NHCTNGGIATRI LYLUAN

TRONG CUON "Dl/dNG CACH MENH"

CUA HO CHI MINH

VU TRONG DUNG'

"Dudng each menh" gom nhiing bai viet cua Ho Chi Minh

diing de giang day eho thanh nien yeu nUdc Viet Nam tham

gia Idp hua'n luyen chinh tri tii nhiing nam 1925 den 1927 d

Quang Chau. Trung Qudc va dudc xua't ban Ian dau tien vao

nam 1927. Da cd cac cdng trinh nghien cuu ve lich sU Dang,

ve lich sU tu tUdng chinh tri hien dai cua Viet Nam va lich sU

dan toe trong giai doan can, hien dai de cAp ddn vai trd va y

nghia to Idn cua cud'n "Dudng each menh". NhUng s6 la

khdng day dii, neu cud'n sach khdng dudc nghien ciiu ve m$t

ly luan.

La nha each mang yeu nude tha tUiet, d Nguyen Ai Qu& ndi len tU tUdng la d moi luc. moi ndi, NgUdi deu het Idng vl sU nghiep giai phdng dan toe ra khoi sU thong tri cua de quo* Phap. la ludn the hien mot y ehi. mot quyet tam tron ddi hien dang siic lUc eho da't nude va nhan dan. NgUdi khdng cd di u kien di vao tat ca cac linh vuc cua the gidi quan. Ly luAn d

* Pho giao su. tien sy. Chu nhiem khoa Triet hoc. Hoc vidn Chinh tri kho vuc I- Hoc vi^n Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Mmh.

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day khdng phai la ly luan ndi chung, ma la ly luan ve chinh tri, ly luan ve con dudng va bien phap de dat dUdc muc tieu la tu quyet dan tdc, muc tieu doe lap, tU do.

1. Bi cfc ngoat trong ly luan ve dtfo^ng loi each mang giai phong dan toe

Sau khi trieu dinh Hue ky hiep udc dau hang thUc dan

Phap vao nam 1883, nUdc ta trd thanh thuoe dia eua Phap,

dan ta ma't ehu quyen dan tdc, nude ta mat doe lap, tU do.

NhUng mot nude da ed lieh sii nghin nam va ngUdi tai khdng

bao gid thieu, da titng thang nhiing dequd'e hiing manh trUde

day thi khdng bao gid chiu khua't phue, khdng bao gid chiu

l m nd le. Sud't ma'y mUdi nam dUdi ach thdng tri cua thUc

dan Phap, dat nUdc nay khdng ngdt nhutng cuoc khdi nghia,

nhiing phong trao van dong nhan dan ehdng lai su thdng tri

cua thUe dan Phap. Phong trao Can vUdng, phong trao Duy

tan, phong trao Ddng du, phong trao Ddng kinh nghia thuc,

phong trao ehdng thue d Trung Ky, v.v... lan ludt noi len va

lan lUdt that bai. Mdi mot lan that bai la mot lan dan tdc dat

ra van de nhan thtic vi sao phai that bai de chuyen sang mot

nhan thiie mdi, mot dUdng Idi each mang mdi.

Phong trao Can vUdng do vua Ham Nghi khdi xUdng dUdc

sU hUdng ling cua ca ba mien dat nUde. Khap ndi si phu noi

day giiip vua ehdng Phap nham khdi phue lai nen doe lap.

Trong dd, tieu bieu la cuoc khdi nghia cua Phan Dinh Phung.

Cuoc khdi nghia nay keo dai 10 nam, nhung cung di den tha't

bai. Phan Dinh Phung khdng hieu dUdc nguyen nhan cua bai

vong, khdng hieu d\l0c vi sao mot da't nUdc da tifng ed nhOng

cuoc chien thang lay litng trong lich sU ma nay lai thua giac

Phap. Thac mac tren cua dng mai den sau nay mdi dUde lieh

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su giai dap rang, vua khdng eon tUdng trUng cho sU di len cua dat nudc, trieu dai phong kien khdng cdn du siic hap din Idng ngUdi.

