NHBC Foundation - Zero Carbon Compendium Report - 2009

8/14/2019 NHBC Foundation - Zero Carbon Compendium Report - 2009

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Zero Carbon CompendiumWho's doing what in housing worldwide

NHBC Foundation

Buildmark House

Chiltern AvenueAmersham

Bucks HP6 5AP

Tel: 01494 735394

Fax: 01494 735365

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.nhbcoundation.org

Copyright NHBC Foundation 2009

All rights reserved. No part o this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted

in any orm or by any means electronic, mechanical,

photocopying recording or otherwise without prior

consent o the publishers.

Researched and published by PRP Architects

on behal o the NHBC Foundation

June 2009


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ZERCARBNCMPENDIUMwho's doing what in housing worldwide 1

FOREWORD

Climate change is the biggest threat weace globally, but all too oten it appears

abstract and disconnected rom our dailylives. And yet, across the globe, as in the UK,our own homes account or between 20%and 25% o all man-made CO

2emissions.

For many governments, cutting emissionsrom housing is now seen as central to theirability to meet national and internationalemissions reduction targets. A wide rangeo approaches and policies directed athousing, both existing and new, are beingdeveloped with the aim o enabling low-carbon living. Some o these are well

developed and already provide powerulexamples which are inorming internationalthinking.

This Compendium is the rst synthesis ointernational activity in this eld, providinga unique snapshot o how 15 dierentcountries are demonstrating leadershipin low carbon technology, culturechange, policy development and changemanagement. For each country, headlineenergy consumption and climatic datahas been assembled to provide context.This is accompanied by an analysis oprogress against national aspirations andpolicy targets or emissions reductions. Theinormation has been organised to acilitateeasy comparisons between countries,providing clarity or those wishing to learnrom international experience and thoseseeking to build international links andcollaboration.

For the UK, where rapid and challengingperormance improvements or new homes

are expected with the target o deliveringzero carbon rom 2016, there is an obviousneed to learn key lessons rom overseas.While every country has unique domesticcircumstances, this Compendium urges usnot to reinvent the wheel or ignore criticalinsights which have been gained over time now considered to be our most depletedresource in the ght against global warming.

While the global market can bring powerulinternational perspectives to our decision

making, we rarely have the time to stepback and gain an appreciation o thebroad progress that is being made acrossthe world. This Compendium both helpsprovide that perspective and enables us toappreciate the signicant contribution beingmade by our own housing sector and policymakers to international progress on lowcarbon housing.

We must build a wider appreciation o theglobal importance o low and zero carbonhousing in tackling climate change. ThisCompendium makes a valuable contributionto that important objective.

Nick Raynsord Paul King

Nick Raynsford

Chair, NHBC Foundation

Paul King

Chair, Zero Carbon Hub


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ABOUT THE NHBC FOUNDATION

The NHBC Foundation was established in2006 by the NHBC in partnership with theBRE Trust. Its purpose is to deliver high-quality research and practical guidanceto help the industry meet its considerablechallenges.

Since its inception, the NHBC Foundation'swork has ocused primarily on thesustainability agenda and the challengeso the government's 2016 zero carbonhomes target. Research has included a

review o microgeneration and renewableenergy techniques and the groundbreakingresearch on zero carbon and what it meansto homeowners and housebuilders.

The NHBC Foundation is also involved ina programme o positive engagementwith government, development agencies,academics and other key stakeholders,ocusing on current and pressing issuesrelevant to the industry.

Further details on the latest output rom theNHBC Foundation can be ound atwww.nhbcoundation.org

NHBC Foundation Advisory Board

The work o the NHBC Foundation is guidedby the NHBC Foundation Advisory Board,which comprises:

Rt. Hon. Nick Raynsord MP,Chairman

Trevor Beattie, Corporate Director orStrategy, Policy, Perormance and Researchat the Homes and Communities Agency

Dr. Peter Bonfeld, Chie Executive o BRE

Proessor John Burland CBE, BRE Trust

Imtiaz Farookhi, Chie Executive o NHBC

Neil Jeerson, Chie Executive o the ZeroCarbon Hub

Rod McEachrane, NHBC Director (retired)

Geo Pearce, Group Director oDevelopment and Asset Management atEast Thames Group

David Pretty CBE, Chairman o the NewHomes Marketing Board

Richard Simmons, Chie Executive o CABE

Proessor Steve Wilcox, Centre or HousingPolicy, University o York


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ABOUT THE ZERO CARBON HUB

Established in 2008, the Zero Carbon Hubsupports and reports to the 2016 Taskorce

which is chaired by the Housing Ministerand the Executive Chairman o the HomeBuilders Federation.

It is a public/private partnership establishedto take day-to-day operational responsibilityor co-ordinating delivery o low and zerocarbon homes. This purpose will be ullledby monitoring, co-ordinating and guidingthe zero carbon programme and engagingorganisations active in low and zero carbonhomes.

To do this the Zero Carbon Hub isdeveloping ve integrated workstreams:energy eciency, energy supply, examplesand scale up, skills and training andconsumer engagement.

Creating condence during change

Reducing risk and clearing obstacles

Developing practical guidance

For more inormation visitwww.zerocarbonhub.org

The work o the Zero Carbon Hub is directedby its Management Board which comprises:

Paul King, Chairman

Neil Jeerson, Chie Executive o theZero Carbon Hub

David Adams, Director, Zero Carbon Hub

Trevor Beattie, Homes and CommunitiesAgency

Imtiaz Farookhi, NHBC

Mike Freshney, HBF/Robust Details Ltd

Bob Ledsome, Communities and LocalGovernment

Ray Morgan, Local Government Association

John Tebbit, Construction ProductsAssociation


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ABOUT PRP

PRP is a progressive multi-disciplinaryarchitectural practice with 45 years'

experience in the built environment acrossthe UK, Eastern Europe, Middle East andAsia. PRP's services include architecture,urban design, landscape design, planning,interior design, environmental and projectmanagement.

PRP is an industry leader in the design anddelivery o sustainable places and buildingswhere people love to live, work and play.Passionate about place making, PRP'sportolio spans the residential, specialist

housing, mixed use, commercial, retail,health, education and leisure sectors.

Employing over 270 sta in seven ocesacross the world. PRP's oces are located inLondon, Manchester, Milton Keynes, Surrey,Edinburgh, Moscow and Abu Dhabi.

PRP is committed to R&D, continually seekingnew issues to investigate and projects tostudy, keeping abreast o European andworld wide housing approaches to helpinorm UK best practice.

PRP's multi-disciplinary sustainability teamincludes architects, environmental engineers

and assessors, energy engineers, projectmanagers and cost and sustainabilityconsultants.

For more inormation, visitwww.prparchitects.co.uk.


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CONTENTS

Country Case Studies

Guide to the Case Studies .....................................................................12

Australia .........................................................................................14

Austria.............................................................................................16

Canada...........................................................................................18

China..............................................................................................20

Denmark........................................................................................22

France............................................................................................24

Germany .......................................................................................26

Ireland............................................................................................28

Japan.............................................................................................30

Netherlands ..................................................................................32

New Zealand ................................................................................34

Sweden..........................................................................................36

Switzerland....................................................................................38

UK...................................................................................................40

USA ................................................................................................42

15 Countries, 7 Themes: Lessons Learned.......................................44

Case Study Summary..........................................................................46

Zero Carbon Timelines........................................................................48

Sources o Inormation........................................................................50

ForewordAbout the NHBC Foundation

About the Zero Carbon HubAbout PRP

Introduction......................................................................................7

Zero Carbon Housing Worldwide ................................................8


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INTRODUCTION

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol (born out o theWorld Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992) was

the world's rst collaborative initiative to tryand reduce carbon emissions on a globalscale. Buildings, housing in particular, playa major part in the emissions o the world'sdeveloping and rapidly-developing nationsand as such have been the subject oincreased regulation since the early 90's.

