NIAS Newsletter 42

42 NIAS NewsletterS P R I N G 2 0 0 9

This year’s NFA Daywill be on12 June 2009.

For specialNIAS Programmes,see page 6.

The Sixth KB Lectureby Robin Kinross willbe held on 11 June.Please contact theCommunications

Officer Johan Kwantesif you are interested ina publication of theLecture at:

[email protected].

• Never Compromise with Principles

• Creating a Philosophy of Informatics

• Somali Clans and their Poetry

• Are Women with Head Covers happier?

NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE

FOR ADVANCED STUDY

IN THE HUMANITIES

AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Contents3 Rectors’ Note

4 Special Fellowships

6 Special NIAS Programmes

7 Financial Report of the NFA over 2008

8 Programme NFA-Day

9 “I never compromise with principles”:

an interview with Richard Goldstone

13 Religiosity, Women’s Head Cover Choices and

Happiness

18 Somali Poetry as Mediation of Civil War

Violence

22 Towards a Philosophy of Information and

Computing Sciences

26 Research group 2009/10

28 ʻNIAS Books’

30 Personal News

33 New members of the NIAS Fellows Association

2008

34 Workshops and Conferences

35 NIAS-Lorentz workshops

NIAS Seminars and Special Lectures (back-flap)

Cover photo: Collin Frey.

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NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR

ADVANCED STUDY IN THE

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Institute of the Royal NetherlandsAcademy of Arts and Sciences

Meijboomlaan 12242 PR WassenaarTelephone: +31- (0)70 - 51 22 700Telefax: +31- (0)70 - 51 17 162E-mail: [email protected]: www.nias.knaw.nl

NIAS Newsletter, Number 42, Spring 2009

ISSN 1572 - 2902

NIAS, Wassenaar 2009/9

Contributions and comments can be sent to theeditorial committee, attn. Johan Kwantes,email: [email protected].

Design and lay-out by Guusje Thorbecke, AmsterdamPrinted by De Bink, Leiden

© NIAS 2009 No part of this publication may bereproduced in any form by print, photoprint,microfilm or any other means without writtenpermission from the publisher.

9 13

2218

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Rector’s Note

NIAS Newsletter Spring 2009 3

The latest technical revolution at NIAS is ournew fibre-optic connection linking the Instituteto the digital highway and increasing thespeed of internet access from two MB persecond to a dizzying 650 MB per second. At atime when the dissemination of knowledgeand exchange of documents and informationprimarily takes place electronically, thisimproved access will considerably enhanceour fellows’ access to online collections,software and other research tools. Our highlypraised library service is already adapting itsmethods to make the most of the newtechnical possibilities. Moreover, the door isnow open for our fellows to ‘meet’ withresearchers from all over the world via virtualworkspaces and conferencing while continuingto benefit from the peaceful workingconditions at NIAS.

There have been some exciting developmentsin NIAS’s special fellowships. On the 11th ofMarch, the first Distinguished Lorentz Fellowwas formally installed by Professor RobbertDijkgraaf, President of the Royal NetherlandsAcademy of Arts and Sciences. The awardwinner, Professor Jan van Leeuwen of theUniversity of Utrecht, gave a lecture in whichhe set forth how he hoped to fulfill his aim ofwriting a ‘Philosophy of Informatics’. He willwork on this project during a number ofperiods in 2009 and 2010, and his work willculminate in an interdisciplinary workshop atthe Lorentz Center in Leiden, NIAS’s partner inthis venture. A new call for nominations for the2010/11 Distinguished Lorentz Fellowship islaunched at the end of May. Just as the regularLorentz Fellowships, the Distinguished LorentzFellowship is intended to bridge the gapbetween the ‘Two Cultures’ C.P. Snowdescribed in his famous lecture at Cambridgeexactly fifty years ago; a topic that is relevantas ever.

NIAS endeavours to exploit its advantageouslocation near The Hague by supportingscientific innovation in the field ofinternational law through cooperation withpartners from this city. We are proud thatthe first Spinoza Fellow, Justice RichardGoldstone is currently working at the Institute.He keeps a diary of his many activitiesand invites comments on the webloghttp://blogs.rnw.nl/internationaljustice. On 11June, he will deliver the opening address ofa Conference in The Hague, organisedaround his work, under the title “The endof Impunity? ”. The Henry G. SchermersFellowship, a named fellowship set up in ajoint venture with the Hague Institute for theInternationalization of Law, is running. RonaldJanse of Utrecht University, held the firstfellowship this year and he will be succeededby the second one in the year 2009/10.

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A new research initiative at NIAS is the so-called ‘Exploratory Workshop’, of which thefirst three have already been held this spring.The formula for Exploratory Workshops isextremely flexible and there is a fast-trackselection procedure for applications. A budgetis awarded to support relatively small butintensive encounters between scholars whowish either to develop a new field of researchor to accomplish a collective enterprise. It isour intention to facilitate five such ExploratoryWorkshops per year.

Two further developments deserve mention,which relate directly to recommendationsmade by Evaluation Committee last year.Firstly, a special campaign has been launchedto target research groups from the social andbehavioural sciences and encourage them toconsider initiating a theme groups at NIAS.Secondly, we received the remarkable newsthat, after twenty years of démarches, theDutch Ministry for Education, Culture andScience has formally agreed to providereplacement funds for Dutch fellows. It is oursincere hope that this essential support will

remove the obstacles that have sometimesprevented Dutch academics from applying forfellowships or even accepting invitations forthem in the past.

Finally, the Network of European Institutes forAdvanced Study (NetIAS), a collaboration ofseventeen national Institutes for AdvancedStudy, submitted an application within theCOFUND scheme of the EU’s SeventhFramework Programme. The first signs arehopeful and if the application is successful thiswould lead to new opportunities for jointventures and collaborative projects.

Looking back over the past six months, it canbe concluded that although Wassenaar remainsa quiet haven for our researchers, there is ahive of activity behind the scenes aimed atkeeping abreast of the times and maintainingNIAS’s position as a truly Advanced Institute forResearch.

Wim BlockmansRector

Special Fellowships

Distinguished Lorentz FellowshipOn Wednesday,11 March 2009 Jan van Leeuwenwas presented with the first DLF Award byRobbert Dijkgraaf, President of the RoyalNetherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences(KNAW). The DLF award includes a financialprize, a fellowship at NIAS and the organizationof an interdisciplinary workshop at the LorentzCenter.

The development of interdisciplinary researchand the exchange of ideas between the Social


Sciences and/or the Humanities and the Naturalor Technological Sciences, which haveincreasingly grown apart, deserve specialattention. Many believe that it is at the interfacebetween these particular disciplines that themost exciting advances are to be expected. In2008, the Lorentz Advisory Board, NIAS and theLorentz Center decided to enrich the Lorentzprogramme by means of a new initiative: theDistinguished Lorentz Fellowship. Thisfellowship is meant to encourage leadingfigures working in the Netherlands to pursue aresearch project during a residential fellowshipat NIAS that culminates in an internationalinterdisciplinary workshop.

Distinguished Lorentz Fellow Jan van Leeuwenwill use this fellowship at NIAS to develop aPhilosophy of Computing Science, a field thathas great significance in a society that isincreasingly dependent on cyber-technology.See page 22 for his article.

Former ICT Prosecutor Richard J.Goldstone is the first Spinoza FellowAt the invitation of the city of The Hague andNIAS and other partners, Richard Goldstone willbe working on a new convention on crimesagainst humanity. As well as working on thisnew convention, Goldstone will be givereadings and master classes, lead debates andalso produce a number of publications on hismajor theme: the growing cohesion betweeninternational humanitarian law andinternational human rights. He also has aweblog on the International Justice website.

Goldstone served as a Constitutional Judge inSouth Africa, as well as the first prosecutor forthe International Criminal Tribunals for theformer Yugoslavia and Rwanda. He was recentlyappointed head of a UN human rights probeinto Israel's recent military incursion in the GazaStrip. The MacArthur Foundation has honouredhim with the MacArthur Award for InternationalJustice on 25 May 2009. See page 8 for aninterview with him.

Sixth KB-Fellow:Robin KinrossThe sixth KB-lectureris Robin Kinross,typographer at HyphenPress in London, as wellas publisher, critic, andauthor of numerousarticles in the field ofvisual communicationand typography. He haspublished mainly in the UK, the Netherlandsand the USA. Building on a theme of his bookModern typography, Kinross is doing researchon paper sizes and their standardization,especially the question why the A4 became thedominant paper size. As to the reason forresearch, he writes:

“I wanted to do this research partly on behalf ofmy fellow typographers, because I have thestrong sense that we typographers and graphicdesigners actually know very little about paper,although we are continually choosing andspecifying paper for use in whatever we aredesigning. So by stealing the topic from itsspecialist historians and giving it this attention,I hope that at least I can perform some serviceto my colleagues.”

His KB-Lecture, which will be published by NIAS,is held on 11 June.

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Special NIAS Programmes

NIAS Lectures at universitiesNIAS hosts a diversity of notable fellows fromdifferent scholarly fields. To allow the Dutchacademic world to profit from the presence ofour interdisciplinary year group, fellows areavailable to give NIAS Lectures at Dutchuniversities. This allows scholars and studentsto exchange knowledge with distinguishedscholars.

