Clayton Teets, Brian Cho, Alvin Fai

NHD Annotated Bibliography

Primary:1984: Steve Jobs Introducing Macintosh. Perf. Steve Jobs. N.d. 1984: Steve Jobs Introducing Macintosh. Youtube, 25 Aug. 2011. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MICRwo1U38Q >.

Steve Jobs unveils the completed Macintosh to the public. Its portability and technol-ogy was revolutionary for its time. Its features included being 1/3rd of the size/weight of its competitor, the IBM PC, and the ability to produce human-like speech.

Advertisement. Apple at a Glance. N.p., 1980. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/glance/glance08.jpg>.

This was the original manual that helped the customer understand the product but inside in manual, there are ads that are meant to attract the customers to "improve" theircomputers.

Advertisement. Edison Had Over 1800 Patents in His Name, But You Can BeJust As Inventive with An Apple. N.p., 1981. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/newads3/Edison.jpg>.

This ad used logic to try and convince people to buy the computer. It focuses on the innovation that it has caused.

Advertisement. The Man within the Apple. N.p., 1981. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. <http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds2/orville1.jpg>.

It is an advertisement based on how to inquire and learn about the apple computer anduses star power to promote it.

Apple. Advertisement. Apple II Commercial (1986). N.p., 24 May 2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lEmzAY5xIo >.

This televised advertisement for the Apple II promotes its importance as an educational tool for students. Apple. Advertisement. Introducing Apple II. N.p., 1979. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.computercloset.org/AppleIIIntroAd.jpg>. "Introducing the Apple II. You've just run out of excuses for not owning a personal computer." This ad used the band wagon technique to get people to buy them which means that a lot have already been sold.

Apple. Advertisement. Apple II Commercial - Homemaker. Youtube, 13 Dec. 2007. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05M80HHNB6s >.

This advertisement for the Apple II displays its many programs that deal with statisti-cal data such as bar graphs and trend analysis.

Apple. Advertisement. Farm4. Flicker, 1984. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3283/3037476771_25d75bc79f_o.png >.

Apple was the first to truly design a computer that everyone can use, as shown in their

clever ad. The simplicity and power that apple offered is what drove them to the frontlines of success .

Apple. Advertisement. The Home Computer That Is Ready to Work, Play and Grow with You. N.p., 1997. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds2/1977IntroAppleII2.jpg>. This ad-vertisement was the reason why the apple II computer was so different than computers before it. Because it was the first of its kind to make it into the houses of thousands of people.”

Apple. Advertisement. Vintage Computing. Hollow Earth Productions, 13 Apr. 2009. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.vintagecomputing.com/wp-content/images/retroscan/ecs_apple_large.jpg >.

This is an advertisement for the Apple II, promoting its features for business, science, and education. It uses propaganda techniques such as assertion and bandwagon.

Apple. Advertisement. Why Apple II Is the World's Best Selling Personal Com-puter. N.p., 1978. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds/a2bestselling1.jpg>. This was the observation after the apple II came out and it basically summarize how and why the apple II became so successful.

Apple II. Advertisement. How Apple's Marketing Revolution Began. Neat Designs, 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://neatdesigns.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/928.jpg >.

This advertisement for the Apple II shows the impact it made and specifications it met for American public schools. It emphasized the Apple's simplicity and programming flexibility for easy use by students.

Apple II Advertisement. Digital image.Http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds2/1977IntroAppleII1.jpg. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012.

This ad shows Apple's marketing campaign to put computers in the homes of averageAmericans. This was important because they were targeting an untapped market, asmart move on Apple's part due to the fact this new market is what propelled them intoa large competitor with IBM and revolutionized the way we live.

Apple III. Advertisement. Apple III Advertisement from 1983. Marcin Wichary, 21 Jan. 2004. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www.aresluna.org/attached/computerhistory/ads/international/apple/pics/annual83-mail >.