The UK's 2016 building regulations agendaor England, with its 'roadmap' to a 'zerocarbon standard', is one o the world'smost ambitious programmes in terms o

renewable energy and carbon reduction.

PRP were asked to provide a snapshotview o the position other countries aroundthe world have taken in addressing thecarbon emissions in their respectiveresidential sectors. The main purposeo this Compendium is to help providean international context to housingdevelopments in the UK, particularly withregards to the progression o the zerocarbon denition, ollowing the recentCommunities and Local GovernmentConsultation on Zero Carbon Homesand Non-domestic Buildings, released inDecember 2008.

We selected teen country case studiesor this research. Each country has been

assessed against a ramework o questionsand presented in a standard ormat or easycomparison. These case studies provideinormation on the geographic, climatic,and statistical indicators or each countryas well as a brie review o each country'sapproach to low- and zero-energy housing.Each includes an overview o policy andincentives to achieve environmental targets,mandatory requirements in terms o buildingenergy and design, and an exemplar projectthat eatures good practice, innovation and

the potential or deployment on a mediumto large scale.

We knew a comparative study wouldprove to be dicult as actors o liestyle,climate and carbon intensity o nationalgrids have a signicant impact on carbonemissions. For example, a country otenexperiencing -10 degrees C in winter,such as Austria or Canada, requires moreheating energy overall compared to thoseo temperate countries like France or theUK. A country running mainly on nuclearpower would have lower carbon emissionsoverall compared to a country runningmainly on coal. This would infuence thecarbon emissions o that country whilstnot necessarily refecting improvements inbuilding energy eciency. Any statisticaldata must always be analysed with the localsocio-political context in mind.

The UK's 2016 buildingregulations agenda for England,with its 'roadmap' to a 'zerocarbon standard', is one ofthe world's most ambitiousprogrammes in terms ofrenewable energy and carbonreduction.

This Compendium aims to create a betterunderstanding o the issues surrounding the

achievement and delivery o zero carbonhousing, improve the quality o the debate,and set out a basis or better internationalcomparisons and collaboration. Thisdocument clearly sets out comparable dataacross an interesting set o case studies,perhaps highlighting the need or a harmonyo approach with regards to assessingbuilding perormance, and providingthe start or a more detailed evaluationo specic criteria related to energy andemissions on an international level.

The comparison o measures and policiesacross the countries also assists in puttingUK policy in an international context andserves as a useul tool in the coming years,as we move towards achieving our carbonreduction goals.



Energy Efciency Standards

Most o the countries in our study have well-established energy eciency standards builtinto their building regulations and buildingcodes, some dating back to the 1970's,which were developed as a response tothe 1973 oil crisis. Over the years theseminimum standards have progressivelyimproved and developed, along with a seto aspirational standards that set the sceneor innovative solutions to low-energy homesand consequently inorm the evolution oregulatory standards.

CO2

or kWh?

The countries in this Compendium all havea carbon reduction programme based onestablished Kyoto targets. Among our seto case studies, the UK's dominant use oCO

2instead o kilowatt-hours as a metric or

measuring energy perormance o buildingsin its building regulations sets it apart romthe rest. The use o CO

2in the UK means

that our metrics refect the carbon intensity oour national grid, where electrical energy istwice as carbon intensive as heating energy,as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2 shows a comparison o CO2emissions per unit o energy between thecountries discussed in this Compendium,and it is clear that each country's carbonintensity is dierent. This means thatstatistical gures or CO

2per household

do not necessarily refect energy eciencyand liestyle, but are rather the result o thecomposition o that country's national grid.

ZERO CARBON HOUSING WORLDWIDE

Figure 1b

Electricity Production by Source, UK

Data source: UK BERR

Wind

Solar PV

Hydro

Nuclear

Waste

Biomass

Gas

Oil

Coal

Liquid Fuelsfor Heating

Solid Fuelsfor Heating

Transport Fuels

Figure 1a

Carbon Emissions per unit of Energy (UK), different fuels (kgCO2/kWh)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Aviation Fuel

Petrol

Diesel

Wood Pellets

Domestic Coal

Kerosene/Paraffin

Fuel oil

Gas oil

LPG

Natural Gas

ElectricityMains Electricity

Data sources: UK BERR, Carbon Trust, IEA

kgCO2/kWh



In the case o the UK, our use o CO2

as a metric means, or example, that acomparison o the eectiveness o energyeciency improvements in the UK with itspredominantly gas- and coal-poweredgrid and France, with its nuclear power-dominated grid, is not as straightorward asone would think.

Defning Net Zero

When the other countries talk o netzero over a year or over the building'slietime, they reer to regulated energy andsometimes also the embodied energy.Achieving overall lower emissions throughbehavioural change and domestic appliance

use is recognised as important, but it is letto other sectors and to the decarbonising othe energy grid itsel.

Here in the UK the proposed denition orZero Carbon Homes could potentially retainthe meaning that 'Net Zero' will include notonly regulated energy but also unregulatedenergy - energy consumption arising romappliances, as the current denition alreadystipulates. This inclusion o unregulatedenergy means that the role o behaviouralchange and consumer awareness willbecome more signicant in the years tocome.

Standards or Low-to-Zero Carbon

Save or the UK's Code or SustainableHomes Levels 5 and 6, the German'Passivhaus' standard is probably the moststringent currently-established buildingstandard that exists. Sweden has made thisstandard mandatory or all buildings - inGermany there are over 2,000 Passivhausbuildings and a number o German citieshave now adopted it as a mandatorystandard or building on publicly-ownedland. The number o completions oPassivhaus dwellings in Austria and

Switzerland also number in the thousands.

The UK has only a handul o completedCode Level 4, 5 and 6 homes. ThisCompendium shows how prototypeshave been encouraged through researchprogrammes and special developmentprojects on a larger scale over many years inthe period leading up to market acceptance.The UK still lags behind in its support orexemplar development on a large scale.

Many o the Passivhauses and low energyschemes have been monitored, so there isthereore a substantial body o monitoreddata on mainland Europe made available,originally through the CEPHEUS Project andmore recently, rom many o the certiyingagencies such as Minergie and Passivhaus.No such available data bank exists inthe UK and not knowing how we areperorming is a barrier to awareness and

improvement. Some standards incorporatepost-occupancy evaluation or up to 3 years

as part o the certication.

With respect to costs, some nationalstandards, such as Minergie in Switzerland,have a requirement to show costeectiveness. Buildings must lie within 10%o base costs to qualiy or the Minergiecertication. This has helped dispel themisconception that delivering enhancedstandards is not economically easible.

UKLeadership

Through BREEAM, which has been theinspiration i not the basis or a number ointernational 'green' building standards,the UK has been a leader in the eld odeveloping aspirational codes which havehelped the building industry worldwidemove orward beyond minimum targets setby building regulations.

The UK undoubtedly leads in terms o vision,with over 25 major policies and measuresor energy eciency in buildings andrenewable energy technology establishedwithin the last ve years.

In terms o the drive towards a zero-carbonuture in housing, the UK is not alone in itsaims or a net 'zero energy' house. Franceis actually aiming or a 'plus energy' houseby 2020, and currently a lot o countrieshave established programmes that push

Figure 2

Carbon Emissions per unit of Energy, different countries (kgCO2/kWh)

Data sources: CarboNZero, Japan Times, earthfuture.com, UK BERR, US EIA, Tsinghua University, AGO and GHGprotocol.org

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

AustraliaChinaUSAIrelandUKGermanyNetherlandsCanada

JapanDenmarkAustriaNew ZealandFranceSweden

Switzerland

kgCO2/kWh



the agenda or the research and delivery ozero-energy housing, including the UnitedStates ('ZEB'), Australia (NATHERS 10-star),Canada (NZE Housing), Japan (Zero UtilityCost Houses), and the German speakingcountries ('nullenergiehaus'). The denitionsvary, however, and none except the UK

currently attempt to account or bothregulated and unregulated energy.