NhUng di theo con dudng nao thi ngUdi dUdng thdi chua rd. Phai qua cae boat ddng each mang tiep theo thi ho mdi c6 ed hoi hieu dxlOc.

Chi phdi dudng ]6\ phat trien eua tifng dan tdc ciing nhu

ciia ea the gidi liie bay gid la de qudc tU ban chu nghia.

Chiing ed tiem lue manh ve kinh te, ve quan sU. Khdng

nhiing the, d chiing cdn cd sU xao quyet trong ngdn luan.

trong chieu bai cai tri. Ban chat cua chiing khdng phai chi

qua mot lan ddi phd vdi phong trao each mang ma bpc Id het.

con dudng lat dd cua chiing khdng phai mot lan dau tranh la

xong. Cae phong trao yeu nude theo phong trao Can vUdng d

dau the ky XX nhu la nhQng ed hoi de nhan thiic ve ban cha't

eua chu nghia de qudc Phap. ve eon dudng each mang giai

phdng dan toe huu hieu.

Phong trao Ddng du (1904 - 1908) do Phan Boi Chau lanh dao. d\i6c cac thanh nien yeu nudc dUdng thdi di theo. Mtfy tram thanh nien Viet Nam nghe theo tieng goi cua Phan Boi Chau sang Nhat Ban hoc tap van d^canh tan dat nudc v^ mong dudc nude Nhat Ban tU san giiip dd di danh lai Phap. gianh lai doc lap dan toe. Nhung eon dUdng tUdng nhU la hiiu hieu nay chang bao lau bi dd vd. De qudc Nhat thda hiep vdi de qudc Phap tieu diet each mang Ddng Dudng. Luu hoc sinh Viet Nam bi true xuat khdi nudc Nhat. ThUc te'cho tha'y l(?i ieh de qudc nang hdn la nghia "dong chung, dong vfln" mk

Nhat Ban neu len de Idi keo ngUdi A Ddng. Su viec qua di roi Phan Bdi Chau va cac ddng ehi ciia dng mdi thay dUdc ban

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cha't cua Nhat liic bay gid, mdi tha'y dUdc rang, dUa vao de qudc nay de loai trif de qud'c Phap la ao tUdng cua thdi dai, la mot sai I^m Idn trong sach lUde cua phong trao Dong du.

Phong trao Duy tan (1906 - 1908) do Phan Chau Trinh,

Tran Quy Cap, Huynh Thiic Khang khdi xUdng nhSm doi mdi

chinh tri va van hoa dat nUdc de di tdi doe lap, tU ehu. Phong

trao nay ra siic phe phan sU thdi nat cua vua quan nha

Nguyen, mat khac trong mong vao sU giiip dd cua de qud'c

Phap de thUc hien "dan quyen", "dan ehu" d nUdc ta. NhUng

tu tUdng "Y Phap cau tien bd" dd cua ho khdng dUdc sU tin

tUdng va ung ho eua Phap. Phap van nghi ngd tam dia ho.

Nhieu ngUdi trong so' ho bi bat bd tu day. Ban than Phan

Chau Trinh cung nhieu lan phai vao nha tu cua de qudc.

Phan Chau Trinh va cac dong chi cua dng khdng thay dUdc

mot ban chat khac eiaa de quoe Phap la cau ket vdi phong

kien ban xii de tien hanh su thdng tri.

