARGE – CONSTANT CURRENT


–Constant current charging means that the charging current is

kept constant throughout the charging process

–The charging process can be divided into three phases

The initial phase

The gassing step

The final charging phase

CHARGE – CONSTANT CURRENT


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Charge Time (hours)

1,3

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

1,8

Cell Voltage (V) Relatively low cell voltage,

typically 1.40 - 1.45 V/cell.

Ah-efficiency is close to 100 %.

Practically no gassing takes

place.

THE INITIAL PHASE



1,3

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

1,8

Cell Voltage (V)Appearing when about 1 C5 Ah has been

charged into the cell.

The cell voltage increases rapidly, the

Ah-efficiency decreases and a lightly gas

development starts

Normally about 80 % of the cell capacity C5

is available for discharge when the gassing

step is reached.

THE GASSING STEP



1,3

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

1,8

Cell Voltage (V)

Where the cell voltage stabilises at typically

1.65 - 1.80 V.

The Ah efficiency is low and most of the

supplied charging power is consumed for

gas production.

THE FINAL CHARGING PHASE


How this works (two level charge)

During the first part of the charging the

current will be kept constant to the limited

value

The charging voltage will increase slowly up

to preset max. value (1.45 - 1.65 V p/cell)

Charging voltage stabilize at preset value,

during a preset time, charging current

decrease rapidly

Charger voltage switch back from high rate

to float level, current stabilizes at very

low level (“float current”)

Phase1 phase2 phase 3

Float

current

CHARGE – CONSTANT POTENTIAL (CONSTANT VOLTAGE)


Single level charge

The single level charge voltage

is necessarily a compromise

between a voltage high enough

to give an acceptable charge

time and low enough to give a

low water usage. Float

current

CHARGE – CONSTANT POTENTIAL (VOLTAGE)


CC

CV

POCKET PLATE – COMPARISON 0.1 C5A vs 0.2 C5A

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Charge Time (hours)

1,3

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

Cell Voltage (V)

Temperature 20 - 25°C

L

M

H

L

M

H

0.2 C5A0.1 C5A

Discharge

Principles



– The discharge properties of batteries are dependent on many

factors

Type of cell : H, M or L

Rate of discharge

Cell end voltage

Temperature

Type of electrolyte

Type and history of charging

DISCHARGE PROPERTIES


Typical Pocket Plate H Type discharge at 20-25°C

0 20 40 60 80 100

Capacity %C5 (Ah)

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4Cell Voltage (V)

0.20.51.0

2.03.0

5.0

DISCHARGE PROPERTIES: DISCHARGE RATE


5

–The available capacity of a battery is very much affected by the cell end voltage

–A high end voltage of 1.14 V will limit the performance of

the battery considerably as compared to 1.00 V duration

discharges

DISCHARGE PROPERTIES: CELL END VOLTAGE

Maintenance

/ Safety

2017


Please follow instructions

provided and operating

instruction sheets.

Front Copy

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS


Physical

Electrical

Chemical

RISKS


Handling : lift with the legs and not the

back

Protective shoes are recommended

Physical

RISKS


Electrical

Voltage

take extra care when more than 40 Ni-Cd

cells are connected in series

High current

all Ni-Cd batteries have high short circuit

current

do not wear jewelry when working on

batteries

use insulated tools

connect in sub-units of max. 48V

RISKS


2.4

Chemical

Protection against corrosive

electrolyte

Wear rubber gloves

Wear glasses

Wear protective clothing

RISKS


In case of electrolyte contact

Eye contact :

rinse abundantly with water

and seek immediate medical

attention

Skin contact :

wash abundantly with water

Electrolyte on clothes :

wash in water

Chemical

RISKS


Outside the cells

provide adequate ventilation

avoid accumulation of hydrogen

Inside the cells

keep safety vents closed

take care during topping-up

be aware of static electricity

Take care

never use open flame or smokenear batteries

be aware of static electricity

Hydrogen concentrations over 4%

EXPLOSION HAZARDS


Gloves

Glasses

Eye wash

Safety shoes

Apron

PROTECTION

Maintenance

/ Procedures

2017


Electrolyte levels

Charging voltage and charger

conditions

record if required

Physical conditions

Cleanliness

Leaks

Connectors and cables

Racks

Top up if necessary

Charger adjustments

Clean and correct as required

Report any abnormalities

Corrective actionsCheck

MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS

Saft proprietary information103/

15

Electrolyte level:

High water consumption

No water consumption

Charging conditions:

High or low charging voltage

Charger alarms

Cleanliness:

Dirty battery

Salt accumulation

Leaks and spillage

Terminal corrosion

Connection and vent:

Broken cables

Loose terminals

Vent cap damage

Physical and site conditions:

Rack problems

Watch out for:

MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS


Check:

for high charging

voltage

for cells with low

voltage or short circuit

Corrective actions:

Adjust charging voltage,

if required

Replace cell

HIGH WATER USAGE = OVER CHARGING


Check:

for low charging

voltage

charging current

for open circuit

conditions

Corrective actions:

Adjust charging voltage,

if required

Re-established the

contact

NO WATER USAGE = UNDER CHARGING


Check:

Environment.