Energy Supply

Understanding that reducing distributionlosses is a signicant route to loweringoverall carbon emissions (generallyaccepted that up to 20-25% savings in CO

2),

a number o countries (Denmark, Sweden)have made it mandatory where possible

to connect to district systems. Others, suchas Switzerland, have nancial incentivesor energy producers to encouragedecentralised energy production.

From the study it is clear that in countrieswhere signicant improvements in energyperormance have been achieved,inormation, national inrastructure andnancial incentives have gone hand inhand with new policy, paving the way orpolicy success and widespread marketacceptance. Successul partnershipsbetween policy makers and industry, andmore importantly, with the public, areessential to the advancement o nationalprogrammes or housing energy eciency.

Some countries, such as Denmark, Austriaand Switzerland have committed to alow-carbon uture without nuclear energy.Sweden in particular, in response to theChernobyl disaster, has since reversed what

was originally a strong drive or nuclearexpansion and has since established aimstowards a nuclear-ree grid.

From the study it is clear thatin countries where signicantimprovements in energyperformance have beenachieved, information, nationalinfrastructure and nancialincentives have gone hand inhand with new policy, pavingthe way for policy success andwidespread market acceptance.

Building Regulations and the Code orSustainable Homes

In the UK, the primary energy consumptiono a house built to Part L 2006 standardswould be around 200 kWh/m2.a, equatingto roughly 38 kgCO

2/m2.a. To put this

into perspective, the primary energyconsumption o a Passivhaus would be78 kWh/m2.a, or 15 kgCO

2/m2.a, close to hal

that o a UK home built to current standards.

The Code or Sustainable Homes is amandatory rating system or new homesthat sets minimum standards or energyand water use, and uses a 1 to 6 star ratingsystem to indicate the overall sustainabilityperormance o a new home.

Code Level 3 is comparable to the currentrequirement or compliance with Germanbuilding regulations, which speciy aprimary energy load o 130 kWh/m2.ao regulated energy, with an annualheating demand o 60 kWh/m2.a.

In terms o airtightness, the current Part Lregulations require 10 m3/m2/hr at 50Pa,while in Germany the requirement is or3 m3/m2/hr at 50Pa. Germany's planned2010 revision estimates a 30% improvementon current standards, while the 2009revision is set to include a commitment tomeet 15% o heating, hot water or coolingenergy demand rom renewables. Thisobligation can be waived i the building isable to achieve an equivalent reduction inenergy consumption using building abric

improvements. In the UK, the 2010 revisionor Part L is targeting a 25% improvementon current standards, equivalent to currentCode Level 3 standards.

This equivalent reduction policy is now beingadopted in some UK local authorities as areplacement to the 'Merton Rule' which letno choice or housebuilders and oten didnot result in optimal solutions.

In Austria, all government-undedhousing, including social housing as wellas owner-occupiers with grant unding,will have to meet an ambitious heatingstandard o 36 kWh/m2.a or single-amilyhomes, and 20 kWh/m2.a or multi-storeyresidential dwellings by 2012, a range whichlies somewhere in between Code Levels4 and 5.



These aspirational standards or Austria arecomparable to the current building standardin Switzerland, where the heating load is38 kWh/m2.a and the total primary energyconsumption is around 125 kWh/m2.a.The Minergie standard, which is set at a60% improvement on building regulations,

would thereore be 22.7 kWh/m2.a, and isa mandatory requirement in a number oSwiss cities at present.

Sweden's building regulations are probablythe highest standard that exists at themoment or building abric and energyperormance, with U-values in the rangeo 0.12-0.14 W/m2K depending on location,and a heating load equivalent to Passivhausstandards at 15 kWh/m2a. Their windowU-value requirement at 0.7 W/m2K is also

one o the most stringent, and is lowerthan the requirement or wall insulation inconcrete construction in Japan. The energyperormance o a house built to Swedishbuilding regulations standard is in the regiono 110-130 kWh/m2.a.

Figure 3 shows the relative abricrequirements or UK homes throughout itsdierent revisions - the insulation backstopsor the 1995 revision lie in between USA'sIECC or Zone 1 and Austria's current buildingregulations, while the 2002 revision is

comparable to current French buildingregulations and USA's aspirational BuildingAmerica standards or Caliornia.The backstops or the current 2006 revisionare not signicantly dierent rom the 2002revision, and are comparable to USA'saspirational Building America standardsor New York, and Ireland's current buildingregulations.

The planned 2013 revision brings thestandard up to current Swiss and Danishbuilding regulation standards, while the2016 revision brings UK abric perormancewithin the range o current Swedish buildingregulations.

The UK's current Part L (2006) requirementsor thermal perormance and energyeciency all behind those or Germany,Austria, Switzerland and Sweden at present,but it is also worth bearing in mind thatthese countries with stricter standards alsoexperience colder winters which justiesthese stricter standards. That being said, ourmilder climate should mean that we requireless energy to heat our homes here in theUK, and yet we struggle to bring our heatingenergy consumption down to levels normally

achieved in colder climates.

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.00.8 0.9 1.5

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.00.8 0.9 1.5

Averaged U-values for floors, roofs and walls (W/m2K)Figure 3

Averaged U-values for floors, roofs and walls (W/m2K)

0.10Passivhaus

0.10MINERGIE-P

0.11

0.12

0.14Part L 2016

0.15Bldg Regs 2007

0.16Bldg Regs 2007

0.18Part L 2013

0.20Energy Star (Zone 2)

0.20Bldg Regs 2007

0.20MINERGIE

0.22IECC 2006 (Zone 8)

0.23Bldg Regs (current)

0.23Bldg Regs 2007

0.24Part L 2006

0.24Building America (NY)

0.24IECC 2006 (Zone 5)

0.25Building America (CA)

0.25Part L 2002

0.28Bldg Regs 2007

0.28Energy Star (Zone 1)

0.30Bldg Regs 2007

0.30Bldg Regs 2007

0.33Part L 1995

0.34IECC 2006 (Zone 1)

0.35Energy Use in Houses Guidelines (Region 1)

Energy Use in Houses Guidelines (Region 2)


0.37Bldg Regs 2007

0.39

0.41Energy Star (Zones 5-8)

0.42

0.49Energy Star (Zones 3-4)

0.51

0.71JGJ 26-95

1.10JGJ 26-86

1.48Energy Conservation Design Standard

Bldg Regs(North, current)

Bldg Regs(South, current)




The ollowing case studies illustrate recent

developments in zero carbon housingworldwide. The aim was to give a taste ohow the issues are being tackled in thesedierent countries, to highlight dierences inapproach as well as similarities to our ownlocal context.

The research ocused on the ollowingaspects o zero carbon housing design anddelivery. These concepts appear as icons oneach case study page, to indicate whetherthat particular country has established

measures or mandatory standards,or shown innovation or exemplaryperormance in that particular area.

GUIDE TO THE CASE STUDIES

Government Policies & MeasuresThis icon indicates that national-levelgovernment policies and legislativemeasures are in place that support andpromote low- and zero-carbon housing.This would include laws, nationalprogrammes and internationalcommittments.

Building RegulationsThis icon indicates that the country has a set

o mandatory building codes in place thatset standards or building energy eciencyand, in some cases, carbon perormance.This is oten accompanied by a calculationmethodology to demonstrate compliance.

Energy CertifcatesThis icon indicates that a system or buildinglabelling and energy certication has beenestablished in that country, as an eort tomake energy perormance data transparentand accessible to the public.

Aspirational StandardsThis icon indicates that a well-establishedaspirational environmental standard, onethat sets perormance criteria beyond theminimum requirements set by buildingregulations.