Phong trao "Ddng kinh nghia thue" (1907) do Ludng Van

Can va Nguyen Quyen to chiie, da tao nen mot phong trao

each mang ram rd d Ha thanh liic ba'y gid. Muc tieu cua

phong trao la truyen ba nen van hoa mdi de thUc hien chu

nghia yeu nUdc mdi. Thoat dau, thUe dan Phap tudng rang

phong trao nay chi ddi hoi thUc hien cai lUdng van hda,

nhung sau chiing mdi tha'y da'y la mot td chiic ed xu hudng

nhen nhdm tinh than ehd'ng Phap. Va eai "Id phan loan" a'y d

Bac Ky lap tiic bi Phap triing tri. TrUdng "Nghia thue" bi

ddng cua. cac nha to' ehiic bi tii day, cac tai lieu giang day bi

tich thu. Su viec qua di roi ngUdi ta mdi biet rang, chu nghia

de quoe. nha't la de qud'c Phap khdng dung tha bat c\i mot

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phong trao yeu nUdc nao d thudc dia. du phong trao dd dien ra dudi hinh thiic van hda, hoc thuat.

Cac phong trao yeu nudc tren ciing nhU mot so phong trao yeu nudc tiep theo dd deu gap phai that bai. Con dUdng giai phdng dan toe liic bay gid thUe sU lam vao tinh trang khung hoang tram trong. Dang liic ay thi xuat hien Nguyen Ai Qudc. d dau nhiing nam 20 cua the ky XX. ngdn luan v4 hanh ddng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc khdng nhOng lam rung dong nhOng ngUdi each mang Viet Nam. nhiing ngUdi yeu nUdc d cae thudc dia cua Phap. ma cdn lam xdn xao ea chinh trUdng Phap. Cung mot liic Nguyen Ai Quoe thUe hien hai nhiem vu. Vila td cao chinh sach thudc dja eua de qudc Phap. vUa chuAn hi xay dung cho thanh nien yeu nude Viet Nam liic bay gid mot nhan thiic mdi ve con dUdng giai phdng dan tdc. Wk kfit qua la hai eudn sach "Ban an che do thUe dan Phap" (xuit ban nam 1925) va "Dudng each menh" (xuat ban nam 1927) ra ddi each nhau khdng xa.

Hai cud'n sach tren cd hai muc tieu khac nhau. Neu "Ban an che do thuc dan Phap" la tac pham tap trung phe phan chu nghia thue dan Phap, vach tran ban cha't gia nhan, gia nghia ciia cac luan dieu "khai hda", thUe hien "van minh". "dan chu", v.v... cua Phap d Ddng Dudng thi "Dudng each menh" la eudn sach giao due eho thanh nien ve ban chat cua thdi dai, ve muc tieu eua each mang giai phdng dan toe, ve con dudng va bien phap thUc hien nhiem vu each mang.

"Dudng each menh" tao nen budc ngoat trong nhan thiic ve dudng Idi each mang giai phdng dan toe cua Hd Chi Minh va ciia dan tdc. Diem mdi cua eudn sach so vdi ly lu^n each mang trudc dd ciia dan tdc la trinh bay mot each he thdng ve ddi tUdng each mang, cac loai each mang trong Ijch sit va

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dieu can thiet phai lam each mang "cho den ndi" (tiic each

mang triet de), ve gan each mang giai phdng dan tdc vdi each

mang vd san the gidi va dieu kien phai ed de dam bao cho

each mang thang Idi, v.v... Ndi dung va thUc chat eua ly luan

each mang trong cud'n sach la chUa titng cd d nUde ta. Cudn

sach ra ddi trong nhOng nam 20 cua the ky XX nhu la ket

qua ciia hang loat thii nghiem each mang trUde dd cua dan

toe. Tat nhien la liic ba'y gid d Nguyin Ai Quoe da cd day dii

nhiing tien de khach quan va chii quan de thUc hien sii menh

mdi ciia dan tdc.