If an institute or faculty decides to invite aNIAS Fellow, we offer the following facilities:we act as an intermediary in inviting fellows;the lectures will be announced on the NIASwebsite; and NIAS reimburses fellows fortravel expenses and accommodation costswith a per diem sum. The institute whichinvites a fellow agrees to produce publicity inwhich it is made clear that the guest lecturer isa NIAS Fellow and in which attention is alsopaid to NIAS itself. This can be done by meansof a brief text, supplied by NIAS or a link to theNIAS website.

Exploratory workshopsThe attractive surroundings and excellentfacilities NIAS has to offer are available fororganisers of Exploratory Workshops. TheInstitute hosts these workshops for Scholarsfrom a Dutch university, to facilitate theexploration of a potential research theme, thepreparatory work for a major research project,or the finalization of a collective publication.They last three days and generally take placebetween Wednesday and Sunday.

The organizer is responsible for the content ofthe programme, contacting participants andleading the workshop. The organizer suppliesNIAS with the attendance list and theparticipants' details.

Arrangements are made in consultation withJos Hooghuis ([email protected]) andwill vary depending on the number ofparticipants and the aims and plannedoutcome of the workshop.

SeminarsThe NIAS Seminar series is a sequence oflectures by the resident fellows organisedthroughout the academic year by the Rector,Wim Blockmans. These seminars appeal tointerested parties from a wide range ofbackgrounds. It is hoped that the series willencourage closer contact within the Dutchacademic world. The lectures are followed byan open discussion.

Seminars usually take place in the LectureRoom at NIAS on Wednesdays or Thursdays at16.00 hours, followed by drinks in theCommon Room at 17.30 hours. Please see ourwebsite for a list of our seminars and lectures.

E.M. Uhlenbeck overlooking the audience during a seminar.


Financial Report of the NFA over 2008

In 2008 thirty-four NIAS Fellows (all from the year group 2007/08), one TRIAS Visitor and one staffmember joined the NFA.

The total expenditure in 2008 amounted to € 2.675,46 and consisted of the costs of the NFA Day(€ 1.200,94), the opening of the NIAS year 2008/09 (€ 546,00), a contribution to the postalcharges of the Newsletter (€ 900,00) and bank costs (€ 28,52). In 2008, as in 2007, NIAScontributed 75 % of the costs, leaving the NFA to cover the remaining 25 %.

The total annual revenue in 2008 came to € 4.261,75. This was made of life memberships (€2.900,00), a gift (€ 1.000,00) and interest accruing from capital (€ 361,75).

The revenues of the NFA exceeded the expenses by € 1.586,29. Consequently the capital of theNFA has increased from € 7.589,92 to € 9.176,21.

The Auditing Committee appointed at the NFA meeting of 13 June 2008, Annelou van Gijn (NIASFellow 2006/07) and Paul Hoftijzer (NIAS Fellow 2007/08), will be approached to check theaccounts.

Jan LucassenNFA Treasurer

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12 June 200914.30-15.00 Refreshments

15.00-15.30 General Meeting of the NFA

Agenda

1. Opening

2. Minutes of the last General Meeting, 13 June 2008(see NIAS Newsletter nr. 41, Fall 2008)

3. Report on the Golestan Foundation

4. Financial Report. Report of the Auditing Committee

5. This year at NIAS. Report by the Rector

6. Composition of the NFA BoardAccording to the rules of resignation Treasurer Jan Lucassen is due toresign in 2009. He is willing to stand for re-election. Proposals for othercandidates should be brought to the attention of the Board at least twoweeks before the elections. Such proposals require the written support ofat least three members of the NFA.

7. Appointment of a New Auditing CommitteeThe Board proposes Jacqueline Bel (NIAS Fellow 2007/08) and Gert Oostindie(Guest of the Rector 2005/06 and 2008/09)

8. Other business

9. Closing

15.30-16.00 Tea and coffee

16.00-17.15 Twenty-seventh Uhlenbeck LectureAnne Baker (NIAS Fellow 1990/91 and 2005/06) will deliver the twenty-seventhUhlenbeck Lecture entitled “Learning to Sign - Challenges to Theories of LanguageAcquisition”

17.15 Drinks

18.00 Buffet

Programme NFA-Day


“I never compromise with principles”:an interview with Richard GoldstoneBy Johan Kwantes

A very special resident at NIAS this year is Spinoza Fellow Justice RichardGoldstone, the former chief prosecutor of the United Nations InternationalCriminal Tribunals (ICT) for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda. Goldstonewas recently named as the head of the UN fact finding mission to investigate the2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict. NIAS talked with him on being an importantfigure, and on what justice is.

This year the Institute welcomed JusticeGoldstone as the first Spinoza Fellow. TheSpinoza Fellowship is a cooperation betweenNIAS, the City of The Hague, Radio NetherlandsWorldwide and Leiden University Campus TheHague. This initiative is meant to allow aninvited scholar to elucidate issues relating tointernational peace and law. In this context,the City of The Hague has crowned Goldstone“The Hague Peace Philosopher”.

Richard Goldstone fits this description as noother. His career as a justice includes instancesin which he literally created justice in ravagedlands. His fellowship falls within the greaterframework of achieving a convention againstcrimes against humanity.

In an interview with Radio NetherlandsWorldwide Justice Goldstone explained: “I am amember of a steering committee of aninternational project to draft and present tothe United Nations, a convention for crimesagainst humanity. There's a gap ininternational humanitarian law […]. We have aGenocide Convention […] to determinedisputes about genocides between parties tothe genocide convention and on the other sidethe Geneva Conventions dealing with warcrimes. But there's no convention dealing with

what comes in between, and that is veryserious crimes against a civilian populationthat were defined for Nuremberg as ‘crimesagainst humanity’. The need was recentlydemonstrated in a decision by theInternational Court of Justice in the casebetween Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia.Bosnia and Herzegovina alleged that Serbia

The ICTY in The Hague

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was involved in genocide – they denied it […]The judges found clear evidence of crimesagainst humanity for which Serbia wasresponsible. But they couldn’t deal with thembecause it wasn’t genocide. They needed aconvention that would have given them thatsort of jurisdiction. […] I think it’s ineverybody’s interest, I don’t think it should betoo controversial.”

You are best known as a judge in theaftermath of conflicts, especially your rolein the Yugoslavia and Rwanda tribunals. AtNIAS you are focusing on research, withoutthe context of a trial. Is life at NIAS differentfrom the life as a prosecutor?

“Not really. Most of [my] work is writing anddoing research. The practical and theoretical

are completely complementary to each other.As a judge, I rely on theory, I have to doresearch, therefore devoting time to researchis not very different whether I am here or in myrole as a judge. As a constitutional judge, Ispent 80 percent of the time doing researchinto theory of law. At the trial court level, itwould be 80 percent fact, 20 percent theory.So no, research such as at NIAS is something Iam quite used to.”

What has your stay at NIAS contributed toyour project?

“Firstly it is great to be back in the Netherlandsafter a break of 12 years, when I was the ICTYchief prosecutor. I find the atmosphere at NIASvery peaceful and congenial to work in. It’s awonderful place to think, contemplate andplan. And to work. However, my schedule isvery busy at the moment. This fellowshipentails much work I didn’t anticipate, quiteapart from attending master classes andseminars and so forth, but I was encouragedby Wim Blockmans to take on the additionalwork.”

With that extra work, what are you able todo at NIAS?

“Firstly, I am on the boards of numerousorganisations including the International

Workers returning to their townships, at the end of theirworking week in 1985. South Africa's black workers had tocommute from distant townships or "homelands" to theirwork places - their movements closely watched and control-led by the police. (photo: Unided Nations)

A crowd during Apartheid(photo: Unided Nations)

Young coal miners in Apartheid-era South Africa.(photo: Unided Nations)


Centre for Transitional Justice; BrandeisUniversity Centre for Ethics, Justice, and PublicLife; and Human Rights Watch. I am also ondifferent editorial boards, which demand a lotof my time as well, as there is alwayssomething coming in. The main reason whyI’m here is for my project on the Conventionagainst Crimes against Humanity. We haveorganised a conference on the draftConvention, together with NIAS and that willbe held early in June. I’m glad I’m finding timehere to work on that project.”

How do you look back on your days in SouthAfrica during Apartheid?

“I was active in the anti-Apartheid Movementas a student. Later on, in the transition period,as judges, some of us sought ways to improvethe situation for oppressed individuals, ineffect the oppressed black majority. Forinstance, under Apartheid Laws, black peoplewould get special permits to work in citiesbecause their workforce was needed. Theirfamilies were expected to stay at home, in therural areas. The social result was that familieswere separated. We questioned that decision.So in order to strengthen our case, we

deployed a fiction, by asking the governmentif it was the intention to separate families. Ofcourse no government in their right mindwould say it had that intention.”

Did you ever consider a political career?

“No. Never. I was involved in student politics,and I didn’t like it. Politicians have to make toomany compromises for my liking.Compromising principles doesn’t appeal to meand it never has. As a judge, I have to makechoices, but I never compromise withprinciples. Also I have never been put underpressure to compromise, say by politicalpressure – otherwise I would have gone publicimmediately. Politicians knew that during mycareer as judge, both in South Africa as well aswhen I was a prosecutor on the YugoslaviaTribunal.”

For the Netherlands, the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina was quite traumatic. What wasopinion then and what is it now about thedrama of Srebrenica?

“I hardly need to emphasise – it was thebiggest massacre since the Second World War.