This advertisement details the e-mail speed of the Apple III in comparison to tradi-tional letter mailing. It takes time and cost into account, asserting that the Apple III is the standard of message delivery of its time.

Apple III Information Analyst More Than a Worksaver. Cupertino, CA: Apple Com-puter, 1980. SELLING THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION: Marketing Brochures in the

Collection. Computer History Museum. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Apple/Apple.III.1980.102646176.pdf >.

A brochure detailing the powerful business software that the Apple III provides.

Apple/IBM. Advertisement. The Mothership. Jupiter 2, 1999. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/newads2/seriouslyIBM_l.jpg >.

Apple gives a friendly welcome and congratulation to their fellow competitor, IBM, in personal computer technology.

Apple Computer Company. Advertisement. A Balance of Features July-Aug. 1976: n. pag. Print. This was an advisement in an old newspaper which i found online. This listed the parts of the apple computer and it was written in a positive tone.

Apple Disk II Floppy Subsystem." Apple II Computer Data Sheet. N.p., 1981. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Public/Users/Grant_Stockley/Apple%202%20Data%20Sheet%20-%20Disk%202.pdf>.This showed the immediate effects that were caused by the number of Apple II com-puters.This  had never been since before.

"Apple Introduces the First Low Cost Microcomputer System." Apple Company (1976): n. pag. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/newads7/1976apple1review.jpg>. This article shows the significance of the apple II computer during its own time. The design itself was revolutionary.

"Apple Incorporated." The New York Times. The New York Times Company, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/apple_computer_inc/index.html?offset=0 >.

A list of articles in the New York Times newspaper on Apple Inc. from August 19, 1980 to present.

Advertisement. What Kind of Man Owns His Own Computer? N.p., 1980. Web. 1Nov. 2012. <http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/MiscAds/franklin.jpg>.

By using plenty of ads, people are long accustomed to apple computers andthe idea is that when they want to buy a computer they will remember apple.

Casseres, David. "Apple II Basic Manual Press Release." Technical Writing (n.d.): n. pag. Web. " Using a two-color process with text in black..." This journal was created by Douglas Engelbart an engineer in the apple company. It list how the apple II computer functions and why it works.

Deutschman, Alan. "Second Coming of Steve Jobs." The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. New York: Broadway, 2000. Print.

This is a detailed book on the life of Steve Jobs and the contributions he made to Apple company. He not only founded the Apple company but he also saved it when it almost collapsed.

Evolution of a Computer. Dir. Gartner Group. Apple Computer Inc., 1983. Marketing/TV.Apple's marketing video shows the manufacturing process of their various computersfrom being built to shipping out of the store. This was a marketing tool to show buyersexactly how their new product was being manufactured which gave buyers a deeperconnection to the product

Gassée, Jean-Louis. The Third Apple: Personal Computers & the Cultural Revolu-tion. San

Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987. 102. Print. While everything in the revolution was not perfect, Apple managed to keep anexcellent reputation. In one incident, they had to replace 14,000 units which helpedthem become even more known as a costumer friendly corporation.

Gooden, Andrea R. The Computer in the Classroom. N.p.: Jossey-Bass, 1996. 62- 64 Print.

Petrone, a professor, had grown accustom to the computers at the college that she taught in . This showed that the Apple II computer had made available to a number of people; unlike the time periods before.

Gooden, Andrea R. The Computer in the Classroom. N.p.: Jossey-Bass, 1996. 83- 84 Print.

The Apple produced computer had successfully changed the ways some professors taught their class. Many said that it made easier and more efficient.

Hertzfeld, Andy. Revolution in the Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac Was Made. Farnham: O’Reilly, 2011. Print.

Andy Hertzfeld was a software developer who joined the original Apple development team in 1979. This book documents the growth of the Apple/Macintosh computers and the events he experienced while being a member of the team.