Ve mat khach quan, cud'n sach cd sU ke thita tU tUdng ciia V.l. Lenin trong tac pham "Sd thao lan thii nhat nhiing luan cUdng ve van de dan toe va van de thudc dia" (Thang Sau -thang Bay 1920) "Sd thao" da neu len cac luan diem mdi me cUc ky quan trong ddi vdi phong trao giai phdng dan toe la giai ca'p vd san eae nUdc ehinh qude va quan chiing lao dong d ta't ea eae dan toe phai gan giii nhau de tien hanh cuoe each mang chung lat do bon dia chu va tU san; la edng nhan cac chinh qud'c phai tich cUc ung ho phong trao giai phdng dan toe; la che do xdvie't, mot che do tha t sU bao dam quyen binh dang eua cac dan tdc. Qua tac pham ciia V.I Lenin, Nguyen Ai Qud'c tim d\i(3c nguon siic manh hung hau va chd dUa viing chac d nUdc Nga xdvie't va phong trao each mang vd san the gidi. Van de ehi cdn la phat huy ndi luc ma thdi.

Ve mat chii quan, Nguyen Ai Qud'c liic ba'y gid da ed du cac yeu td' can thiet de tiep thu dUdc ngay tU tUdng each mang cua "Sd thao lan thii nhat nhiing luan cUdng ve va'n de dan tpc va van de thuoe dia" ciia V.L Lenin.

Mudi nam trdi (1911 - 1920). Nguydn Ai Qudc nghien

ngam nhieu ve con dudng giai phdng dan toe sao cho di den

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thanh cdng. Ciing mUdi nam trdi ay, NgUdi tiep xiic vdi giai

cap vd san the gidi va nhan dan cac nUdc thudc dia. ph\t

thuoe, tha'y d ho mot siic manh. mot nghia khi. mot si gftn

gui, cd the doan ket vdi nhau. hd trd nhau trong sU nghiep.

Tu tUdng cua V.I. Lenin trong "Sd thao" nhU danh diing vao

tam kham eua Nguyen Ai Qudc. thap eho NgUdi mot niem

tin. mot nghi luc vd bd ben. Neu khdng cd yeu to chii quan

nay thi chUa chac Nguyen Ai Qudc da xiic ddng den nghen

ngao khi doc ban "Sd thao". Liic bay gid d Pari cd nhieu ngUdi

yeu nudc Viet Nam, ho gidi tieng Phap, ho eiing biet "Sd

thao". song ehi cd mot minh Nguyen Ai Qudc la tiep thu dUdc

tu tUdng each mang cua V.I. Lenin. Nhiing ngUdi kia khdngc6

dUde nhiing td chat chii quan nhu d Nguyen Ai Qudc.

Lap trUdng yeu nude cua Nguyen Ai Qudc dUde sU dSn

dudng eua V.I.Lenin trong "Sd thao lan thii nhat nhiing luan

cUdng ve van de dan tdc va van de thudc dja" da giiip NgUdi

tao ra mot ly luan mdi ve con dudng giai phdng dan tpc Vi l

Nam, budc ngoat trong ly luan giai phdng dan toe.

2. Nhufng luan d iem mdi t r o n g dudfng loi va phUc^ng

p h a p each m a n g cua "DUofng each m e n h "

Budc ngoat ciia eudn "DUdng each menh" trong qua trinh da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc la da xay dung d\S6c nhiing diem mdi trong dudng Idi va phUdng phap each mang. 0 d6 ndi bat len cac diem sau:

2.1, Trong nhieu loai each mang cua duong thai chi

CO Cdch mang theo chu nghia Lenin Id c6 the dUa lai

thdng lai hoan toan cho sU nghiep gidi phong ddn tpc

Cudi nhiing nam 10 va dau nhiing nam 20 ciia the ky

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XX, cue dien chinh tri d Viet Nam khdng cd gi dac biet, ngUdi

Phap yen tam cai tri, sU the nhu la dan toe ta da chap nhan

sU thd'ng tri cua Phap, nhu la da thila nhan sU thanh cdng

trong cdng cuoc goi la "khai hda" eua Phap. Nhung chang bao

lau lai don dap xay ra mot so' sU kien chinh tri - xa hoi lam

nao ddng tinh hinh Ddng Dudng. Het cae cuoc ehd'ng ddi d

Nam Ky lai den tieng bom Pham Hong Thai d Sa Dien,

Quang Chau, Trung Qud'c nham giet ten toan quyen Ddng

DUdng la Meclanh, roi bieu tinh ddi an xa cho Phan Bdi

Chau va de tang Phan Chau Trinh. Cac su kien a'y bao hieu

mot cao trao each mang mdi. Nguyen Ai Qud'c thay minh cd

trach nhiem day nhanh cao trao each mang nay.