Financial Instruments & Trade-osThis icon indicates the use o nancialmeasures to oer incentives or support orlow- and zero-carbon housing. This mayalso include nancial osets to assist in theulllment o carbon reduction requirements.

Passive DesignThis icon indicates that passive designeatures - or example, daylighting andnatural ventilation - are a eature or

mandatory requirement in the country'sbuilding codes, or are a signicantcomponent o compliance with theaspirational standard.

Building EnvelopeThis icon indicates that specic requirementsor abric perormance - or example,U-values and airtightness - are a eatureor mandatory requirement in the country'sbuilding codes.

Energy Efcient EquipmentThis icon indicates that the country'sbuilding codes include requirements orenergy ecient equipment, whether it beor lighting, appliances or mechanicalequipment.

LZC TechnologyThis icon indicates that a low- or zero-carbon technology is a requirement orcompliance option in the country's buildingcodes, or that these technologies eatureprominently in the country's strategy orachieving carbon reduction commitments.

Innovative SystemsThis icon indicates that innovative systems,such as building management systems

or smart meters, are a requirement orcompliance option in the country's buildingcodes, or that these systems eatureprominently in the country's strategy orachieving carbon reduction commitments.



Support,Incentives and GrantsGovernmentPolicy, Targetsand GlobalCommitmentsExisting Frameworks

ExemplarProject

ZERCARBNCMPENDIUM arecordof whosdoingwhatworldwide 31

Vauban5

Freiburg

Vaubanis a neighbourhood o5,000 inhabitants,located4kmsouthoFreiburg towncentre.Itwasbuiltas asustainable modeldistrict onthe site oa ormerFrenchmilitary base.Constructionstarted inthe mid-1990s,and by 2001,2,000 people had moved in.Allhouses inVaubanare builtto a low-energy consumptionstandard maximum65kWh/m2a (the average energy standardornew-build Germanhousesisabout100kWh/m2a,200kWh/m 2a orolderhouses)with42unitsdesignedtoPassivhaus standard and 10units designed toplusenergyhouse standard.Low-carbon technologiesincludeheating roma combined heatand power station,solarcollectors,and photovoltaics.Vauban isestimated tobeone othe largestsolardistrictsinEurope.

Germany'sKyotocommitmentistoreduce CO2

emissionsby 20%by 2012based on1990levels,a goalwhichwasachieved in2007. Currently the goalis or40% reductionby 2020.InSeptember2007,the frstNationalEnergyEfciency ActionPlan (NEEAP)was submitted by theFederalMinistry o Economicsand Technology (BMWi).Itwascomposed o a seto on-going and planned energyefciency programmesand measuresin orderto achieveanenergy saving targeto 9%rom 2008-2016.

DasIntegrierte Energie- und Klimaprogramm(IEKP)2007isanintegrated actionplanocused on3key elements:inormationthrough a centralagency (DENA);fnancialincentivesand supportthrough the nationallending bankKW,and increased standardsin the building regulations,including over30 measureswhich coverthe broaderuseorenewables energy generation,extending decentralisedgenerationand increasing energy efciency inbuildingsand technology.2

The 2009revisionto the EnEV (Energy Saving Regulations)1will include a commitmenttomeet15%heating,hotwateror cooling energy demand romrenewables. Ithebuilding isable tosave the equivalentthroughoverallreductionsin regulated energy emissionsrom abricimprovement,the renewable obligationcanbe waived.From2009, the governmenthas allocated 500millionEurosor incentivesto promote the newEnEV regulations.

Mandatory standardsinclude the EnEV

Energieeinsparverordnung 2007,andWaermeschutzverordnung,which limitsannual heatingdemand and setsboiler efciencies.The 2009revisionothe EnEv combined Energieeinsparverordnung,Waermeschutzverordnung,and anadditional renewablesobligation.

Anumberoaspirationalstandardsalsoexist,including:

DGNB(DeutschesGtesiegelNachhaltigesBauen)- Avoluntary code orgreenbuilding, oering a gold,silveror bronze certifcate orsustainable building.Theversionordwellingsistobe issued inlate 2009.

Passivhausultra-lowenergy building standard,rom1990.Nowover15,000buildingsbuilt,mostly inGermany,Austria and Scandinavia.

Niedrigenergiehaus(low-energy house) Energiestandard KfW40and KfW60 limitsonheating

and hotwater consumption 3-litre house (renovations),7-litre house (comparable to

Germanbuilding regulations) Nullenergiehaus- in termsofregulated energy Plusenergiehaus- in termsofregulated and embodied

energy

Onbehalothe GermanGovernment,KWbanklaunchedthe Housing,Environment, Growthinitiative, whichprimarily undsbuilding rehabilitationmeasuresthat leadtoenergy savingsand the constructiono new,low-energyhomes.The initiative washighly popularromt he start.Inthe years2006and 2007promotional loanstotallingEUR 32.9billionwere granted orsuch modernisationmeasures.CO

2emissionswere reduced permanently by

1.6million tonnesannually solely throughthe investmentssparked underthis initiative.3

Underthe Renewable Energy Law,ErneuerbareEnergienGesetzes(EEG)whichwasintroduced in1999,Germany nowpaysca.40cents/kWh,or2.5 4 timesacustomersbase tariornon-renewables(peakornight,respectively).4

GERM

ANY

Reerences1 http://www.enev-online.de2 Presentationby ChieExecutive KWbank:Markus Schonborn,London Schoolo Economics,20 083 www.kw.de4 www.solaroerderung.de5 PRP,URBED and Designor Homes.Beyond Eco-towns:Applying the Lessonsrom Europe:Report

and Conclusions,PR P ArchitectsLtd, London,2008.6 www.vauban.de

Othermeasures include strategies orcar-ree living andpublictransport, jointbuilding processes,inormationdissemination,progressive ecologicalbuilding standards,rainwaterinfltration, ecologicalsewage systems,socialparticipation and cooperative planning orthedevelopmentand itspublic spaces.

Vauban|Frieburgwww.xxxx

E ne rg y c on su mp ti on b y s ec to r E ne rg y s ou rc es i n th e re si de nt ia l se ct or

National Carbon Overview

Degree Hours

SolarRadiation

Humidity& Rainfall

AirTemperature

Energy & Environment Housing

Climate

ZERCARBNCMPENDIUM arecordof whosdoingwhatworldwide30

Climate data orBerlin

Climate type ....................................................Temperate

Average temperature .............................................9.3C

Average relative humidity .........................................73%

Annualsunlighthours...................................1,632hours

Annualrainall.....................................................584mm

Housing stock(thousands)..................................38,924

Average no.o personsperhousehold ..................2.90

CO2 emissionsperhousehold ..................2.95tCO2/hh

Electricity consumptionperhousehold .................................................3,423kWh/hh

Electricity consumptionperhouseholdorlighting and appliances ....................2,080kWh/hh

Ecologicalootprintpercapita ....................4.2hectares

Totalenergy consumption..........................253,56ktoe

CO2 emissionspercapita ........................9.49tCO2/cap

Coaland Peat

Crude Oil

Petroleum Products

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Geothermaland Solar

Combustible Renewables

Residential

Transport

Industry

Commercial

Agricultural

Other

Key Facts

Country Population..............82.4millionCapital............................................BerlinCapitalPopulation .................3.4millionArea ......................................349223km2

Density ..........................236p eople/km2

Urbanisation....................................88%

Das Integrierte Energie undKlimaprogramm focuses on3 key elements: information,fnancial incentives and

increased standards

Germany hasbeen implementingenergy saving policiessince the1970s,inresponse to the oilcrisis.Theestablishmento these policieswasmade easierby the existence othe KWbank,a state-unded vehicle orsecuringlow-costloans tothe private sector.Agrowing environmentalawareness,ocused by the GreenParty movement,wasestablished in1998with a coalition

Government.The successo thesepoliciessuered somewhatby thedilutiono WestGermanys housing stockby ineriorstock romEast Germany aterthe re-unifcationin 1989.