Howard, Stephen. "The State of the User Group." Counterculture and Technology (n.d.): n. pag. Web. " Help us keep this spirit alive and kicking." Stephen Howard is a philosopher that works for apple. He witnessed the stress and pressure during the de-pression of the apple company before the invention of the apple II.

"Interview with Andy Cunningham." Interview by Marinaccio Wendy. 1985: n.pag. Print.

The interview reveals secrets that the only the people within the company knew about apple II. He was the publicity person for the Apple company and he had to lie in order to get the funding needed for the computer.

"Interview with Evelyn Richards." Interview by Wendy Marinaccio. 1981: n. pag.Print.

Evelyn Richards told Marinaccio that he got a job from apple after he wrote positive comments on the usefulness and convenience.

Jobs, Steve. 1983. Lecture. After the success of the apple II, the attitude of the apple company was shown through Steve Jobs. "Excellence is really expected."

Jones, Reese M. "BMUG at One." BMUG After One Year. N.p., Fall 1985. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/bmugone.html >. Reese states that over the last year and a half, Macs have become the best micro com-puter for special purpose applications and it has become more abundant and accessible. Macs have began to establish their place as a productive tool for the real world.

Krayenhagen, Scot. Apple II Standard RAM Array. N.d. Photograph. Apple History. Web. <http://apple2history.org/history/ah03/ >.

This a ram board for the Apple II computer. Ram is the amount of memory which also responsible for some of the computer's speed.

Lapson, Bill. "Lisa Mouse Package Design." Lisa Mouse Package Design. N.p., 10 Apr. 1981. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/lisapack.html >. The mouse belonging to the Lisa is examined in this document, in which it state thematerials used, such as abs plastic for the casing, internal components, and the logodetailing. The mouse was what really made Apple's computers user friendly andplayed an important role therefore the materials used were key in terms of quality andlongevity.

Lambert, Steve. Creative Programming in Microsoft BASIC for Optimal Macintosh Performance. Bellevue, WA: Microsoft, 1985. Print.

This helped intermediate programmers develop creative programming skills in the BA-SIC programming language, the Mac’s primary programming language during that time period.

Linzmayer, Owen W., and Owen W. Linzmayer. Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. San Francisco, CA: No Starch, 2004. 110. Print.This is a tagline originally intended for the Apple II, however it ended up being usedfor the Macintosh. It show how Macs were changing the world and molding it to bebetter. The ad may have sounded cocky, but it held up to its word in the long run.

Linzmayer, Owen W. "Macintosh Insiders." Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Ap-ple Computer, Inc. San Francisco, CA: No Starch, 1999. 81-86. Print.

A compilation of every member's (of the Apple development team) signature, their po-sition when they were a part of the team, and their current position now.

Linzmayer, Owen W. "Windows: What Went Wrong?" 1999. Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc. Kansas City, MO: Universal Syndicate, 1995. 137. Print.

Apple sued Microsoft for imitating the "look and feel" of the Mac, with its overlapping documents, icons, files and folders. This Doonesbury comic illustrates the dispute.

McKenna, Regis. "First Macintosh Press Release." First Macintosh Press Release. N.p., 6 June 2000. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/pr1.html >.

This is Apple's first press release, describing the Macintosh.

McShane, Roger. Exploring Applesoft. Sydney: Prentice-Hall of Australia, 1983. Print.This book taught programming in Applesoft (BASIC) for programming tasks on the Apple II microcomputer.

Moritz, Michael. The Little Kingdom: The Private Story of Apple Computer. New York: W. Morrow, 1984. Print.

Recounts the eight-year growth of Apple Computer, Inc., from garage workshop to in-ternational business leader and spotlights the personalities behind Apple's remarkable successes

N.d. Photograph. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.old-computers.com/museum/photos/apple_II.jpg>.This design was relevant to support the heavy computers that we had in the past. It is not that important to the function of the computer but it holds it in place.

"Old Computer Ads." Old Computer Ads. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://oldcomputers.net/oldads/old-computer-ads.html >.

This shows the original advertisement that promoted the Apple II.