La ngUdi da tham gia phong trao Cong san Qud'c te,

Nguyen Ai Qud'c thay trong phong trao nay ed quan di^m chii

trUdng phai dUa vao dau t ranh giai cap va lam each mang vd

san d cac nUdc thudc dia va phu thudc. Dieu nay khdng phii

hdp vdi thuc te. Nguyen Ai Qud'c thay phai lam rd thuc trang

xa hoi, cd ea'u giai cap va trinh do con ngUdi d Viet Nam de

xae dinh mot dUdng Id'i each mang diing dan. NgUdi neu len

rang, xa hoi, giai cap va eon ngudi phUdng Ddng khdng giong

phUdng Tay, eho nen noi dung va tinh chat each mang eiing

phai khac phUdng Tay. Dd la sU khac nhau dau tien eua

Nguyin Ai Qud'c so vdi cac nha each mang khac liie bay gid.

Trong liie cac nha each mang khac ehu trUdng dau t ranh

giai cap la dong luc cua each mang thi Nguyen Ai Qud'c neu

len rang, chii nghia dan tpc mdi la ddng luc cua each mang.

NgUdi ndi "Chu nghia dan tdc la ddng lUc Idn ciia da't nUde"',

1. Ho Chi Miiih: Toan tap, Nxb. Chinh trj Quoc gia. Ha Npi. 1995, t.l. tr. 466.

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can phai "Phat ddng chu nghia dan tdc ban x\l nhan danh Qude te Cdng san"'. Tieng ndi ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc liic ba'y gid bi mot so ngUdi cho la la lam, khdng phii hdp vdi ly luan each mang Mac - Lenin. NhUng thuc te dat nUdc khien NgUdi khdng the ndi khac.

De bao ve luan diem cua minh. Nguyen Ai Qude da dua ra

hang loat sU thue ve sU khac biet giiia phUdng Ddng va

phUdng Tay, giOa each mang Viet Nam va each mang cac

nude khac tren cac linh vuc: ca'u triie kinh te, ket cau giai

cap. dau tranh giai cap, giac ngd giai cap va quyen Idi cua

con ngUdi. NgUdi ndi: ehinh chu nghia dan tdc "da gay nen

cuoc ndi day ehd'ng thue nam 1908. nd day cho nhiing ngUdi

culi biet phan ddi. nd lam cho nhiing ngUdi "nha que" phan

ddi ngam trUde thue tap dich va thue mudi. Ciing chu nghia

dan tdc ludn ludn thiic day cae nha budn An Nam canh tranh

vdi ngUdi Phap va ngudi Trung Qudc, nd da thiic giuc thanh

nien bai khda, lam cho nhiing nha each mang trdn sang Nhat

Ban va lam vua Duy Tan mUu tinh khdi nghia nam 1917^.

NgUdi cdn ndi: "An Do hay Trung Qudc ve mat ca'u tnic kinh

te. khdng giong cac xa hdi phUdng Tay thdi Trung cd. citng

nhu thdi can dai. va dau tranh giai cap d dd khdng quyet li^t

nhu d day"^. Khdng nhiing the, Nguyen Ai Quoe cdn noi:

•'khdng the ca'm bo sung "ed sd lieh s\f eua chii nghia Mac

bang each dUa them vao dd nhiing tU lieu ma Mac d thdi

minh khdng the cd dUde"'. Dd la nhiing luan diem diing cam

1 Sdd. t . l . tr. 467.

2 Sdd, t . l . tr 466.

3. 4. Sdd, i . l . tr. 465.

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va sang tao lam cho mot so' ngUdi khdng bang Idng nhUng

ciing khd bat be.