Germany hasabout 39million dwellings,29million owhich are pre-1979.Througha 1970snational incentive program,19millionhouseholdshave beenupgradedwithenergy efciency measures. TheEnergy Saving Act,whichoriginally cameintoorce in1976and hassince then

beenused toset up the requirementsorthe thermalinsulation obuildings, theenergy perormance and maintenanceoheating appliances and the billingoheating costaccording toindividual

consumption.

12%oGermanysenergy isromrenewables,and the governmentplanstoincrease thisto 30%by 2030and tobroadenthe use ocombined heatandpowerby achieving 25%decentralisedgenerationby 2020.An upcomingamendmento the Energy SavingOrdinance (EnEv)aims toimprove theenergy standardsor newbuildings by30%rom 2009.

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Flag and Name o Country

Icons indicating established measures,innovation or exemplary perormance oreach issue.

Key Facts including demographic dataon population, area, density and level ourbanisation.

Energy and Environmentstatistics,including sectoral energy consumption,mix o energy sources, carbon emissionsand ecological ootprints per capita.

ktoe - kilo tonnes o oil equivalenttCO

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2per capita

Housingstatistics, including housingstock gures, persons per household anddata pertaining to carbon emissions and

energy consumption per household.

tCO2/hh - tonnes o CO

2per household

kWh/hh - kilowatt-hours per household

Climatesummary gures or averageannual temperature, humidity, sunlighthours and rainall.

Climate Graphsor the most populatedcity, illustrating the annual variations intemperature, humidity, rainall, daylighthours, solar radiation, and solar, heatingand cooling degree-days - indicatingdierent heating and cooling energyrequirements.

The National Carbon Overviewsetsthe scene or the case study, providing abackground or the country's domesticenergy and housing situation, andinormation about its recent history thatmay have shaped government policy andstrategy today.

Existing Frameworksdescribesestablished mandatory and aspirationalbuilding standards that may be appliedto domestic buildings.

Government Policy, Targets and GlobalCommitmentsdescribes the country'sglobal carbon reduction commitments,and gives an overview o currentstrategies and government programmes

that drive and inorm the promotion olow- and zero-carbon housing.

Support, Incentives and Grantscontains inormation about nancialincentives, grants and unding towardsenergy eciency and carbon emissionsreduction in the domestic sector.

Exemplar Projectcontains a descriptionand image o a low- or zero-carbonhouse or housing development builtor developed in that country, chosen

primarily or its low-carbon perormance,but also or its overall combination osustainability measures and its potentialapplicability to larger-scale urbansettings.

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Climate data or Sydney

ZEROCARBONCOMPENDIUMa record of who's doing what worldwide

Climate type .............Equatorial, Arid, Warm Temperate

Average temperature ............................................17.9C

Average relative humidity .................... ..................... 67%

Annual sunlight hours ..................................2,038 hours

Annual rainall .................... ..................... ......... 1,044mm

Housing stock (thousands) .....................................7,596

Average no. o persons per household ..................2.50

CO2

emissions per household ..................5.44 tCO2/hh

Electricity consumption perhousehold ..................................................7,419 kWh/hh

Electricity consumption per householdor lighting and appliances ............ .........4,401 kWh/hh

Ecological ootprint per capita .................. 7.80 hectares

Total energy consumption ...........................77,726 ktoe

CO2

emissions per capita ................... ... 18.65 tCO2/cap




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Australia is the world's sixth-largestcountry, roughly 80% larger than allthe EU-25 countries put together. Thecountry is rich in mineral resources,including coal, oil and natural gas.1 Interms o climate change, Australia'semission intensity is very high due to

the widespread use o coal and thepresence o numerous energy-intensiveindustries.

Australia's approach to addressingclimate change is technological, and itis seeking to develop new technologiesthat will provide economic progresswith reduced emissions. In terms orenewables, Australia has a successulrenewable support scheme and someo the lowest prices or renewables

internationally.

House energy rating through theNationwide House Energy Rating Scheme

(NatHERS) uses computer simulations toassess the potential thermal comort oAustralian homes on a scale o zero toten stars. Houses built in 1990 averageabout 1 star on the NatHERS scale. Beorethe introduction o national energyeciency regulations or houses in 2003,less than one percent o Australianhouses achieved NatHERS 5 stars. Manywell designed houses are now beingbuilt with ratings over 6 stars.2

Key Facts

Country Population ...............21.6 millionCapital ......................................CanberraCapital Population .....................327,700

Area .................................7.6 million km2

Density .........................2.83 people/km2

Urbanisation ..................................... 91%

'Before the introduction ofnational energy efciencyregulations for houses in2003, less than one percentof Australian houses achieved

NatHERS 5 stars. Many welldesigned houses are nowbeing built with ratings over 6stars'

AUSTRALIA


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Support, Incentives and GrantsGovernment Policy, Targets and Global CommitmentsExisting Frameworks

Exemplar Project


Australia's Zero Emission House (ZEH)7

Melbourne, Victoria

The ZEH is a our-bedroom detached house whichembodies the vision o being a zero-emissions house thatAustralian amilies can aord. The project, a collaborationbetween the Commonwealth Scientic and IndustrialResearch Organisation (CSIRO) and a consortium ogovernment and industry partners, aims to build a home

that does not release any CO2 as a result o producing orconsuming energy on-site. The new house is expected touse up to 70% less energy than a traditional home o asimilar size, and will reduce energy consumption throughcareul building design, considering the climate, hot watersupply, heating and cooling as well as appliances. Thehouse will incorporate an energy management system,and will be occupied by tenants or a year.

The government provided AUD 40.4 million rom2000-2005 or the Photovoltaic Rebate Program (PVRP) toencourage the long-term use o PV technology. Rebates oup to AUD 4,000 per household were made available, aswell as a component or developers to apply or undingto install PV on new-build. The take-up on this incentivehas been quite low however even with subsidy, the

installations are still very expensive.

The Energy Ecient Homes package oers nancialassistance or insulating homes and rebates or homeswhich install solar hot water systems.6 Most Australianjurisdictions provide rebates or solar hot water systems,namely Queensland, Victoria, SA, WA and ACT, all oeringdierent amounts. The scheme is designed to harness thelarge amount o solar energy that Australia receives and toultimately replace electric water heaters which account ora large amount o Australia's greenhouse gas emissions.

In the Australian government's white paper, it reiteratedits commitment to meet a long-term target o a 60%reduction in GHG emissions by 2050 based on 2000levels, as well as to reduce GHG emissions by 5-15%below 2000 levels by 2020.5 The National Appliance andEquipment Energy Eciency Program (NAEEEP), establishedin 1992, aims to reduce energy demand through eciency

in appliances and equipment. This program coversminimum energy perormance standards (MEPS) andenergy labelling systems. Another programme, the SolarCities programme, enables trials or smart metering andinnovative approaches to energy pricing. The HousingIndustry Association (HIA) runs a voluntary scheme calledGreen Smart, which ocuses on educating builders,designers, product manuacturers and consumers in theeld o sustainable building. They advise on environmentalmanagement, household and construction wastereduction and measures or reducing water and energyconsumption.

In January 2003, measures to increase energy eciencywere introduced into the national Building Code oAustralia (BCA). The latest revision is the BCA 2006Energy Eciency Provisions or Housing. These measureshave now been adopted in all states and territories.The Code was developed to achieve a specied level oenergy eciency under the NatHERS ratings scheme. The

major components or evaluation include home layout,construction elements, window orientation and shading,and climate suitability.