Rabkin, Richard. Biting Deeper into the Apple’s Core: An Introduction to Ad-vanced Elements of Apple II Programming. New York: Computer Book Division, Si-mon & Schuster, 1985. Print.

This covers more advanced aspects of Apple II computing/programming, including decimal, hexadecimal and binary systems, memory mapping, uses of DOS, and assembly and machine languages.

Raskin, Jef. "Catalog to Macintosh Documents." Catalog to Macintosh Documents. N.p., 6 June 2000. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/bom/index.html >.

Collection of documents relating to the early design of the Macintosh. The documents include Raskin's thoughts on the Macintosh's features, cost, design, and use; memos from others suggesting additional features, software, etc.

Raskin, Jef. "COMPUTERS BY THE MILLIONS, AN APPLE DOCUMENT FROM 1979." Message to Tom Whitney. 3 Apr. 1980. E-mail.

This was an email between two developers explaining the technical computer parts

that have been successful in both quality and cost efficiency. The email shows theinternal components of one of the most successful computers of all time.

Raskin, Jef. "Important Points About Macintosh." Important Points About Macintosh. N.p., 12 Oct. 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/bom/points.html >.

This document from Jef Raskin explains the urge for nationwide communications and how it

possible with the making of low price shells. The shells will have addons for purchase and hopes for a lower price of the shells from $500 to $300. They will be able to have additional disks, printers,TV monitors, and even support for voice recognition.

Raskin, Jef. "Introduction and Preliminary Conventions." Introduction and Preliminary Conventions. N.p., 11 Sept. 1979. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/bom/prelim.html >.

This document has several changes but the most important is the ability to editdocuments. This was a truly revolutionary feature because it allowed editing of docu-ments which beforehand couldn't be done.

Raskin, Jef. "General Criteria." The Macintosh in September 1979. N.p., 28 Sept. 1979. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/bom/gencrit.html >.

Raskin goes over Apple's most important goals, most of which is the selling price.Raskin believes that the most important goal of the company is to have the machinesell at 500 dollars or less.

Raskin, Jef. "More Historical Facts." Message to Matt Mora. 1996. E-mail.Jef Raskin explains the technical difficulties encountered during the development of the Apple/Macintosh computers. This e-mail also included descriptions of the contri-butions that he and each member made.

Raskin, Jef. "Recollections of the Macintosh Project." Message to Matt Mora. 1996. E-mail.Jef Raskin details his experience in Apple, as well as the formation of its development team and the development of the Apple computers.

Raskin, Jef. "Reply to Jobs, and Personal Motivation." Stanford.edu. N.p., 2 Oct. 1979. Web. 24 Oct. 2012

This document explains the costs of the Macintosh with its included design and fea-tures, along with comparing it to other computer models of the time. The document also states the accessibility of the ARPA net and time sharing services.

Raskin, Jef. "The Apple Computer Network." Early Macintosh (n.d.): n. pag. Web. "[Mike Markkula] further suggested that we establish a protocol early on." This was the funde-mental system that the apple company in which the apple company was made.

Rogers, Everett M., and Judith K. Larsen. Silicon Valley Fever: Growth of High-tech-nology Culture. New York: Basic, 1984. 127. Print.This is a picture of the original 64k RAM found in the Apple II, it isn't much today, butback then it was an extremely valuable component to Macs.

Rose, Caroline, and Bradley Hacker. Inside Macintosh. Vol. 1. Reading, MA: Addison-Wes-ley Pub., 1985. Print.

This is the documentation on the development of the Macintosh computer. It was writ-ten by Caroline Rose, who joined the original Apple development team in June, 1982.

Roszak, Theodore. "The Times They Keep A-Changin'" From Satori to Silicon Valley (2000): n. pag. Print. "...to take account of all that has happened in the world of high tech..." This document demonstrates the importance and impact of the apple II com-puter.