A Monument to the Rwandan genocide (photo: Mr Flip)

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It was deeply troubling for everyone whoheard the news. It was all very cold blooded.The massacre happened about eight monthsafter I had arrived in The Hague. This was onlythe second tragedy that happened during thetribunal’s watch. The first one was the mortarattack on the Sarajevo street market. The restof the cases were retrospective, on facts thathappened before the establishment of thetribunal. So it was July ’95 when Srebrenicahappened. We sprung into action immediately-- within three months we got out a secondindictment against Karadžic and Mladič, forgenocide. For the Netherlands it was of coursedeeply traumatic. The then Minister ofDefence, Joris Voorhoeve, was very interestedif there was any evidence of any unlawfulconduct on the part of the Dutch military. I wasimpressed with the passion of the Dutch tofind out what really happened.”

What was for you the most important actionduring your time as Prosecutor in theYugoslavia Tribunal?

“I take great pride in being part of setting upthe prosecuting office; laying the groundworkfor international criminal justice: how theoffice would be managed and manned, howinvestigations would take place. There washardly anything to build upon, we had to makethe rules as we went along. Now, especiallywith the trials against Miloševic and recently ofcourse against Karadžic, we see the tribunal isup and running. We created a new system ofgetting the people at the top. This issomething I take great pride in, not only for

myself, but especially our team, and theassistance from the Dutch government for theYugoslavia and later the Rwanda tribunals.”

After setting up the groundwork for theTribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Isuppose setting up the tribunal for thebloody conflict between the Hutus and Tutsisin Rwanda was easier?

“No, it was quite difficult – firstly because theRwandan government didn’t want the tribunal.I had to set up the prosecutor’s office in Kigali.It was difficult from the practical standpoint: inThe Hague we had comfortable offices, inKigali we had no computers, no desks, nochairs; everything had to be set up fromscratch. We wrote indictments on empty Coca-Cola boxes. When we started, from the end of1994, all the facilities were destroyed.Window panes were missing from all building,there were no restaurants. I had to sleep inarmy barracks. The situation was such thatfamilies were not allowed to accompany staff.There were no international schools. From thejudicial standpoint however, we used the samelaws and we dealt with similar crimes. Ithought it wise to have a common policy forprosecutionS in both Europe and Africa.”

How has moving from country to countryaffected you and your family?

“My wife is always fully supportive and helpsme wherever she can. I am absolutely thankfulfor that. But in any case we like to to travel. Wehad grown attached to The Hague during theICTY, for instance, so it was not without regretwe went back to South Africa. Also we makefriends easily, so we quickly feel at home. Wetry to meet as many people as possible, forinstance during the lunches at NIAS. Thecontacts are mostly social, but we enjoy theinter-disciplinary atmosphere and set-up ofNIAS. I learn much from subjects that arecompletely different from mine.

The bombardment of the Gaza Strip.(photo: Amir Farshad Ebrahimi)


Religiosity, Women’s Head Cover Choices andHappinessBy Ali Çarkoğlu

At NIAS in the academic year 2008/09 is Professor Ali Çarkoğlu from theSabancı University in Istanbul. As a fellow he is working on the question of alink between happiness and religiosity and happiness in Turkey. In this article,he focuses mainly on the choices Turkish women make in wearing head covers.

According to the Canadian philosopher CharlesTaylor (1999), two different meanings can beattributed to the term secularisation. Onerefers to the decline of religious belief andpractice. The other refers to the retreat ofreligion from the public space. In an effort toexplain the process of secularisation, twodifferent theoretical frameworks withopposing causal orders can be identified. Onehas a micro-individual theoretical focus andtakes the decline in personal faith as theengine of secularisation, causing the decline inthe macro-institutional or systemic reflectionsof decreasing religious practices. Alternatively,the second theoretical framework takes macro-

institutional/systemic marginalisation ofreligion as the counter causal argument for theeventual decline of personal faith.

The founding fathers of modern socialsciences all have a similar argument about thenature of religion in modern societies.Although mostly concerned with Christianity,all seem to argue that religion has a limitedand declining role in modern societies. Associeties of the West became moredifferentiated in their economic organisationand inevitably more rationalised inindustrialised and more urban settings,religion is expected to play a lesser role insocieties. More recently a different theoreticaltwist can be observed in the literature,reiterating a natural innate human need for thesupernatural or sacred in societies. In adialectical manner then, secularisation createsits own ending by depleting the inherentlyneeded sacred in human societies, and it thusbegets a religious renewal or resacralisation ofsecular life. It seems that not only new formsof religious behaviour or new religions arebound to arise, but that a re-evaluation of whatit means to be religious in modern societies isbound to emerge out of new evaluations ofreligion in a modern setting.

In Turkey, secularisation, or the lack of it, isonly implicitly discussed. Secularism is one of

(photo: boublis)

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the key ideological elements of the Republicanregime and over the last two decades first theelites and nowadays a sizeable minority ofabout one third of the population have becomeincreasingly worried that secular principles arebeing threatened and that oppressivereligiosity is on the rise. Perhapsresacralisation is seen in Turkey as a threat tothe Republican regime. However, we do notknow if what we observe is actuallyresacralisation since we have no data fromearlier periods about individuals and theirbeliefs. From an institutional angle the legalprecautions that guard the secularist principlesof the Constitution are still in place. However,more and more reflections of religiosity arecurrently being observed in daily Turkish life. Itis claimed that the whole political agenda inthe country is shaped by worries concerningreligiosity. The most important reflectionof this phenomenon concerns the attireof women, or the so-called “turbanphenomenon”. The türban is a relatively newattire attribute that evolved from the 1960sonwards, most visibly among the urban

(photo: Chris Schuepp)

(photo: Collin Frey)

conservative middle class. In contrast to moretraditional head covers, türban wearers coverthe neck and shoulders without revealing anypart of the hair.

I have been working on political Islam inTurkey since 1997. Our research within a teamof scholars was always motivated by thepractical daily political perspective ofportraying how Turkish religiosity is shaped.Questions that we looked at included what isthe türban a reflection of; and are Turks indeedbecoming more religious? When we firstdecided to collect empirical data, such workhad almost no history in the country. Back thenNilüfer Göle had published her sensationalbook The Forbidden Modern: Civilization andVeiling in Turkish wherein she primarilyclaimed that among the attire of the Islamistconservative women most detested by thesecularist elites, was the peculiar head coverthey called türban. She claims that the türbanwas intrinsically a reflection of modernisationin Turkey, and not necessarily a reversion back


to an archaic Shari’a based social system.However, her claims lacked nation-widerepresentative empirical observations andwere based solely on a handful of qualitativeinterviews and their insightful interpretations.

Contemporaneously, the country wasbecoming increasingly polarised, distinctly onthe cleavages sharpened by debates aboutreligiosity. On 28 February 1997, the militarybranch of the National Security Council issueda “warning” and a series of demands from thethen ruling coalition government headed bythe old generation pro-Islamists, thatemphasised the rising threat of Islamism in thecountry. The türban was, and still is, seen bythe military as a clear reflection of Islamistreactionaries that can be traced back to bloodyrevolts during the founding years of theRepublic, and thus should be kept out of thepublic realm and especially out of educationalcircles and public service. These werememorable and somewhat irritating days sincethe military conducted a series of “seminars” towhich they invited high caliber people ofstatus to be lecture to by the high brass as tothe threats posed by the Islamists. Luckily asan assistant professor I was spared thiseducational experience.

As perhaps inevitably in any scientificenterprise, our focus on political Islam wasshaped by this highly tense and polarisedpublic agenda. We released the results of ourfirst survey in March 1999, about six weeksbefore the local and general elections thatwere held in mid-April. Our main argument onthe basis of our data was that Turkish peopleappeared religious. However, there was noserious demand for a Shari’a based regime inthe country, head cover usage by women waspredominantly of traditional type rather thanthe Islamist türban type. Yet the ban on türbanhad little public support and the political basesof the Islamist party were shifting in favor of ayounger generation. Another major finding at

Eminönü, Istanbul (photo: Onerty)

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the time was that nearly 30 percent of ourrespondents were asserting that free worshipwas being curtailed in the country and nearly40 percent were claiming that religious peoplewere being oppressed. The most frequentlycited example for such oppression was the banon türbans in public spaces.

The new generation came to power in the2002 elections following a disastrous

economic collapse in 2001 and chaoticcoalition governments. Their first three to fouryears in office was by and large a success,especially on the economic front. However, thesecularist circles were increasingly uneasyabout their tenure and were portraying analarmist plan of the AKParty (Justice andDevelopment Party) to take over the secularregime. The wives and daughters of almost allthe leaders of the new generation Islamists allwore türban and the critical bureaucraticappointments left the impression that thetürban practice in their families was the litmustest for selection rather than criteria likeadministrative merit or education. We haveonly recently learnt that there were apparentlythree successive unsuccessful coup attemptsby a covert military group in 2003 and 2004.This seems to form the foundations of what isnow called the “Ergenekon affair” in Turkishpolitics.

In 2006, and more recently in 2008, I was partof a team of scholars that conducted threeadditional surveys, again focusing on differentdimensions of religion in Turkish society.Increasingly our attention shifted to, first,factors that determine the deepening cleft inTurkey between the issue of belief andreligiosity and secularisation. Findings werediscouraging, showing mistrust andpolarisation between a small group (about 35percent) of relatively high socio-economicstatus with lower religiosity, and a largeapparently more pious group (about 65percent) of lower socio-economic status. Themistrust and polarisation concerned all salientissues on the country’s agenda from foreignrelations to the türban issue, from educationpolicy to basic principles of democracy.