Improve if possible

Corrective actions:

Clean with soft brush

or water (use only

water)

DIRTY BATTERY= SITE CONDITIONS


Check:

for leaks around

terminal and vent caps

for overcharge

for broken vent cap

Corrective actions:

Clean minor deposits

with water

Avoid overfilling

Repair or replace as

appropriate

SALT ACCUMULATION = POTASSIUM CARBONATES FROM ELECTROLYTE


Check:

containers for cracks

and damage

for vent cap damage

for overcharge

Corrective actions:

Repair or replace as

appropriate

Avoid overfilling

LEAKS AND SPILLAGE


Check:

conductors and lugs

insulation

Corrective actions:

Replace if required

BROKEN CABLES = MECHANIC IMPACT, HOT SPOTS


Check:

that the spring washer

is completely flat

against the connector

Corrective actions:

Retorque if necessary

(see installation and

operating instruction

sheets for torque value)

LOOSE TERMINALS


Check:

integrity of vent caps

no physical damage

proper closing

no potassium

carbonates accumulation

Corrective actions:

Wash to dissolve

potassium

carbonates in water

replace damaged

vent caps

VENT CAPS


Check:

rails for physical

integrity

Corrective actions:

Replace badly corroded

or damaged rack parts

RACKS


– Depending on

Battery type

Site conditions

Charging equipment

Top up requirement

Operating conditions

MAINTENANCE INTERVAL

Lithium Ion

Battery



Li-ion: An Umbrella Term with Many Flavors

– Today’s cathodes

• LiCoO2 = LCO – Cell Phones, Tablets, Cameras

• LiNiCoAlO2 = NCA – Industrial, EV’s

• LiNiMnCoO2 = NMC – E-bikes, Medical Devices, EV’s

• LiMn2O4 = LMO – Power Tools, Medical Devices

• LiFePO4 = LFP – Portable and Stationary, high load apps

– Currently Used Anodes

• Graphite = Carbon (C)

– Emerging anodes

• Li4Ti5O12 = Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO)

• Alloy anodes = Si and Sn based (Silicon and Tin)

117 Flex’ion Product Overview

195 Ah/kg145 Ah/kg

125 Ah/kg

162 Ah/kg

3,00

3,20

3,40

3,60

3,80

4,00

4,20

4,40

0,00 50,00 100,00 150,00 200,00 250,00

CAPACITY (Ah/kg)

VO

LT

AG

E (V

)

LiNiO2

LiCoO2

LiMn2O4

LiFePO4


El ajuste óptimo entre las 4 principales electroquímicas de baterías Ión-

Litio para aplicaciones de UPS para Centros de Datos:

• Densidad de Potencia

• Seguridad

• Vida calendario

Baterías de Ion- Litio (Ión-Li)

Descripción de la Tecnología: Electroquímica

• Lithium Iron Phosphate

(LiFePO4)

• Lithium Nickel Manganese

Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2

or “NMC”)

• Lithium Nickel Cobalt

Aluminum Oxide

(LiNiCoAIO2)

• Lithium Manganese

Oxide (LiMn2O4 or “LMO”)


▪ Flex’ion es un Sistema de baterías Li-ion completo

▪ Incluye: diseño, gestión, hardware/software & gabinetes

▪ Diseñado para Alto Voltaje DC (HVDC) y aplicaciones de UPS

▪ Optimizado para instalaciones de aplicaciones críticas, incluyendo

Centros de Datos (indoor), plataformas offshore y empresas de

energía eléctrica

▪ Almacenamiento de energía.

▪ Manejo de alto nivel de energía en poco tiempo (Ej: 1 min a 30 mins)

▪ Aplicaciones de potencia (desde kW a MW)

▪ Tecnología inteligente con comunicación (SOH, SOC, alarmas)

▪ Muy alta energía, eficiencia y baja huella.

▪ Mantenimiento muy bajo debido a celdas selladas y monitoreo

inteligente.


Descripción de la Tecnología


0

BMM

Intelli-Connect

Módulo de baterías

Gabinete de bateríasAnti-sísmico


Descripción de la Tecnología: Componentes del sistema


1

▪ Módulo de baterías: Entrega la potencia apropiada para el tiempo de

respaldo esperado de manera segura

Tarjeta SMU• Entrega información al BMM

• Voltaje, corriente & temperatura• Brinda balance eléctrico a las 14

celdas VLFe

Celdas cilíndricas de Litio-ión• Formato grande• Electroquímica patentada:

Super-fosfato

Visión general • 19’’ rackeable, 3UR de altura• Acceso frontal para conexiones de

poder y comunicación


Descripción de la Tecnología: Componentes del sistema


Las baterías Li-ión ofrecen escalabilidad y cumplimiento a los

estándares de UPS

VL Fe Cell

Flex’ion® Battery Module

Flex’ion® System

System Installation option


Descripción de la Tecnología


Evolion – Long calendar & Cycling life

123

>4,300 cycles @ 80% DoD

>8,200 cycles @ 50% DoD

Long Calendar life :➢ 20 years at +20°C

➢ 10+ years at +40°C

High Deep Cycling

performances

➢ 4,300 cycles@80%

DoD

➢ 8,200 cycles@50%

DoD


Flexion

124

Thank you for

your time


NiCd Battery Training - Amper Online - AMPER_Training_2018.pdf · 2018-10-29 · NiCd Battery...

Documents

Transcript of NiCd Battery Training - Amper Online - AMPER_Training_2018.pdf · 2018-10-29 · NiCd Battery...