Takahashi, Yuji. Apple II Parallel Printer Interface Card. 1978. Photograph. Apple II History. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://apple2history.org/history/ah13/>.

This picture is an essential piece of the apple II computer. It is the motherboard and it is the core of the computer. Everything transfers signals to it which then transfers the signal to something else.

Targeting the Audience. Gartner Group, 1983. Web. 25 Sept. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/gartner/target.html >.

One of the main reasons why Apple was so successful was because of their marketing.Their marketing allowed them to become very well know and extremely recognizableas a company. This video explains how they marketed.

"The Apple IIc Personal Computer." Product Review. N.p., 1984. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. <http://www.downloads.reactivemicro.com/Public/Users/Grant_Stockley/Apple2c-Product%20Review.pdf>.This website everything that is different from the Apple II when compared to other models. In a way, this is an advertisement because it seems like all improvements.

"The Pop History Dig » Apple Computer & Dick Cavett." The Pop History Dig » Apple Computer & Dick Cavett. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://www.pophistorydig.com/?tag=apple-computer-dick-cavett>.

This advertisement implies that the Apple II was available to the general public which was a revolutionary step in technology .(Uncited Photography)

Waite, Mitchell. Macintosh Midnight Madness: Utilities, Games & Other Grand Diversions in Microsoft BASIC for the Apple Macintosh. Bellevue, WA: Microsoft, 1985. Print.

This is short tutorial on the graphics and sound capabilities of the Macintosh for begin-ners using the BASIC programming language. It describes the procedures for writing, listing, running, and debugging a program.

Whitney, Tom. "Hovey/Kelley Work on Mouse." Hovey/Kelley Work on Mouse. N.p., 14 May 1980. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/hklisa.html >.

Whitney wrote this memo to Jerry Manock and Tom Hong where he tells hisassociates of Dean Hovey's involvement with mouse design. Hovey was contracted formouse design as an independent consultant. He built the original prototype for amouse for Apple which was designed to fit in a certain price constraint.

Winning the Educational Market. Winning the Educational Market. Gartner Group, 1983. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/gartner/winning.html >.

Apple pushed for its computers to be used in education. This allowed for a moreadvanced and overall better education. Computers were used as a key tool inhomework. This pushed students to a new generation of learning.

"Winning the Educational Market." Winning the Educational Market. Stanford Univer-sity, 6 June 2000. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/gartner/winning.html >.

This is a transcript of the 1983 video that focused on the importance of education to Apple. It describes the donations of Apple to various schools in California, and the im-pact they hope to achieve on the students.

Wozniak, Stephen. "Homebrew And How The Apple Came To Be." Digital Deli. Ed. SteveD-itlea. 1984. AtariArchives.org. 1984. 02 Feb. 2012<http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/homebrew_and_how_the_apple.php>. Stephen Wozniak, the creator of this website, work under steve jobs for many years. He was even there during the development of the apple I computer and he was an influential engineer during the creation of the apple II computer.

Wozniak, Steve, and Gina Smith. IWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon : How I In-vented the Personal Computer, Co-founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2006. Print.

This is Steve Wozniak's personal experience as co-founder of Apple and head designer of the Apple/Macintosh computer line.

Young, Jeffrey S. Inside MacPaint: Sailing through the Sea of Fatbits on a Single-pixel Raft. Bellevue, WA: Microsoft, 1985. Print.

Details the creation and uses of MacPaint, a drawing program that was released with the Macintosh computer.

Secondary:

"Apple II - 1977." Apple II Computer. Steven Stengel, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://oldcomputers.net/appleii.html>.

This gives detailed information on the Apple II. It has information on its components, features, software, and successors in the Apple II line of computers. It also has infor-mation on the Apple II's pricing relative to the amount of RAM the model contained.

Apple. Advertisement. Mac Life. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www.maclife.com/files/u58/test_drive.jpg >.

Apple was brilliant due to the fact that they truly valued product branding and creativeadvertising. In this ad, they compare one of their models to a luxury car, creating anappeal to attract people such as a high end car does.