Nhung chii nghia dan tdc ma NguyIn Ai Qud'c neu len

khdng ed gi giong vdi cac loai chii nghia dan toe eua mot sd'

ngUdi Viet Nam dUdng thdi, nhu chii nghia dan tdc qud'c gia,

chu nghia cai lUdng, chii nghia de hue. Su khac biet cd ban

cua ehu nghia dan toe do Nguyen Ai Qud'c de xUdng la chii

nghia dan tdc do giai cap vd san lanh dao, vdi cdng ndng la chii

each mang va di theo eon dudng xa hoi chii nghia chii khdng phai

con dudng tU ban chu nghia.

Trong cud'n "Dudng each menh", Nguyen Ai Qud'c neu len

cac loai each menh khac nhau, neu len nguyen nhan ciia each

menh, 1 do sinh ra giai cap each menh, ddng lUc each menh,

v.v... Muc dich la trang bi eho nhiing ngUdi yeu nudc nhiing

kien thiic ve each menh de tu giac lua ehpn mot loai each

menh phu hdp, tien bo.

Cud'n sach "Dudng each menh" ciing vdi mot so' tac pham

ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc trong thdi gian dd da phan tich mot

each khoa hoe tinh cha't ciia thdi dai, chieu hudng phat trien

ciia phong trao each mang vd san the gidi va phong trao giai

phdng dan toe tren the gidi, nen da di tdi nhiing nhan dinh

trd thanh kim ehi nam cho each mang Viet Nam d the ky XX.

Do la cac nhan dinh: "Cac dan toe d dd (d phUdng Ddng -

NgUdi viet) khdng bao gid cd the ngang dau len dUdc neu

khdng gan bd vdi giai ca'p vd san the gidi"', "Trong the gidi

bay gid chi ed each menh Nga la da thanh edng, va thanh

I. Sdd, t.l. tr. 483.

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edng den ndi"\ "Bay gid hoc thuyet nhieu, chii nghia nhieu,

nhung ehu nghia chan chinh nhat. chac chan nhat, each

mang nhat la chu nghia Lenin"^. Do la nhung diic ket khoa

hoc cd gia tri ly luan va thUc tien cao.

Su thanh cdng ciia Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 va sM

thang Idi ciia hai cuoc khang chien ehdng de quoc Phap \k

My. di den thd'ng nha't dat nudc da chiing minh cho sU diing

dan. tai tinh trong luan diem ve each mang giai phdng dan

toe cua Ho Chi Minh dUdc bat dau til eudn "Dudng each

menh".

2.2, Co con nguai cdch mang mai dam duang cong

viec thi cdch mang mai c6 the di den thanh cong

De each mang thanh edng, trong dieu kien liic bay gid,

Vi^t Nam khdng the khdng tranh thu sU iing ho cua quoc te.

Viec nay, cac nha yeu nUdc trUdc kia da tifng lam. Cd ngUdi

trdng cay vao Nhat, ed ngUdi trong cay vao My, vao Anh v.v...

Nhung ddi tUdng ma ho trdng cay dd deu la cac nUdc de quoc,

do tinh chat de qudc ma cae nude dd gan gui vdi de qudc Phap

hdn la gan giii vdi each mang. Ciing la tranh thu sU ting hp

qude te. song hudng tranh thu eiing nhu tinh chat tranh thu

ci Nguyen Ai Qudc da khac. Ddi tUdng dd la lue lUdng each

mang ciia thdi dai. tiic la giai cap vd san each mang the gidi

va ehinh quyen xdviet Nga.

Trong boat ddng ciia minh, Nguyen Ai Quoc da Idi dung mpi cd hdi de keu goi phong trao cdng san qudc te ung ho

l.Sdd, t . l . t r . 280.