Second, our attention shifted to focus moreclosely on various dimensions of theconservative mindset in the country. Ouranalysis of this data, to be presented in itsentirety in a forthcoming book in autumn 2008

Rally of the AK Party (photo: clemgirardot)


at NIAS, clearly shows that religiosity is amajor dimension of Turkish conservatism. It isblended with high doses of anomic attitudes,authoritarianism, intolerance and a yearningfor the past in major aspects of Turkish sociallife.

The third shift in our attention, highlighted inthe most recent survey completed at thebeginning of January 2009, was an increasedfocus on the personal psychologicaldimensions of religiosity, and its reflection inthe way people evaluate their subjective well-being. Our continued analyses of this new dataseemed to suggest several arguments. Firstamong these is that religiosity has clearpsychological dimensions that are linked tothe personality traits of individuals, and theseare directly and positively related to theindividual’s overall happiness. However, thesame personal dimensions of religiosityappear to be negatively linked to happinessabout the political system in the country. Thisis clearly in line with our earlier findings basedon evaluations concerning the oppression ofreligious people in the country, and can betaken as a motivational basis for the stilldominant pro-Islamist political agenda in thecountry. In a similar vein, when we analyse thehead cover practices of women in threeseparate surveys over the last decade, weobserve that choosing to wear the türban asopposed to remaining uncovered is primarilyshaped by the mother’s preferencesconcerning head cover. This inter-generationalcontinuity exerts a remarkably greater impacton head cover choices of women even aftercontrolling for the influences of education andreligiosity.

The public agenda slowly changed during ourmore than a decade long study of religiosity

The hip shopping area of Istiklal Caddesi, Istanbul(photo: Adam Franco)

and conservatism in Turkey. The oncepolitically marginal and clearly oppressedconservative groups have managed to expandtheir appeal and to eventually dominate theelectoral choices. However, the innerinconsistencies, intolerance and authoritariantendencies within this conservatism à la Turcahas so far failed to transform itself into aEuropean type similar to that found inChristian democratic parties. The inadequaciesof the old as well as the new generation ofleaders of this pro-Islamist movement are onlypartially responsible for this development.More important in this respect might be thelong term dynamics within Turkish society.These seem to cope with high rates of socialchange brought about by reactionaryconservatism that surfaces with increasinglyvocal expressions of religiosity in the publicdomain. Dangers of such reflections of piety inthe public domain form the real challenge toTurkish democracy.

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Somali Poetry as Mediation of Civil War ViolenceBy Lidwien Kapteijns

Lidwien Kapteijns was NIAS Fellow in 2007/08. She researched the role SomaliPopular Culture has to play in national and sectarian identity. This article is onefruit of that research.

“History is the poisoned well, seeping into the

groundwater. It’s not the unknown past we’re

doomed to repeat, but the past we know. Every

recorded event is a brick of potential, of

precedent, thrown into the future … This is the

duplicity of history: an idea recorded will

become an idea resurrected.”

Anne Michaels, Fugitive Pieces (New York: Alfred Knopf,

1997, p. 161)

As a historian, I have always been fascinatedby the concept of the “primary source”. Whatmakes data “primary” always depends on theresearch question one pursues, of course, butonce a source is “primary” to what one wantsto know, its strengths and shortcomings, itssilences and ambiguities, as well as its

assertions and emphases, all becomemeaningful.

I entered the field of African history in the mid-1970s, when the voices of African historianswere only just emerging into the mainstreamand it was therefore very difficult to get asense of how Africans (in all their diversity)interpreted African history. It was because ofthis interest in African primary sources that Iset out to learn Arabic and Somali, as thiswould widen the range of primary sources Iwould be able to study. For my study of thelate pre-colonial states of Western Sudan, myprimary sources were in many waysconventional for a historian. They included theArabic correspondence between the kings ofsmall territories in western Darfur; the lettersof 19th century generals in western Sudan sentback to headquarters in Sudan’s Nile Valleycapital; interviews with historical actors orthose who remembered them; as well ascolonial reports by French and British colonialofficials. However, when I turned to Somalihistory, written primary sources authored bySomalis were much scarcer, while the gapbetween oral sources and colonial accountswas almost unbridgeable. However, a historianfollows the sources and this is how I becameinvolved with a challenging primary source,that of Somali oral poetry and song. This wastherefore also the ‘mediation’ (interpretation,articulation, expression) I wanted to studywhen I came to NIAS as a member of the themegroup on ‘mediations of violence in Africa’ inFebruary 2008.A street in Mogadisco

(photo: Abdurrahman Warsameh-ISN Security Watch)


Prior to this, during my research trip to theHorn of Africa, and in particular the Republic ofDjibouti, I had collected a number of Somalipoems and song texts, which are also poems,that addressed Somali audiences about theviolence of state collapse from December 1990onwards. I found that the popular song, whichhad been so iconic for the upbeat mood of theperiod following independence in 1959, wasnot as significant a source for the subject ofcivil war violence as I had expected. During myfield work, I had therefore identified andcollected a set of poems by poets who werehighly regarded both for the form and contentof their poetry. And so, looking out over theidyllic beauty of the NIAS garden, I went towork, transcribing and translating poetry,tracking down (thanks to NIAS’ superb andsupportive library staff) every possible othersource dealing with the Somali civil war, andimmersing myself in the scholarly literatureabout violence and approaches to the study ofviolence.

The poems I discovered and translated weremoving and poignant. They lamented theviolation of everything the Somalis used tohold dear, and described the massacres anddevastation that accompanied state collapse invivid detail, as in the following two excerpts ofMustafa Sheikh’s Disaster:

“Every enclosed space they turned into a

grave.

On how many bodies, dead since yesterday or

the day before, did flies throng!

As we staggered on, we were no longer able to

move our legs from exhaustion!

Our lips crusted over, none of their shine

remaining.

How did exhaustion show itself on Dahaabo

and Faduumo [women’s names]!

How they mounted sweet smelling girls and

married women!

How many hijab-wearing girls had their belts

torn from their waists?

How were women pursued into mosques they

deemed safe!

Three generations of women raped on the

same mat.

Time and again they stabbed virgin girls who

had not yet been deflowered.

They sold abroad the refrigerators of the

morgues.

They destroyed each trace of the memory of

statehood.

Books with [important] writing were thrown

away in dreadful places.

Any fast means of communication one might

think to use, such as the telephone,

or the television one watches, or video

cameras with which to record things,

anyone who might aspire to a better future

they wiped out without a trace --

these Mooryaan [impoverished armed men],

who were egged on by power brokers.”

I was impressed with how the poets definedclannism, as they saw it both as a divisivepolitical strategy by which political bosses andwarlords competed for control over the state,and as a diseased popular mindset. ThusAbdulqadir Shube says, in an excerpt from hisSound, drum of wisdom!:

“Give them what they need, you drum of

wisdom.

Tell them that God decreed this.

Point out the responsibility that has been

shirked.

Explain to them who deceived them,

who made stupid people out of them,

led them astray,

hid the truth from them

pushed them towards disaster,

and hid behind clan,

working on their feelings by appealing to

kinship,

obsessed with greed,

paying you off with something that does not

even wet your lips,

By Amin Amir

20

promising to give you wealth that they do not

have,

degrading what they advocate and egg you on

to do,

with no feeling whatsoever.

Clannism is a calamity.

There is nothing that can improve or cure it.

It is worse than malaria and fever,

worse than fatal diseases.

It turns people into something less than

human

and takes away their sanity.

It destroys law and order,

it extinguishes the light,

it shies away from knowledge,

it takes shelter in ignorance,

it takes justice down,

it shores up oppression,

and its supporters will go down with it.

If it had any benefit,

our Lord would have told us

and our religion would have clarified this.

My people, I promise,

my lips will utter words of advice

as long as they can.

Sound, you drum of understanding!”

However, the more poems I read andtranslated, the more I was struck by whatremained unsaid. For example, none of themmentioned any specific episode of clanviolence or the names of any specific clan orindividual perpetrator or victim. “Why this

silence about specific clans and clan-basedviolence?” I had to ask myself; “why thisaporia?” Is it because Somalis know what theysuffered at each other’s hands and do not needto remind each other? Has the nationalisttaboo on ‘speaking clan’ been too thoroughlyinternalised by the poets of the nationalist erato speak about clan violence in concrete detail?Or is the magnitude of the violence that tookplace, and the loss of mutual trust thatresulted so unprecedented in recent historythat its details cannot (yet) be spoken? Theremay be truth to all of these hypotheses, butthe answer that imposed itself was differentand simpler, for this aporia turned out to be aquestion of genre. Without being fully aware ofit, the genre of poetry on which I had come tofocus was one the Somali literary canonconsiders ‘prestigious’, legitimate, andauthoritative. And one of the main reasonswhy this is so is precisely that it refrains frommentioning specific clans and perpetrators ofclan violence. ‘Prestigious’ poetry, I discovered,engages Somalis in abstract, moral terms asSomalis and does not do so differentially, byclan; it is nationalist poetry. Written by men inmen’s most prestigious genres, about mattersmen consider of general importance andpublic interest, ‘prestigious’ poetry uses thepower of emotive and effective speech tomove Somalis emotionally and to shape andchange their political subjectivity in the serviceof unity and peace. For my project, this meant,of course, that I had to do more work.

Since this discovery, I have tracked down manyother mediations of Somali civil war violencecouched in less ‘prestigious’ genres andauthored by less ‘prestigious’ members ofsociety such as less reasonable men, womenand youth. One such genre, the gubaabo qabiil(‘clan incitement’ or ‘clan boast’) actuallyserved as a weapon of war, as men and womenused it to indeed incite people in the name ofa clan to massacre and drive away people ofother clans. The following is part of a poem

Somalia's Continuing War(photo: Abdurrahman Warsameh-ISN Security Watch)


that was contemporary to the violenceaccompanying state collapse, with the namesof the clan families erased.