Apple II. Advertisement. The Mothership. Jupiter 2, 1979. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www.macmothership.com/gallery/newads14/1979AppleII.jpg >.

Apple advertises the usefulness of the Apple II in an educational environment.

Baskas, Harriet, and Msnbc.com Contributor. "Spark Your Trip with Invention-focused Muse-ums." Msnbc.com. Msnbc Digital Network, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42076881/ns/travel-destination_travel/t/spark-your-trip-invention-focused-museums/ >.

This is the motherboard of the Apple II computer. The motherboard is the single most important component in a computer. It is like the heart of the computer. Uncited Pho-tography)

Buchholz, Kenneth. "Apple II Computers & Clones." Apple II Computers & Clones. Ap-ple2Online.com, 2010. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://apple2online.com/web_flash/Flipbook%20Computers.swf >.

This digital flipbook provides images of the Apple II and its regional variants.

Cavanaugh, Chris. "Apple II." Allgame. Rovi Corporation, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www.allgame.com/platform.php?id=6 >.

This is an overview of the Apple II's technical capabilities and its impact on American households, schools, and innovation in programming language, software, and videogames.

Cifu, Greg. "The Bread Winner of Apple Computer." Apple II Plus. Greg Cifu, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://fp3.antelecom.net/gcifu/applemuseum/2plus.html >.

Greg emphasizes the accessibility of the Apple II to the general public, and the rising popularity of the computer as a hobby as a result.

Deutschman, Alan. The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. New York: Broadway, 2000. 129-32. Print.

An editor noted that Steve Jobs also used "media sensation" to get people to buy his machines. It was effective and efficient. With every Apple product, Steve got more fa-mous which allowed him to sell more products. This influence the sell of the Apple II computer.

Gooden, Andrea R. The Computer in the Classroom. N.p.: Jossey-Bass, 1996. Print. This book showed how the Apple computer affect the education system. It does so through description and demonstration. The effects of digital technology had rose to an all time high with the development of  the Apple II computer.

Guarav@TGC. "Ten Most Popular Products Released by Steve Jobs in His Career." The Geeks Club. The Geeks Club, 25 Aug. 2011. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.thegeeksclub.com/ten-popular-products-released-steve-jobs-career/>.

This website displays the products that Steve Jobs personally unveiled throughout his career at Apple. Each product was revolutionary for its time. Jobs continued to release/upgrade previous products until his death in 2011.

Hormby, Tom. "Origin of the Apple I and Apple II Computers." Web log post. Origin of the Apple I and Apple II Computers. N.p., 05 Sept. 2005. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. <http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/origin-apple-ii-computer.html >.

This website gives a highly detailed timeline on both the technical and historicalaspects of events leading up to the Apple II's creation of the Visicalc. Visicalc was theApple programmed that propelled Apple into the leading computer manufacturer.

Linzmayer, Owen W. Apple Confidential 2.0. Ed. Owen W. Linzmayer. San Francisco, CA: No Starch, 2004. 1-5. Print.

Owen describes the setting of apple and how the came to be. Wozniak and jobs fundedtheir first pc using a VW bus and a HP calculator. With those two items they constructed the apple one, a stepping stone to the great Apple II

Linzmayer, Owen W., and Owen W. Linzmayer. Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. San Francisco, CA: No Starch, 2004. 76-79. Print.

This portion of the book describes the Lisa 2, the next revolutionary Apple device. Itfeatured an all in one machine although its price was high, the second model excelledmore than the first.

Linzmayer, Owen W., and Owen W. Linzmayer. Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. San Francisco, CA: No Starch, 2004. 122-141. Print.

Owen Linzmayer has compiled a timeline of all of the Apple computer models ever made. This allows us to see the changes throughout the history of the company at a glance. It shows the successful changes that revolutionized the industry.