The Green Star rating system was launched by the GreenBuilding Council o Australia in 2003. This voluntary,national scheme assesses the environmental impact obuildings at design or construction stage based on ninecategories, with credits to assess a building's attributesunder Management, Indoor Environment Quality, Energy,Water, Materials, Transport, Land Use & Ecology, Emissionsand Innovation. The rating system is available or oces,

education and healthcare acilities, multi-unit residentialdevelopments, retail centres and industrial premises.Green Star ratings are only available or developmentsachieving Four Star (Best Practice), Five Star (AustralianExcellence) and Six Star (World Leadership).3

The National Australian Built Environment Rating Scheme(NABERS) is a national perormance-based rating systemor existing oce buildings and homes administeredby the NSW Department o Environment and ClimateChange (DECC). NABERS rates a building on the basis oits measured operational impacts on the environment,awarding a star rating rom one to ve.4

AUSTRALIA

Reerences1 Energy Policies o IEA Countries: Australia 2005 Review, International Energy Agency, 20052 NatHERS website, www.nathers.gov.au (last updated December 2008)3 Green Building Council o Australia, www.gbca.org.au4 National Australian Built Environment Rating Scheme, www.nabers.com.au5 Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme: Australia's Low Pollution Future White Paper. Australian

Government Department o Climate Change, 20086 Energy Ecient Homes Package, Australian Government Department o the Environment,

Water, Heritage and the Arts, 20097 New Zero-Emission Home or Australian Families, CSIRO, 2008

ZeroEm

issionHouse

|Melbourne

HenleyPropertyGroup


20/56



Degree Hours

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Climate data or Vienna

Climate type .........................................Warm Temperate

Average temperature ................... ..................... . 10.70C


Annual sunlight hours ....................................1,771 hours

Annual rainall .....................................................145 mm



CO2


Electricity consumption perhousehold .................................................4,395 kWh/hh

Electricity consumption per householdor lighting and appliances ................... ...1,961 kWh/hh

Austria has one o the highestpercentages o rental properties inEurope at 40% (80% in Vienna). Presentinitiatives in the Austrian housingmarket are ocused on the promotion osustainable buildings, including cost-eectiveness, occupant acceptance, and

aster market penetration. The marketdeployment o sustainable housing issupported both by research programmesand nancial support rom the Austrianederal and provincial governments.1

From 1990-2006, overall householdenergy eciency in Austria improvedby 23%, mainly due to the increasingnumber o homes with good insulation.In 1999, the government began a Hausder Zukunt, or 'Building o Tomorrow'programme to support trend-settingresearch and development projects andthe implementation o exemplary pilotprojects. This initially ran rom 2000-2005

and resulted in huge market awareness,technological innovation and cost surety.

The number o Passivhaus homes roseto a market share o 4% in 2006 romalmost zero in 2000. By 2007 there were2,000 Passivhaus buildings in Austria.Austria has 2.5 times more Passivhausbuildings per 1 million inhabitantsthan Germany. Due to the success othis program, the Austrian Researchpromotion Agency (FFG) launched inOctober 2008 a tender or 'Haus derZukunt PLUS' to explore dwellings thatgenerate energy in sucient quantityto oset their CO

2emissions over their

lietime.

Ecological ootprint per capita ................... . 5.0 hectares

Total energy consumption ..................... ..... 27,972 ktoe

CO2

emissions per capita ................... ...... 8.11 tCO2/cap

Key Facts

Country Population ............... 8.17 millionCapital ..........................................ViennaCapital Population ..................1.6 million

Area ...................................... 82,444 km2

Density ............................ 99 people/km2

Urbanisation .....................................67%

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'The number of Passivhaushomes rose to a marketshare of 4% in 2006 fromalmost zero in 2000. By 2007there were 2,000 Passivhaus

buildings in Austria'

AUSTRIA


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Exemplar Project


Residential Apartments3Salzburg, Hallein

Located in a small town 15 km south o the provincialcapital, Salzburg, Hallein was part o the pan-EuropeanCEPHEUS project. The scheme consists o 31 apartments,divided into 2 blocks orientated south-east and south-west. All units have south-acing balconies, serving assolar shading, which are thermally broken rom the

external envelope. Access via stairs and external coveredwalkways are also thermally separated rom the highly-insulated dwellings. The reinorced concrete rame andfoors provide thermal mass, and the external timber-ramed walls have a U-value o 0.11 W/m2K.

Decentralised whole house ventilation with heat recoveryis provided in each dwelling. Residual heating is notprovided through the air supply as the client was unsureo market acceptance - a centralised wood pellet boiler

Austria is a ederal republic which consists o nine ederalstates (Laender). Besides the National Housing PromotionAct or sustainable housing, the states have policies orenergy ecient design and oer specic nancial supportor biomass, solar and heat pump systems to consumers,who can also claim rebates or purchasing energy-ecientappliances.

The Austrian Federal Law on Environmental Support,which is now 15 years old, is considered an internationalexample o an ecient and eective unding instrumentin the environmental sector. In some ederal states, theinvestment in renewable energy technology is seen as ameans o securing a uture economy.2 There have beenpromotional and scal incentives or access to real data,inormation dissemination, as well as training or industrypartners and scal support or higher perorming buildings(Low-energy housing credits) and products.

Austria's Kyoto Protocol commitment is to reduce GHGemissions by 13% by 2012 based on 1990 levels. TheAustrian Action Plan is the driving orce or policy inmeeting this target. Per capita emissions are alreadylow, due to the widespread use o hydropower andbiomass energy. From the Austrian perspective, nuclearenergy is incompatible with the principles and priorities

o sustainable development and oers neither a cost-eective nor viable option in the ght against theanthropogenic greenhouse eect.

By introducing '15A agreement', the government hopesto address the issue o rising GHG emissions in thedomestic sector. The newly adopted regulations willcome into orce in early 2009, and rom 2012, housesbuilt with government housing subsidies (both or socialhousing but also owner-occupied dwellings) will haveto meet ambitious heating standards: 36 kWh/m2.a orsingle-amily homes, and 20 kWh/m2.a or multi-storeyresidential buildings.

Due to the distribution o responsibilities according to theconstitutional law rom 1929, there has never been onesingle building law in Austria, but at least nine dierentsystems, each consisting o a building law and relatedorders. The sterreichisches Institut r Bautechnik(OIB The Austrian Institute o Construction Engineering)is a private association ounded by the nine Austrian

states. In 2007, a sophisticated calculation system wasdeveloped, amalgamating these nine building codes. Thismethodology is included in the 'OIB-Guidelines', which arebased on a set o 11 'NORM' (Eco) standards.

IG Passivhaus Austria is the certied standard or new andexisting low energy buildings. These houses have higherenergy eciency throughout the lie-cycle o the building,use renewable energy sources, sustainable raw materials,are materials-ecent, and have increased ocus on userneeds and services whilst remaining cost-eective incomparison to conventional building methods. There areve categories under this standard:

Passivhaus residential with heating load


22/56



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Climate data or Toronto

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Canada's consumption o primaryenergy and electricity per capita isamong the highest in the world, despitehaving the second-largest installedhydroelectricity capacity in 2002. This isdue to a combination o high outputsrom energy-intensive sectors, a very

cold climate, high living standards, andsprawl, resulting in signicant residentialand commercial heating demand andlarge travel distances.1 Canada is thesecond-largest country by area in theworld, with a third o the population livingin three o the largest cities Toronto,Montral and Vancouver.

Canada is a net exporter o oil, naturalgas and electricity, thereore energysupply security is not a highly signicantissue. Environmental awareness,however, is high the eects o awarming climate have aected manyparts o Canada through reductions in

sea ice and glacier cover, melting opermarost, heat waves in the south,

severe drought on the prairies, ice stormsin the east, fooding, orest res and pestinestations.

Canada is aspiring to high standardso energy eciency in homes throughits Energy Star or New Homesinitiative, and has committed signicantgovernment unding towards supportinghomeowners in upgrading the energyperormance o existing homes.