“You, [clan family such and such], without

giving you a moment of respite,

if we do not put the soil under your feet on

fire,

and if the militias with their matted hair

and the Mooryaan do not capture you,

and if General Aidiid does not catch up with

you,

to crush you under his feet,

and if we do not thrash everything as far as

Gedo,

and if you do not become half-starved

skeletons

like frogs outside their pool;

and if we were to leave even a handful of you

alive

for a new generation to take root;

and if you do not become subjugated people

slinking along the walls of the narrow alleys of

Mogadishu,

then we are not the strong [clan family such

and such],

who have conquered the place that we

deserve.”

This example of ‘non-prestigious’ poetry,which one could not perform before a diverseSomali audience without causing adisturbance, helped me appreciate moredeeply the challenges of mediating Somali civilwar violence responsibly and authoritatively.When it comes to violence like this, it appears,there are costs to both speaking and remainingsilence. On the one hand, silence allows thoseresponsible for gross human rights violationsand war crimes to hide behind the screen ofclan solidarities and fears that deepened as aresult of the very violence they caused. Canthere, in the long run, be reconciliationwithout truth, or, as Thomas Nagel put it,without public acknowledgment of the truth?On the other hand, how can one name the

perpetrators, victims, and by-standers of large-scale violence without being seen as partisanand losing legitimacy or causing more harm?This dilemma is as relevant to the poets whosework I present here as to my own study – alsoa mediation of violence, but in the ‘genre’ ofscholarship by an outsider.

In an essay called Staring at Suffering:Violence as a Subject, Donald Donham arguesthat the academic study of violence differsfrom that of other, less emotionally andpolitically charged and volatile topics. As aresult, he says, the line between participantand analyst becomes easily blurred.

“[A]nalysis itself – after all, only another

narrative in the world of narratives – can ‘join’

a conflict, and the analyst can become virtually

indistinguishable from the participant. I do not

mean to suggest that political ‘neutrality’ is

either possible or even desirable. I have

argued … that analysts distinguish themselves

from participants to the degree that they deal

critically and self-consciously with the

demands posed by the epistemology of

extraordinary situations. That means

retrieving the complexities of a situation that

the experience of violence nearly always

simplifies.”1

There may be times at which the history wewrite constitutes – and perhaps even shouldconstitute – as the quotation opening thisessay puts it, “a brick of potential, ofprecedent, thrown into the future …” However,in a scholarly mediation of violence,Donham’s call for a thorough and radicalcontextualisation of what our primary sourcesbring into our scope of vision may be the bestrationale and guideline a historian can adopt.

1 In States of Violence: Politics, Youth, and Memory inContemporary Africa, ed. by Edna G. Bay and Donald L.Donham (Charlottesville: U. of Virginia Press, 2006), p. 29.

22

Towards a Philosophy of Information andComputing Sciences

By Jan van Leeuwen

Jan van Leeuwen is the first recipient of the Distinguished Lorentz Fellowshipprize, a new prestigious award instituted by NIAS together with the LorentzCenter in Leiden. The prize honours scientists who bridge the divide between thesciences and the humanities. The prize consists of a personal prize, a stay of upto one academic year at NIAS, and a budget for organising an inter-disciplinaryworkshop at the Lorentz Center. Jan van Leeuwen is Professor of ComputerScience at Utrecht University. He received the Distinguished Lorentz Fellowshipfor his contributions to the foundations of informatics. He will use the prize todevelop the elements of a philosophy of informatics.

Informatics has been called the science of the21st century, but can we predict its future? Letme reflect a little on the field which we alsocall Computer Science or, more elaborately,

Information and Computing Sciences. Somemay even prefer the term ICT, although thisonly covers the applied side of the field.

With at least four different names for the field,is it clear which is the right one? Do we have agood picture of the field as a science? What arethe fundamental questions the field isaddressing? If the questions are part of adiscovery process, then what is the fieldaiming to discover? What is the role ofinformation technology and computing in thisprocess of discovery? What is the scientificcore of the field?

Informaticians tend to be too busy to look atthese questions. It is not where the money is,so to speak. And yet they complain that manypeople only associate informatics with ‘whatruns on their pc’, and in particular that youngpeople have the wrong impression of the field;Student enrolment in the information andcomputing sciences is thus too low; andindustry therefore cannot find the skilled ICT

Old computers in the Computer History Museum,California (all photos: Scott Beale)


experts it needs. They complain furthermorethat in general, public awareness ofinformatics as a science is low.

History

People have been trying to capture the natureof Computer Science from the very beginningof the computer era. One early definition saysfor example, that “computer science concernsthe science, development, construction, andapplication of the new machinery forcomputing, reasoning, and other handling ofinformation”. We would be quite happy withthis definition, except for the very prominentrole it gives to “machinery”. This definitiondates from 1947, and debates on defining thefield and what to name the profession(computologist?) continued well into the 1950sand 1960s. In 1966 the Danish computerscientist Peter Naur, Turing Award winner in2005 for his contribution to compiler designand algorithmics, suggested naming the field“datalogy - the science of the nature and use ofdata”. Europe settled for Computer Science andInformatics although, until today, departmentsof computer science in Denmark are still called“Datalogisk Institut”.

The early computer scientists may havesearched for the scientific identity of the field,but they haven't quite managed to standardiseit. Some described the field as an ‘art’ (namely:the ‘Art of Computer Programming’) or as aform of mathematics, while others viewed it asengineering or even as a socially constructedscience. How do we characterise informaticsas a science? While we study this question, thefield goes off into new directions and changescharacter. For example, until a year ago fewrealised the extent of the body of knowledgeand technologies now called ‘Web Science’.

Why is there no generally accepted definitionyet? One reason is that people tend to see thefield from their own, personal perspective and

experiences: algorithm-centric, computer-centric, ICT-centric, information science-centric, programming-centric, software-centric, systems-centric, AI-centric, and so on.Another reason may be that the philosophy ofscience has not adequately touched the field ofinformatics yet.

As early as 1967 Newell, Perlis and Simon hadwritten a short article regarding this questionin Science. They argued that ‘computer scienceis the study of the phenomena surroundingcomputers.' This view is also reflected inSimon's later book, The Sciences of theArtificial, and in the adage ‘what can beautomated and how’ attributed to Denning andothers. But many no longer find theirdescription satisfactory. Once again it putscomputers central. It gives an incomplete viewof informatics as a science, of the phenomenawhich are targeted, and of the methodologiesto be used to observe and analyse thesephenomena. With informatics coming of age,its paradigms have shifted.

The Information Dimension

George Forsythe, founder of the ComputerScience Department at Stanford University,wrote in 1967 that he considered “computerscience, in general, to be the art and science ofrepresenting and processing information and,in particular, processing information with [...]computers.”

His views already point to the impressivedevelopment of the ICT field, in whicheverything is centred around capturingprocesses in terms of data, and around‘communicating' information to otherprocesses, organisations and people. ICTbrings us train schedules, navigation systems,electronic banking, information systems,interactive web applications, and all the otherbenefits of the field, and has an unprecedentedimpact on the economy and on our daily lives.

24

It is a domain with no limit: all forms ofprocesses and information will be touched andchanged by ICT. Did Forsythe foresee this?

Of course, information is only a derivedconcept, it points to something deeper.Information relates to a formal description ofthe world around us, reality if you like, with allthe complexity of capturing it in terms ofrepresentation and process. Physical objectstoo, which have mass and energy, must submitto being described in suitable frameworks inthe ‘information dimension' in order to be fullycaptured and understood. This applies toeverything, from biological systems (cells) toadministrative systems; from virtualconstructs created by and in our imagination(virtual stores, games) and to our verycognitive processes.

If understanding the processes in the world welive in is part of the rationale, then informaticsbecomes a natural science of a totally differentnature than its older counterparts like physicsand mathematics. It is thus not merely a‘science of the artificial' as Simon proclaimed.

Philosophy

Does informatics have a role in our eternalquest for understanding concepts such as‘matter’, ‘life’, and ‘mind’; in mastering and re-creating the world around us; and in extendingman's capabilities? Many say it does. But howcan we analyse this more deeply?

Philosophical investigations of informatics arenot new. We know them from the viewpoints ofcomputability theory, logic, information andartificial intelligence. They have inspired newstudies of notions like knowledge, awarenessand other human qualities (“can computers bemade to have these qualities?”), and have ledto investigations of the limits of unboundedcomputation in new models of humancomputing. All these viewpoints seem to touchfragments of the story. They all give a window,so to speak, to the discipline. Other views(perspectives), many interdisciplinary, include:

• the information-oriented view, which ismostly seen in a human-centred orbusiness context, and which aims tocapture the processing of information inany form;

• the computing-oriented view, focusing onthe mechanisms of computationalprocesses and their complexity, and whichis mostly seen in the sciences;

• the communication-oriented view, whichemphasises the processes of transferringand distributing information and the


mechanisms of interaction and control;• the cognition-oriented view, which exploits

the analogues of human knowledge andintelligence and the principles ofunderstanding and reasoning;

• the design-oriented view, which aims at theprinciples of creating (programming)systems in algorithmic technologies andtheir possible evolution over time; and

• the behaviour-oriented view, which dealswith the impact and adaptation of systemsas they are used by human users, innetworks and in organisations.