Linzmayer, Owen W., and Owen W. Linzmayer. "Millionaire Mania." Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. San Francisco, CA: No Starch, 2004. 59-66. Print.

With the massive success of of the Apple computer, the company valued 1.778 billion n 1989. This was due to the large popularity of Apple computers. With homes,

schools,and small business having access to these machines it modernized the world we live intoday.

Linzmayer, Owen W. "The Genesis of Apple." Apple Confidential 2.0. San Fransisco: No Starch, 2004. 12-15. Print. This portion of Linzmayer's book reveals the popularity of the Apple II. It shows how the Apple II was the biggest turning point in both Apples success as a company and computers finding their way into the home's of modern Americans as opposed to large businesses or corporations.

"Origin of the Apple I and Apple II Computers." Origin of the Apple I and Apple II Com-puters. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/origin-apple-ii-computer.html >.

This website gives insight to the origins of the apple I and apple II computers. The background of the computers contributed to their effects.

"Origin of the Apple I and Apple II Computers." Origin of the Apple I and Apple IIComputers. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. <http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/origin-apple-ii-computer.html>.

This website tells the components inside the computer and explains why it is different than other ones especially in price.

P Yost, Jeffrey R. The Computer Industry. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2005. Print.It showed the change that the Apple II computer had caused. After the Apple II com-puter, computer became more towards personal as opposed to companies. This was a major shift in the computer industry.

Price, Rob, Jill Savini, and Thom Marchionna. So Far: The First Ten Years of a Vision.Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, 1987. N. pag. Print.

A quote from Steve Wozniak, the co founder of Apple, tells of the "revolution" that he created. Steve claims  to have not known of what he was starting and that no

one else did either.

Raskin, Jef. "The Apple Computer Network." The Apple Computer Network. The Macintosh Project: Selected Papers, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/bom/applenet.html >.

This discusses the uses for the average consumer of a personal computer. It givesexamples of uses such as balancing check books, writing a letter, or playing chess

Rogers, Everett M., and Judith K. Larsen. "Winning the Game: Intel." Silicon Valley Fever: Growth of High-technology Culture. New York: Basic, 1984. 114. Print.

This diagram shows the making of a semiconductor chip, which gave computerdevelopers the ability to build smaller and more compact PCs. Apple harnessed this tobuild their state of the art computers.

Sanford, Glen. "History of Computer Design: Apple II." History of Computer Design: Apple II. Glen Sanford, 1996. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://www.landsnail.com/apple/local/design/apple2.html >.

This is a compilation of the history of Apple's models, development team, and achieve-ments from 1976-2004.

"Subscribe." Apple II History » 4-The Apple II, Cont. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/ >.

This showed the design process of the Apple II. The dialogue between Wozniak and Jobs revealed their mentality and personal preferences.

Takahashi, Yuki. Apple-II Tree. N.d. Photograph. Apple History.Web. <http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/ >.

This was the standard Apple II that was used by most of the people that owned a com-puter. One o f the reasons that Apple II was so important and ground-breaking.

"The History of Apple Computers." About.com Inventors. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/Apple_Computers.htm >.

This is a vivid description of the changes that occurred during  the development of the Apple II computer and how it differs from the Apple I computer.

"VAW: Apple II Timeline." VAW: Apple II Timeline. Vectronic, 2003. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://www.vectronicsappleworld.com/appleii/timeline.html >.

This is a timeline detailing the progression of the Apple II line of computers. It follows its production, design, sales, and public feedback.

"Vintage Tech: Looking Back at the Apple II." PC & Tech Authority. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. <http://www.pcauthority.com.au/News/219935,vintage-tech-looking-back-at-the-apple-ii.aspx >.

This is the keyboard and power source of the Apple II computer. It may not be com-plex but it is essential. (Uncited Photography)

Weyhrich, Steven. "Subscribe." Apple II History. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://apple2history.org/ >.

This website is full of very useful information pertaining to the Apple II. It contains a full time line of the Apple II and each of the following Apple II models.