Climate type ...................Warm Temperate, Snow, Polar

Average temperature ...........................................7.20C




Housing stock (thousands) ..................... .............. 13,273


CO2

emissions per household .................. 7.24 tCO2/hh

Electricity consumption perhousehold ................................................10,334 kWh/hh

Electricity consumption per householdor lighting and appliances ............ ........ 4,664 kWh/hh

'Canada is a net exporterof energy, and thereforesupply security is not ahighly signicant issue.Environmental awareness,

however, is high the effectsof a warming climate haveaffected many parts of thecountry'

Ecological ootprint per capita ...................7.10 hectares

Total energy consumption .........................201,513 ktoe

CO2

emissions per capita .......................17.03 tCO2/cap

Key Facts

Country Population .............. 35.5 millionCapital .................................... ..... OttawaCapital Population ......................812,129

Area ....................................9 million km2

Density ........................... 3.9 people/km2

Urbanisation .....................................79%




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Exemplar Project


Canada's energy policy ocuses on a balance betweenenvironmentally responsible production and use o energy,growth and competitiveness o the Canadian economy,secure and competitively priced energy, and the protectiono inrastructure. The ratication o the Kyoto protocol in2002 committed the Canadian government to reduce GHGemissions by 6% rom 20082012 based on 1990 levels,

with a ramework set out via the Climate Change Planor Canada. The government relies on policy instrumentsto overcome barriers such as inadequate inormationand economic constraints. These instruments includeleadership by example, inormation and awarenessprogrammes or energy eciency, voluntary initiatives,nancial incentives and building regulations. NaturalResources Canada (NRCan) has been promoting energyeciency and renewable energy in Canada over the pastdecade. They oer support to owners o single-amilyhomes, including detached, semi-detached and low-risemulti-unit residential buildings.

Riverdale NetZero Project4Edmonton, Alberta

Riverdale is a new semi-detached two-storey duplexin Edmonton, eaturing healthy living eatures, reducedenergy use, net zero energy production, resourceconservation, low environmental impact, and commercialviability.

The predicted annual energy requirement is less than theannual energy production rom on-site renewables, whichinclude passive and active solar heating systems andphotovoltaics. The homes are highly insulated and airtight,with higher amounts o thermal mass and reducedheating requirements. Appliances are high eciency,and energy consumption requirements or the homesare predicted to be 24% o that or a standard Canadianhouse. Surplus electricity is ed back into the grid. Otherenvironmental eatures include low-VOC materials and

As o 2004, the Canadian government had committed$3.7 billion to climate change-related activities, includingunding or oundations working on climate science,demonstrations o environmental technologies, and thedevelopment o new emissions reduction technology.

EnerGuide or Houses (EGH) was set up to provide

Canadian homeowners with personalised expert adviceon energy perormance, particularly or undertakingrenovation and maintenance projects. Homeownersable to demonstrate an improvement in the house'sEGH rating pre- and post-renovation would qualiy or anon-taxable grant or 10-20% o the retrot cost. Underthis programme, over 79,000 houses were evaluated andlabelled and more than 30,000 grants totalling $24 millionwere awarded.

The Canadian Oce o Energy Eciency (OEE) uses acombination o inormation programmes, partnerships,standards and regulations, namely the National BuildingCode o Canada (NBC) and the Model National EnergyCode (MNEC) o 1997, to improve energy perormance inthe housing sector.2

The MNEC was developed by the ederal government.However, at that time building codes were theresponsibility o the individual provinces and the Codewas not adopted by all o them, resulting in a patchworko codes as the model code was adopted in varyingdegrees. In July 2008, the Council o Energy Ministersendorsed an improved National Energy Code or Buildingsthat would have the potential to reduce energy demandin Canada by almost 25% o current energy use by 2030.3The new energy eciency component is to be phased instarting in 2010, with ull standards to be released in 2012.

Aspirational standards include the ollowing:

The Energy Star for New Homes, introduced in2005, sets high standards or energy eciency(approximately 30% above the level set or minimumbuilding code standards).See www.energystarhomes.gc.ca.

The LEED Canada for Homes rating system (part of theLEED Canada Initiative). See www.cagbc.org.

Net Zero Energy Home Coalition private coalitionor the promotion o homes that supply the grid usingrenewable energy sources.See www.netzeroenergyhome.ca.

CANAD

A

RiverdaleNetZero

|E

dmonton

TheRiverdaleNetZeroProject

Reerences1 Energy Policies o IEA Countries Canada: 2004 review, International Energy Agency, 2004.2 Energy Policies o IEA Countries Canada: 2004 review, International Energy Agency, 2004.3 Energy Ministers' Conerence: Collaborating on Canada's Energy Future, Government o

Canada, 2007.4 CMHC Equilibrium Sustainable Housing Demonstration Initiative Project Prole: Riverdale

NetZero, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 2008.

nishes, daylight and passive solar design techniques.Thermal comort is maintained via a thermostatically-controlled, orced-air heat distribution system and a heatrecovery ventilator to control humidity and distribute reshair throughout the house. Space and water heating isprovided by an active solar thermal heating system.


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Ecological ootprint per capita ...................2.10 hectares

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Climate data or Beijing

'By 2015, half of all thebuildings in China will be lessthan 15 years old'

Climate type ..........Arid, Warm Temperate, Snow, Polar

Average temperature ..........................................11.90C



Annual rainall .....................................................578mm

Housing stock (thousands) ..................... ........... 374,053


CO2


Electricity consumption perhousehold .................... ..................... ........... 478 kWh/hh

Electricity consumption per householdor lighting and appliances ................... ............ no data


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Total energy consumption ......................1,201,846 ktoe

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emissions per capita .........................4.41 tCO2/cap

As one o the world's most rapidlydeveloping economies, China'senergy policies have a signicantimpact on global energy supply andthe environment. The drive or energyeciency in China's residential sectorwas in response to severe summer

power shortage due to the increasedaordability and use o air-conditioning1,which or many was representative oimproved living standards. In response tothis problem, an energy labelling systemor air-conditioning units and rerigeratorswas introduced and became mandatoryin 2005.

The world's largest construction market,China is home to hal o the newbuildings built around the world everyyear. The nation spends up to 45% oits total energy on the manuactureand transport o building materials,construction o homes and oces, and

on heating and cooling2. I the currentrate o construction continues, it will be

impossible or China to provide enoughenergy to operate all o these buildingsproperly, without a combination oenergy conservation measures andrenewable energy inrastructure. Thisrate o growth also means that by 2015,hal o all the buildings in China will beless than 15 years old, in stark contrastto the situation in Europe, where most othe dwelling stock is already in existence.The energy standards or these new-builds are however ar behind in termso European standards our times moreenergy is required per m2 or heating andcooling in China compared to Europe.3

Key Facts

Country Population .................. 1.3 billionCapital .................................... ...... BeijingCapital Population ................16.3 million

Area .......................................9.3mil. km2Density ........................... 139 people/km2

Urbanisation .....................................37%

CHINA


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Exemplar Project


Reerences1 Lin, J and Rosenquist, G (2006). China Cools with Tighter RAC Standards, Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory, USA2 Natural Resources Deense Council (NRDC) China Clean Energy Project3 'Energy Ecient Construction in China', dena GmbH - German Energy Agency Construction in ChinaProject4 Hui, S (2000). Building Energy E ciency Standards in Hong Kong and Mainland China, Proc 2000ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Eciency in Buildings, USA5 www.arup.com

Dongtan Eco-City5

Shanghai, China

Dongtan was to be an ecologically riendly developmentwith zero-GHG emission transit and completesel-suciency in water and energy. The developmentwas heralded as pioneering work leading to a moresustainable uture. Unortunately the project has allenbehind schedule and the uture o the project is yet

unclear.