2. Sdd. 1.2. tr. 268.

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each mang eiia cac dan tdc thudc dia va phu thuoe. Tieng ndi ciia NgUdi trong cac cuoc hdi nghi, tren cae bao ehi, trong cac cuoc gap gd trao doi da cd tieng vang, gay dxXOc sU dong tinh, ting ho. Nhung mot dieu khac d Nguyen Ai Quoe la Ngudi khdng bao gid ehi chii trong ung ho ciia ben ngoai ma khdng chu y thue lUc ben trong. Trai lai, NgUdi eho rang, each mang cua dan tdc phai do ngUdi dan tdc tu lam lay.

La ngUdi thUe te, Nguyen Ai Qude khdng ao tUdng vao lUc

lUdng san cd ciia dan tdc. Khdng nhiing the', NgUdi cdn tha'y

lUc lUdng ma minh trdng cay vao la cdng ndng va thanh nien

tri thiic yeu nude thi edn ra't nhieu han che, khdng the dam

dUdng dUdc each mang. NgUdi ndi: 6 cac dan toe thuoe dia

*Thie'u kha nang tu giai phdng d hau het nhiing ngUdi ban

xti"'. Tinh trang dd edn tram trong d thanh nien Viet Nam

dUdng thdi. NgUdi phai keu len: "NhUng ehiing ta thie'u to

chiic va thie'u ngUdi to chiie! Bdi the cdng nghiep va thudng

nghiep eiia ehiing ta la mot con so'khdng. The thi thanh nien

ciia ta dang lam gi? Ndi ra thi buon, buon lam: ho khdng lam

gi ca. Nhiing thanh nien khdng cd phUdng tien thi khdng

dam rdi que nha; nhiing ngUdi cd phUdng tien thi lai chim

ngap trong su bieng nhac; cdn nhiing ke da xua't dUdng thi

chi nghi den viec thoa man tinh td md ciia tuoi tre ma thdi"-.

Van de dat ra ddi vdi NgUdi. mud'n gay dUng d\i6c cd sd each

mang d trong nUdc thi phai tien hanh giao due nhiing ngUdi dd.

Cdng viec giao due cho thanh nien Viet Nam trd thanh

1- Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap. Nxb.Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 1995, t . l ,

tr. 444. .

2.Sdd,{ 2. tr. 132 - 133.

271

nhiem vu cap bach ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc. Trong thu til gia ban be trong to chiic "Hdi lien hiep thudc dia" va Toa so^n bao "NgUdi ciing khd^', NgUdi viet: "Ddi vdi tdi, cau tra Idi da rd rang: trd ve nUdc, di vao quan ehiing, thiic tinh ho. td chiic ho. doan ket ho, hua'n luyen ho. dua ho ra dau tranh gianh ti; do doe lap"'. Trong thU "Gui Chu tich doan Qudc te Cpng san". NgUdi dU tinh: "Rat cd the rdi se phai dem tat ca ho^c gan tat ca thi gid ciia tdi vao viec huan luyen ho."' NgUdi da quan triet nhiem vu nay.

Ndi dung quan trong hang dau ciia giao due ddi vdi Nguyen Ai Qude la giao due ly luan each mang tien tien Iiic bay gid. Ngudi trich cau ndi eiia Lenin trong cud'n "Lam gi" de ndi len tam quan trong ciia ly luan each mang: "Khdng c6 ly luan each menh, thi khdng cd each menh van ddng... Chi c6 theo ly luan each menh tien phong, dang each menh mdi lam ndi trach nhiem each menh tien phong"^. Ly luan d day \k

nhiing kien thiic ve tinh hinh the gidi, each mang the gidi, dieu kien khach quan va chu quan ciia each mang, v.v...

Ndi dung khdng kem phan quan trong la giao due dao dilc cho ngUdi each mang. Nguyen Ai Qudc xae dinh tU each eua ngUdi each mang. trong dd ed ddi vdi minh. vdi ngUdi va vdi viec:

"Tu minh phdi:

Cdn kiem.

Hod md khong ti/.

1. Ho Chi Mmh: T<^an tap. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi. 1995. 1.1.

tr . l92.