If you are interested in applying informatics inyour field, for example in the humanities, thenyou can choose the viewpoint you favour. Theviews are all about the same discipline(informatics), and are not from separate fieldsalthough this is sometimes the impressionpeople give. The development of the fieldvery much needs one consistent and unifying– may I say – philosophy. How this can be doneis an intriguing question.

Information Technology

Some readers might ask: isn’t it all abouttechnology after all, about what can becomputed and how (‘computational thinking');and about the organising and managing ofcomplex systems? Indeed it has been said that“every significant technological innovation of

the 21st century will require informationtechnology to make it happen.”

This prediction is reflected in the enormouseconomic impact of the information industries.Companies like Amazon, Google, Microsoft,Oracle, SAP, and Yahoo, push the field everyday for new visions, new concepts, newtheories of multimedia informationprocessing, new applications, and newproducts and innovations. ICT is now thebiggest factor in industrial and businessprocess innovation. Informatics is a field full of‘all-pervasive unsolved problems' that requiregreat intellect. The creative challenge for thefield is gigantic and a major driving force inresearch.

There is nothing contradictory here. Everyscience needs its instruments, and ininformatics this is as important as it is, forinstance, in astronomy. However, asastronomy is more than the science of spacetelescopes, so is informatics more than thescience of computers (Dijkstra). In both fieldsscience and technology are intertwined.Progress in informatics transcends from theabstract to the concrete and vice versa,resulting in an ecosystem of science and ICT. Ifthis ecosystem is to work at all, it can onlywork with a substantial effort from informaticsscience,. It makes informatics fascinating, as ascience, and otherwise!

26

Research Group 2009/10Provisional List of Participants

Willem F. Duisenberg Fellow

Burda, M. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Economics (S)

Distinguished Lorentz Fellow

Leeuwen, J. van Utrecht University Computer Science

Lorentz Fellow

Ramanujam, R. Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai Computer Science (B)

Regt, H.W. de VU University, Amsterdam Philosophy of Science

Henry G. Schermers Fellow

N.N.

Fellow

Adang, C. Tel Aviv University Islamic Law

Anrooij, W. van Leiden University Middle Dutch Literature (B)

Bok, M.J. 1 University of Amsterdam History of the Art Market (A)

Brandstetter, A.M. Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz Political Anthropology

Chakravarti, R. 1 Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Indian Ocean Studies (A)

Cienki, A. VU University, Amsterdam Cognitive Linguistics

Coomans de Brachène, Th. Free University, Brussels Medieval Architecture (B)

Damen, M.J.M. University of Amsterdam Medieval History

Erll, A. Bergische Universität, Wuppertal Anglophone Literatures

Forrer, M. 1 National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden History of Japanese Art (A)

Fulminante, F. University of Cambridge Classical Archaeology

Goedegebuure, J.L. Leiden University Comparative Literature (B)

Heilbron, J. Centre de Sociologie Européenne, Paris Historical Sociology

Henze, M. Rice University, Houston Early Judaism

Janse, A. Leiden University Medieval History

Kaufmann, Th. D. 1 Princeton University History of Art (A)

Kobayashi-Sato, Y. 1 Mejiro University, Tokyo Dutch Art 17th Century (A)

Koll, J. Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Contemporary History

Leezenberg, M.M. University of Amsterdam Philosophy of Language

Mansour, M. El Mohammed V University, Rabat History of North Africa (A)

North, M. 1 Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald Modern History (A)

Nyamnjoh, F.B. CODESRIA, Dakar Sociology of Communication

Pattynama, P. University of Amsterdam Media Studies (F)

Poel, I.R. van de Delft University of Technology Ethics of Technology

Radcliff, B. University of Notre Dame Comparative Politics

Reyes, R.A.G. University of London History of Southeast Asia

Rigney, A. Utrecht University Cultural Memory Studies

Roeser, S. Delft University of Technology Ethics


Salman, J.L. Utrecht University History of Popular Culture

Schwartz, G. 1 - - Dutch Art 17th Century (A)

Staveren, I. van Institute of Social Studies, The Hague Development Economics (B)

Stout, H.D. Delft University of Technology Administrative Law

Tylicky, J. Nicholas Copernicus University, Toruń Art History (B)

Velden, H.T. van der Harvard University Early Netherlandish Art (B)

Viallé, C. 1 Leiden University History of European Expansion (A)

Wagenaar, L.J. 1 Amsterdam Historical Museum Early Modern History (A)

Westenberg, P.M. Leiden University Developmental Psychology

Winter, M. de Utrecht University Social Pedagogy (B)

VNC Fellow

Bijsterveld, A.J.A. Tilburg University Medieval History (A)

Vanderputten, S. Ghent University Medieval History (A)

Mellon Fellow

Kristó Nagy, I.T. University of Oxford Arabic Studies (B)

Tyrowicz, J.B. Warsaw University Institutional Economics (B)

Writer-in-Residence

Curiol, C. (Paris) Fiction (B)

Daalen, M. van (Almere) Poetry (B)

Journalist-in-Residence

Corduwener, J. (The Hague) Non-fiction (A)

Translator-in-Residence

Pol, B. van de (Amsterdam) Spanish/Dutch (B)

Guest of the Rector

Kuipers, T.A.F. University of Groningen Theoretical Philosophy (F)

Nieuwenhuis, J.H. Leiden University Civil Law (S)

Sternhell, Z. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Political Science (S)

Suleiman, E.N. Princeton University Comparative Politics (F)

Visiting Grant Scholars

Antal, É. Eszterházy Károly College, Eger Literary Theory and Philosophy (W)

Anugwom, E.E. University of Nigeria, Nsukka Political Sociology (F)

Gaisina, S. Innovative University of Eurasia, Pavlodar Agricultural Economics (W)

Igboanusi, H.S. University of Ibadan Sociolinguistics (S)

1: Nucleus “The Reception of Netherlandish Art in the Indian Ocean and East Asia and its Impact on Asian Cultures”

(A): denotes 1st semester (1 September 2009 - 31 January 2010) only

(B): denotes 2nd semester (1 February 20010 - 30 June 2010) only

(F): denotes Fall 2009

(W): denotes Winter 2010

(S): denotes Spring 2010

NIAS BooksReceived since October 2008

Andel, Pek van & Bourcier,Danièle (2009). De lasérendipité: dans la science, latechnique, l' art et le droit.Paris: L'ACT MEM.

Baak, Joost van (2009). Thehouse in Russian literature : amythopoetic exploration.Amterdam [etc.]: Rodopi

Blom, Hans W. (Ed.). (2008).Grotiana (Vol. 26). Leiden:Koninklijke Brill

Botha, Rudolf & Swart,Henriëtte de (Eds.). (2009).Language evolution: the viewfrom restricted linguisticsystems. Utrecht: LOT.

Craciun, Ioana (2008).Historische Dichtergestalten imzeitgenössischen deutschenDrama: Untersuchungen zuTheaterstücken von TankredDorst, Günther Grass, MartinWalser und Peter Weiss.Heidelberg: UniversitätsverlagWINTER.

Delwaide, Jacobus & Geeraerts,Gustaaf (2008). Globalisering:interdisciplinair bekeken.Brussel: VUB Press.

Dolfsma, Wilfred, Chaminade,Cristina & Vang, Jan (Eds.).(2008). Knowledge dynamicsout of balance: knowledgebiased, skewed and

unmatched. Amsterdam [etc.]:Elsevier.

Fasseur, Cees (2008). Juliana &Bernard: het verhaal van eenhuwelijk: de jaren 1936-1956.[Amsterdam]: Uitgeverij Balans.

Hon, Giora & Goldstein,Bernard R. (2008). Fromsummetria to symmetry: themaking of a revolutionaryscientific concept. [Dordrecht]:Springer.

Horst, Pieter W. van der &Newman, Judith H. (2008).Early Jewish Prayers in Greek.Berlin [etc.]: Walter de Gruyter.

Hugenholtz, W.R. (2008).Landrentebelasting op Java,1812-1920 [ProefschriftUniversiteit Leiden]. [S.l.: s.n.].

Jardine, Lisa (2008). Thereputation of Sir ConstantijnHuygens: networker ofvirtuoso? Wassenaar: NIAS.

Kaa, D.J. van de & Roo, Y.de(2008). De leden van deKoninklijke NederlandseAkademie van Wetenschappen:een demografisch perspectief:1808 tot 2008. Amsterdam:KNAW Press.

Łabędzka, Izabella (2008). GaoXingjian's idea of theatre: fromthe word to the image. Leiden[etc.]: Brill.

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Laugrand, Frédéric & Oosten,Jarich (2008). The sea woman:Sedna in Inuit shamanism andart in the eastern ArcticFairbanks, AK: University ofAlaska Press.

Luca, Cristian (2008).Dacoromano- Italica: Studi ericerche sui rapporti italo-romeni nei secoli XVI- XVIII. Cluj-Napoca: Accademia Romena/Centro di Studi Transilvani.

Mach, Ernst (2008). Die Analyseder Empfindungen und dasVerhältnis des Physischen zumPsychischen [Mit einer Einleitungherausgegeben von GereonWolters]. Berlin: Xenomoi Verlag.

Orlow, Dietrich (2009). The lureof fascism in Western Europe:German nazis, Dutch andFrench fascists, 1933- 1939.New York: Palgrave andMacmillan.

Osterhammel, Jürgen (2009). DieVerwandlung der Welt: EineGeschichte des 19.Jahrhunderts. München: C.H.Beck.

Pam, Max (2009). Hetbijenspook: over dier, mens engod. Amsterdam: Prometheus.

Richters, Annemiek, Brakel,Susan van & Dekker, Cora(2008). ‘Here we are’:community-based sociotherapyin Byumba, Rwanda.Heemstede: Gravé.

Ross, Robert (2008). Clothing:a global history: or, theimperialists' new clothes.Cambridge: Polity Press.

Schipper, Mineke (2009). Naons de zondvloed: mythischeverhalen over het einde van demensheid. Amsterdam: BertBakker.

Schmid, Günther (2008). Fullemployment in Europe :managing labour markettransitions and risks.Cheltenham [etc.]: EdwardElgar.

Smith, Paul J. (2009). Réécrirela Renaissance, de MarcelProust à Michel Tournier:exercices de lecturerapprochée. Amsterdam [etc.]:Rodopi

Verschuren, Piet J.M. (2008).Probleemanalyse inorganisatie- enbeleidsonderzoek. Amsterdam:Boom Academic.

Zwartjes, Otto, James, Gregory& Ridruejo, Emilio (Eds.).(2007). Missionary linguistics= Lingüística misionera ; III:Morphology and syntax :selected papers from the thirdand fourth internationalconferences on missionarylinguistics, Hong Kong/Macau,12-15 March 2005, Valladolid,8-11 March 2006. Amsterdam[etc.]: John BenjaminsPublishing Company.

Personal NewsKlaas van Berkel, member ofthe NIAS Advisory Panel andmember of the LorentzInterdisciplinary Board, wasappointed to the RudolfAgricola Chair in History at theUniversity of Groningen as of 1January 2008. As a RudolfAgricola Professor, Klaas vanBerkel has accepted theassignment to do research onthe history of university in thenorthern Netherlands. Hisresearch will lead to apublication to mark the 400th

anniversary of the University ofGroningen in 2014. He gave hisinaugural lecture entitledAcademisch leven (“Academiclife”) on 16 February 2009.

Floris Cohen, NIAS Fellow1979/80 and a member of theNIAS General Board from 1984to 1987, received the EurekaPrize 2008 for his book Deherschepping van de wereld –“The recreation of the world”(Amsterdam, 2007). The EurekaPrize is awarded annually bythe Dutch National ScienceFoundation, NWO, for a popularscience book. Floris Cohen’sbook is the popular version ofhis How Modern Science CameInto the World. A ComparativeHistory (2008). It deals with therise of modern science between1600 and 1700.

Cyrina Demetriadis, NIASStaff member from 2003 to2006, gave birth to a healthyson on 13 April 2009. Cyrina

and the boy’s father ConstantijnVerhaar gave him the nameJulius.

Philip van der Eijk, NIASFellow 2000/2001 and amember of the research themegroup “Rethinking the Historyof Medicine: ‘Rationality’ and‘Magic’ in Babylonia and theGraeco-Roman World”, wasawarded an Alexander vonHumboldt Professorship 2009at the Humboldt Universität inBerlin. He will do his research atthe university’s Centre for theHistory of Science using aninterdisciplinary approach.Philip van der Eijk is expectedto give significant impetusto and expedite theinternationalisation of theHistory of Ancient Medicine andClassics in Germany.

Joan Hemels, NIASFellow 1983/84,retired as Professorof CommunicationScience, in particularthe History of

Communication, at theUniversity of Amsterdam. Hegave his valedictory lectureentitled “Een journalistiek ge-heim ontsluierd ” (“A journalisticsecret unveiled”) on 20 March2009.

Koesnadi Hardjasoemantri,NIAS Fellow 1991/92, died in aflight accident at Adi SoetjiptoAirport in Yogyakarta on 7March 2007, aged 81. He was

one of thef o u n d i n gfathers ofEnvironmentalLaw inIndonesia. He

studied in Indonesia, theNetherlands and the USA andreceived his Ph.D. degree fromLeiden University. Beforeembarking on an academiccareer he worked at theMinistry of Higher Educationand Sciences and was Attachéfor Educational and CulturalAffairs at the IndonesianEmbassy in The Hague. He wasSecretary-General of theIndonesian Ministry ofEnvironment while teaching atseveral Indonesian universities.In 1984 he was appointed tothe Chair of Environmental Lawat Gadjah Mada University inYogyakarta. His opus magnumis entitled Hukum TataLingkungan (“EnvironmentalManagement Law’, Yogyakarta,1983) which was reprintedseveral times. While at NIAS heworked on a project about thelegal aspects of the preventionand abatement of damage andpollution of the environment.

Several former NIAS Fellowshave been honoured by H.M.the Queen in her 2009 BirthdayList. Theo Kuipers, member ofthe Scholarship Committeesince 2002 and NIAS Fellow1982/83 and 1996/97, washonoured with the award ofKnight in the Order of Dutch

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Lion. Hans Crombag, NIASFellow 1975/76 and 1990/91and a member of the researchtheme group “Law andPsychology”; Willem Koops,NIAS Fellow 1997/98 andcoordinator of the researchtheme group “HistoricalDevelopmental Psychology”;Jan van Leeuwen, LorentzFellow 2009/10; WernerRaub, NIAS Fellow 2001/02and a member of the researchtheme group “The Danger ofCommunity Failure”; and PeterRietbergen, NIAS Fellow1999/2000 and a member ofthe research theme group “TheEast-West Encounter”; have allbeen honoured with the awardof Officer in the Order ofOrange-Nassau.

Izabella Łabędzka, VisitingGrant Scholar 2005/06,received a three year researchgrant from the Ministry ofScience of Poland. The grant isawarded for a research projecton European, Asian andAmerican dance theatre andmodern dance.

Joris Luyendijk, Writer-in-Residence 2003/04, is theproud father of a baby girlnamed Hanne, born on 10January 2009. He and hispartner Katrien Hoekstra arethe parents of three daughtersnow, including Fietje and Elsie.

Cor Lammers, NIAS Fellow1972/73 and 1981/82, died on1 May 2009 at the age of 81. Hewas one of the foundingfathers of Sociology in the

NIAS Fellows Association, NFA,from 1982 until 1985.

Leendert Louwe Kooijmans,NIAS Fellow 1999/2000 andGuest of the Rector 2005/06,inaugurated a new lectureseries named after himself on19 March 2009. The lectureseries is organised by theNational Museum of Antiquitiesin Leiden. The first LouweKooijmans Lecture was entitled“Een fluwelen revolutie” (“Avelvet revolution”) and dealtwith new insights on the issueof neolithisation of the LowCountries.

Arie Oudshoorn, NIAS Staffmember from 1971 to 1986died on 4 January 2009 at theage of 83. As a gardener and atechnician he was one of thefirst generation of NIAS staffmembers. He will beremembered also by his artwork, more specifically hissculptures created from oldbicycle parts. Unfortunately,these sculptures, many ofwhich adorned the NIASgardens, did not stand the time.One sculpture, however,entitled “The Professor” andmade of concrete, will keep hismemory alive. It is locatedin the garden of the“Ooievaarsnest”.

Thomas Pettigrew, NIASFellow 1984/85, received anhonorary doctorate from thePhilipps-Universität Marburg on28 August 2008. He washonoured for his theoreticaland empirical research that is

Netherlands. His book ModerneSociologie,(“Modern Sociology”)written together with J.A.A. vanDoorn, and first published in1959, was compulsory readingfor generations of students inthe social sciences. It reachedthe 15th edition in 1984. As astudent Cor Lammers receivedpart of his training at theUniversity of Michigan beforegraduating from the Universityof Amsterdam in 1955. Hebegan his career as a researcherat the Central Bureau ofStatistics and the NetherlandsInstitute for PreventiveMedicine. He was Professor ofthe Sociology of Organizationsat Leiden University from 1964until his retirement in 1993. Hisprofessional interests includedindustrial democracy, medicalsociology, and sociology ofscience. During both hisfellowships at NIAS he didresearch on the developmentand relevance of sociologicalthinking for organisations. Theresults were published in hisbook Organisaties vergelijken-derwijs: ontwikkeling enrelevantie van het sociologischedenken over organisaties(Utrecht, 1983 – “Comparingorganisations: developmentand relevance of sociologicalthinking about organisations”).In later years his field ofinterest was the sociology ofoccupatied territories. One ofhis publications on this topicis “The InterorganizationalControl of an OccupiedCountry” in AdministrativeScience Quarterly 33 (1988).Cor Lammers was Chair of the

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considered exemplary forfundamental research in thesocial sciences and forconnecting different models ofexplanation. Tom Pettigrew’sresearch is in the field of inter-group relations and inter-groupcontact theory. In August of2009 he will receive theLifetime Achievement Awardfrom the International Academyfor Intercultural Research.

Mineke Schipper, NIAS Fellow2000/01 and 2007/08, and amember of the 2007/08research theme group “Comingto Terms with a ShatteredWorld: A Multi-DisciplinaryApproach to Mediations ofViolence in Africa” retired asProfessor of InterculturalLiterary Studies at LeidenUniversity. She gave hervaledictory lecture entitled “Naons de zondvloed” (“Eat, drinkand be merry, for tomorrow wedie!”) on 12 December 2008.She was honoured by H.M. theQueen with the award of Officerin the Order of Orange-Nassau.Mineke Schipper is best knownby her book written at NIASNever marry a woman with bigfeet which was translated intonine languages.

Hanna Serkowska, VisitingGrant Scholar 2004/05, wasappointed as Director of theDepartment of Italian Studies atthe University of Warsaw. Shetook up her new position on 1March 2009.