2. Sdd, t.2. tr. 9.

3. Sdd. t.2. tr. 259.

212

Cd quyet sUa loi minh.

Cdn than md khong nhut nhat.

Hay hoi.

Nhan nai (chiu kho).

Hay nghien ciJtu, xem xet.

Vi cong vong tit.

Khong hieu danh, khong kieu ngao,

Noi thi phdi Idm.

GiiJC chu nghia cho viJtng.

Hy sinh.

It long tham mud'n ve vat chat.

Bi mat.

Doi ngUdi phdi:

Vdi titng ngi/di thi khoan thi2.

Vdi doan the thi nghiem.

Cd long hdy ve cho ngitdi.

Trite md khong tao bao.

Hay xem xet ngitdi.

Lam viec phdi:

Xem xet hoan canh ky cdng.

Quyet doan.

Dung cam.

Phue tiing dodn the *'.

1 Ho Chi Minh; Toan tap. Nxb.Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi. 1995. t.2,

tr 260.

273

Nguyin Ai Qudc cho rang, cd dao diic each mang thi ngUdi each mang mdi het long vdi sU nghiep, mdi doan ket va dong vien dUdc cac ngUdi khac. Trong he thdng ly luan each mang cua minh, van de quan trong cua dao diic each mang giii mot vi tri Idn. Viec nay dUde khdi dau tir cud'n "Dudngcach menh".

Phan dac biet quan trong trong "Dudng each menh" \k

phUdng phap each menh. Bdi vi ed phUdng phap each mang

thieh hdp thi muc tieu each mang mdi cd the thUc hien duoc.

Chii y den phUdng phap thi eae nha yeu nudc tien bdi da lam.

song Nguyen Ai Quoc thay dd la nhiing phudng phap loi thdi.

lac hau, khdng dat dUde ket qua mong mudn. PhUdng phap

dao ehinh, bao loan lat do ma cac si phu yeu nudc chu

trUdng, neu xay ra ciing chi tac ddng den mot sd ke ben tren,

cdn ben dudi thi khdng he thay ddi. khdng phai la each mang

vdi y nghia la "pha cai cii ddi ra cai mdi. pha cai xau ddi ra

cai tot"' nhu NgUdi yeu cau. PhUdng phap dau doe, bat coc.

am sat ma Viet Nam Qudc dan dang hay dung, theo Nguyen

Ai Qudc chi lam eho Phap tang cudng dan ap, dan den do vd

cac td chiic each mang da dUdc gay dung. Theo NgUdi.

phUdng phap each mang tien bd liic ba'y gid phai la phUdng

phap mdi.

Nguyen Ai Qudc ndi rang, de thuc hien cdng tac each mang thi "Dao tao khdng chi nhung nha tuyen truyen m^ ca nhiing nha each mang theo kieu chau Au"^. Va phudng phap mdi d day la tuyen truyen, van ddng, thuyet phue, xay dUng

1. Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia. Hi Npi, 1995. t-2. tr. 263.

2. Sdd. I 1. tr. 468.

274

to chiic, v.v... Nghia la hoat ddng theo phUdng phap eiia cac phong trao each mang eiia chau Au liic ba'y gid. "Dudng each menh" da truyen ba phUdng phap each mang tren.

Tren day la nhiing dieu kien can thiet de ngUdi each mang

hoan thanh dUde sii menh giai phdng dan toe va giai phdng

xa hdi.

Ra ddi nam 1927, eudn "DUdng each menh" da tao eho

thanh nien yeu nUdc Viet Nam dUdng thdi nhiing kien thiic

ve each mang giai phdng dan toe va giai phdng xa hoi. Nhiing

kien thiic dd, tit ban than dd mang nhiing gia tri ly luan to

16n khdng nhiing cd tac dung ddi vdi each mang dUdng thdi,

ma cdn anh hUcing sau sac tdi cac budc dUdng each mang cua

Viet Nam ve sau.

275