Emanuel Tov, NIAS Fellow1990/91, was awarded the

Israel Prize2009 in

recognition for his contributionsto scholarship. According tothe jury, Emanuel Tov isthe leading internationallyrenowned scholar researchingthe earliest versions of the OldTestament and the formation ofits texts in ancient times. Hewas instrumental in bringing topublication the complexmaterial of the Judean DesertScrolls.

Previous winners of the IsraelPrize were Zeev Sternhell,NIAS Fellow 1997/98; JosephDan, NIAS Fellow 1996/97;Shmuel Eisenstadt, NIASFellow 1972/73; ShmuelSafrai, NIAS Fellow 1980/81;Jacob Talmon, NIAS Fellow1971/72; and MyriamYardeni, NIAS Fellow 1993/94.

Arjo Vanderjagt, NIAS Fellow1984/85 and 2005/06, gavehis valedictory lecture entitled“Een oefenplaats van de Muzen”(“Where the Muses practice”) atthe University of Groningen on30 March 2009. He wasemployed by the University ofGroningen from 1 May 1979.His last position was Professorof the History of Ideas. Prior tothe valedictory lecture aconference was held in hishonour.

Geert Warnar, NIAS Fellow2000/2001 and 2008/09 and amember of the 2008/09research theme group“Discourses of meditation andself-reflection in art and

literature, 1300-1600”, receiveda European grant of one millioneuros to set up an internationaltrainee network for Ph.D.students. The research will befocused on the late medievalexchange of ideas.

Henk Wesseling, HonoraryFellow, NIAS Fellow 1983/84,and Rector of NIAS from 1995 to2002, was honoured by HisMajesty King Mohammed VI ofMorocco with the award ofCommander in the Order ofAlawite Wissam in recognitionof his contributions to thereinforcement of the bilateralrelations between Morocco andthe Netherlands. HenkWesseling presided over theCommittee for the celebrationsto commemorate 400 years ofdiplomatic relations betweenMorocco and the Netherlands in2005. The decoration wasbestowed on him by theMoroccan ambassador to theNetherlands, Mr. Ali El Mhamdi,in the ambassador’s residence inWassenaar on 12 January 2009.


Gerard de Zeeuw, NIAS Fellow1971/72 and 1977/78, gavehis inaugural lecture entitled“Learning Research” at theUniversity of Lincoln on 3 June2008. This lecture marked his35th anniversary, as he was firstappointed Professor ofResearch Methods in 1973. Heis currently Director of Post-

Graduate Studies at the Facultyof Business and Law of theUniversity of Lincoln.

László Zsolnai, Magyar Fellow1996/97, was appointed to theposition of Fellow of BusinessEthics and Administration atJudge Business School of theUniversity of Cambridge. This

NFA Members are kindly requested to send details about developments in their scholarly career orpersonal life that might be of interest to other (former) NIAS Fellows. Please send your information,including specifics about date and place of the reported event to [email protected].

‘Address unknown…’NIAS and the NFA like to keep in touch with all the NFAMembers. This is sometimes made difficultbecause NFA Members do not inform NIAS of their change of address. We are very grateful to theNFAMembers who responded to our request for updated addresses in the Fall 2008 NIAS Newsletter.It was helpful in locating former fellows whose addresses were unknown.

honorary appointment, whichbecame effective on 1 February2009, will enable him tocombine his research activitiesin Cambridge with his positionas Professor and Director of theBusiness Ethics Center of theCorvinus University ofBudapest.

New members of the NIAS Fellows Association2008

2007/08 Jacqueline H.C. Bel (Leiden – The Netherlands)2007/08 Martijn P.F. Berger (Maastricht – The Netherlands)2007/08 Tito Boeri (Milan – Italy)2007/08 Michael F.C. Bourdillon (Mount Pleasant – Zimbabwe)2007/08 Deirdre M. Curtin (Haarlem – The Netherlands)2007/08 Hans P. van Ditmarsch (Dunedin – New Zealand)2007/08 Willem F. van Eekelen (The Hague – The Netherlands)2007/08 Anne H. Gauthier( Canmore – Canada)2007/08 E.A.W. (Liz) Gunner (Johannesburg – South Africa)2007/08 Jan Gunneweg (Jerusalem – Israel)2007/08 Martin F. Hellwig (Bonn – Germany)2007/08 Douglas A. Hershey (Stillwater – U.S.A.)2007/08 Joachim Jens Hesse (Berlin – Germany)2007/08 Paul G. Hoftijzer (Oegstgeest – The Netherlands)

Workshops and ConferencesJanuary 2009 - July 2009

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2007/08 Giori Hon (Haifa – Israel)2007/08 Allan V. Horwitz (East Brunswick – U.S.A.)2007/08 Victor M.F. Igreja (Maputo – Mozambique)2007/08 Albert F. de Jong (Leiden – The Netherlands)2007/08 Lidwien Kapteijns (Wellesley – U.S.A.)2007/08 Evgeny Kazartsev (St. Petersburg – Russia)2007/08 Emiel Lamberts (Herent – Belgium)2007/08 Charles-Edouard Levillain (Hamden – U.S.A.)2007/08 Alice G.B. ter Meulen (Amsterdam – The Netherlands)2007/08 Ramesh C. Mishra (Varanasi – India)2007/08 Leslie P. Moch (Ann Arbor – U.S.A.)2007/08 Joseph Patrich (Timrat – Israel)2007/08 Heleen J. Pott (Maastricht- The Netherlands)2007/08 J.M. (Annemiek) Richters (Heemstede – The Netherlands)2007/08 Mark R. Rutgers (Leiden – The Netherlands)2007/08 Daniel R.Schwartz (Jerusalem – Israel)TRIAS Nona Shakhnazarian (Krasnodar – Russia)2007/08 Lewis H. Siegelbaum (Ann Arbor – U.S.A.)2007/08 Nancy Stieber (Cambridge – U.S.A.)2007/08 H.J. (Eric) Storm (Diemen – The Netherlands)Staff Kathy J. van Vliet-Leigh (Leiden – The Netherlands)2007/08 Otto Zwartjes (Haarlem – The Netherlands)

5 January

9-10 January

29-31 January

17-18 February

23-24 February

Workshop Technology, Policy and Management(Delft University of Technology)

Workshop Adolescents in Multilingual Contexts(University of Oslo, Norwegian University of Science and Technology)

Workshop Augustine Beyond the Book: Intermediality, Transmediality andReception(NIAS/University of St. Andrews)

Workshop EuroCORECODE(University of Groningen)

Visit from the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS)(NIAS)


26-28 February

5-6 March

8 March

12-13 March

30 March – 3 April

16-18 April

23-25 April

18-21 June

1-5 July

13-31 July

Exploratory workshop The European Union as a model?Forms, functions and policy-options of regional co-operation?(NIAS)

Workshop Fourteenth century Chivalric Literature(Utrecht University)

Planning session Inventing Europe(NIAS)

Conference Diachrony of Classification Systems(Leiden University)

Exploratory Workshop Multilevel Governance and Public Accountability inEurope: Which institutions, which practices, which deficit?(NIAS)

Conference Blood, Sweat and Tears. The Changing Concepts of Physiologyfrom Antiquity into Early Modern Europe(NIAS/KNAW)

Conference Discourses of Meditation in Art and Literature1300-1600(NIAS)

Workshop The Fragility of Authority: The Reception of Augustine as a Case-Study in Cultural History(NIAS/University of St. Andrews)

Exploratory Workshop Literary and Learned Careers(NIAS)

Summer seminar The Dutch Republic and Britain: The Making of ModernSociety and a European World-Economy(University of Massachusetts Dartmouth)

NIAS-Lorentz ProgrammeJanuary 2009 - July 2009

Lorentz Distinguished Fellowship Inaugural Lecture “The Quest for aPhilosophy of the Information and Computing Sciences”

11 March

NIAS Seminars and Special LecturesFebruary 2009 – June 2009

19 February 2009

5 March 2009

11 March 2009

12 March 2009

26 March 2009

16 April 2009

7 May 2009

20 May 2009

28 May 2009

11 June 2009

12 June 2009

18 June 2009

Catholic Church and EvolutionaryTheory: the Conflict Model

Religiosity, Women's Head Cover Choicesand Happiness

Distinguished Lorentz Fellowship Award:The Quest for a Philosophy of theInformation and Computing Sciences

Culture and the Global Urban System:The Evolution of Dutch CulturalIndustries from an InternationalPerspective, 1600-2000

Confessionalizing Augustine in theReformation Era: A Catholic Initiative

Patterns of Family Solidarity in WesternEurope

Economics of Symphony Orchestras

On Speculation and Other DubiousHermeneutics in Art History: the Case ofHieronymus Bosch

“The Waters Flow, but the StonesRemain. We are the Stones”:Churches, Church-goers and ReligiousValues in Eastern Europe: Reflections onSurvey Data

KB Lecture: A4 and before: towards along history of paper sizes

Uhlenbeck Lecture: Learning to Sign -Challenges to Theories of LanguageAcquisition

The Art Music of Iraq as a UnifyingGenre

Gereon Wolters

Ali Çarkoğlu

Jan van Leeuwen

Rob Kloosterman

Hilmar Pabel

Pearl Dijkstra

Robert Flanagan

Reindert Falkenburg

Inna Naletova

Robin Kinross

Anne Baker

Scheherazade Hassan

NIAS Newsletter 42

Documents

Transcript of NIAS Newsletter 42