Compared to a 'business as usual' development model,Dongtan aimed to have 60% smaller ecological ootprint,66% reduction in energy demand, 40% energy rombio-energy, 100% renewable energy or buildings &transport, waste to landll down by 83%, and virtuallyno carbon emissions. The building design strategy orachieving these objectives was to speciy high thermalperormance, use energy ecient equipment and promote

In line with the Five-Year Plan o China, state-undedunits are required to make annual energy-saving plansand reduce energy consumption. The plan aims toreduce China's total emissions by 10% via clean ueldemonstration projects, energy eciency standards, anenergy labelling system, ormulating eciency incentivesand introducing measures or publicising energy eciency.

In its proposed 'alternative oil strategy', Beijing has calledor a doubling in renewable energy generation to 15% by2020, including major installations o wind power andbiomass.

The Chinese government has promoted energy-ecienttechnologies in buildings as a strategy or easingthe energy crisis. China plans to reduce the energyconsumption o residential and public buildings by 50%through the technical reorm o heat-supply systems,renewed eorts in promoting building energy eciencytechnology and the renovation o existing buildings in thecold northern regions.

Since 1986, China's Ministry o Commerce has issuedenergy-saving codes or China's dierent climates as parto the eort to develop codes and standards or dierentbuilding types in China's our main climates. The codesrequired relatively higher levels o insulation in the wallsand roo, lighting energy limits, and double-glazing andinsulated window rames in certain climates. Higher

eciencies were also established or heating, ventilation,and air conditioning (HVAC). However, by the end o 2000,only 5% o all new construction had met the standards.Today's revised standards call or increased enorcement,and by 2010, more than one-third o new buildings will berequired to cut energy consumption by up to 50% - 20%rom thermal insulation and 30% rom building systemsand management.4 By 2020, all the new buildings will beexpected to reduce energy use by 65%.

Building Energy Eciency (BEE) Design Standard:

JGJ 26-95 Residential Energy Code (EnergyConservation Design Standard or New HeatingResidential Buildings).

JGJ 134-2001 Design standard for energy efciency ofresidential buildings in hot summer and cold winterzone.

JGJ 75-2003 Design standard for energy efciency ofresidential buildings in hot summer and warm winterzone.

The three JGJ standards will soon be merged into onenational standard The Design Standard or EnergyEciency o Residential Buildings.

China's Renewable Energy Law, implemented in 2006,designates renewable technologies as a priority area orenergy development and research. It requires power gridoperators to purchase renewable energy rom registeredproducers, and also oers nancial incentives, including anational und, discounted lending, preerential loans withsubsidised interest and tax benets or renewable energy

projects. The law aims to increase the use o solar andwind power in China to 10% in 2011, as well as increasebiomass usage.

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DongtanE

astVillage

|Shanghai

Arup

mechanisms to encourage building users to save energy.Energy would be supplied via a combined heat andpower plant running on biomass (rice husks), a wind arm,biogas extracted rom municipal waste and sewage, andbuilding-integrated electricity generation (photovoltaicsand micro-turbines).


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Climate type .........................................Warm Temperate

Average temperature ...........................................7.90C

Average relative humidity .........................................80%

Annual sunlight hours ...................................1,649 hours




CO2


Electricity consumption perhousehold ..................................................4,231 kWh/hh

Electricity consumption per householdor lighting and appliances ............ .........3,130 kWh/hh

Ecological ootprint per capita .................. ..... 8 hectares

Total energy consumption ...........................15,927 ktoe

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emissions per capita ........................9.38 tCO2/cap

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Key Facts

Country Population ................ 5.4 millionCapital ............................... CopenhagenCapital Population ..................1.2 million

Area ........................................ 42394km2Density ..................... 127.69 people/km2

Urbanisation .................................... 85%

Today Denmark is one o the leaders inenergy eciency in the EU, being virtuallysel-sucient in energy, a net exportero oil and gas, and having the lowestenergy intensity1 among the membercountries. Thirty years ago it was verydierent the 1970's oil crisis had a

severe impact on the Danish economy Denmark was highly dependent onimported energy, importing as muchas 99% o all the energy used. Today,the government's ambitious energyeciency programme has establishedstringent building and appliance codes,public service campaigns, high taxeson energy, and a public sector that setseciency examples.

Approximately hal o all dwellings areconnected to a district heating networkin which the heat is produced rom

decentralised CHP, running mainly onbiomass and waste (42%), natural gas,

and, to a limited extent, oil and coal.

Renewable energy accounts or over 15%o Denmark's gross energy consumption,and is composed o a mix o solar, windand biomass. Denmark was the rst inthe world to establish oshore wind.Denmark aims to cut gross energyconsumption by 2% by 2011 and 4%by 2020 compared to 2006 levels. By2011 renewable energy is expected toprovide 20% o the country's total energydemand.

'Today Denmark is one of theleaders in energy efciency inthe EU, being virtually self-sufcient in energy, a netexporter of oil and gas, and

having the lowest energyintensity1 among the membercountries'

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Exemplar Project


Skotteparken EgebjerggardBallerup

Skotteparken is an experimental building project aimedat a 60% saving on heating and hot water use, as wellas a reduction in energy and water consumption. Thedwellings are solar-heated and low-energy, achievedthrough a combination o extra insulation, low-emissionglazing, heat recovery, solar water heaters, district heating

rom CHP, local heat and water metering, an energymanagement system, and rainwater collection. The projectreceived the 'World Habitat Award' in 1994 or impressiveecology in housing and it has also been chosen by the UNas one o the 100 best practice examples in the world.

Under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU's subsequent BurdenSharing Agreement, Denmark has undertaken to reducegreenhouse gas emissions by 21% rom 2008-2012, basedon 1990 levels.4 This is one o the most ambitious reductiontargets undertaken by any country in the world.

Denmark's new energy strategy 2025, released in

June 2005, identies three major challenges: energysecurity, climate change and economic development.Current government policies ocus on cost-eectiveand market-based solutions. In 2006, an Action Planor Renewed Energy Conservation committed electricity,natural gas and oil companies to achieve specicenergy-saving targets by initiating savings among theircustomers. Similar targets or district heating customersare being developed. The 2005 EU Energy Perormanceo Buildings Directive (EPBD) was also instrumental in theimplementation o energy labelling or buildings andsetting new standards or maximum heating energyconsumption.

25 million DKK per year has been allocated or wave andsolar power research, and a substantial sum over 2 yearshas also been set aside to promote the replacement ooil-red urnaces with heat pumps, as well as subsidies orrenewable energy technologies.5

Energy prices and taxes are among the most important

determinants o energy consumption and have beensuccessully used to promote energy savings in Denmark.From 1990-2005, revenues rom 'green' taxes increasedby 161%.

Denmark's Climate Policy Objectives and Achievementspaper6 makes reerence to grant unding schemesor private wind turbines, expansion o electricalgeneration capacity using wind turbines, decentralisedco-generation o heating and power, the use o biomassor electricity production, energy savings in businesses,the conversion o old dwellings to cogenerated heat andpower and solar heating, heat pumps, and biomass.

Mandatory requirements or dwellings are set out in theDanish Building Regulations or Small Dwellings (BR-S 98).These impose stricter energy perormance requirementsin accordance with current Danish action plans or anincreased 25% energy saving in new buildings, comparedto pre-January 2006 requirements. An energy perormacetarget is the main requirement or all types o buildings

heated to at least 15C. For all types o buildings the newenergy requirements include two classes o low energybuildings. Class two has an energy demand o 75% or lesscompared to a normal house, and class one, 50% or less.Low-energy buildings may be exempted rom connectingto public networks with natural gas or district heating,which is otherwise obligatory in some areas.2

There are plans to impose stricter building standards (25%energy savings) in 2010, ollowed by an additional 25%in 2015 and another 25% in 2020. Denmark has also seta target that all new housing should meet Passivhausstandards by 2020.3

A version o BREEAM is currently being developed orDenmark.

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Reerences1 Energy intensity is dened as energy use per GDP, measured in toe/MEUR.2 Sren Aggerholm. Implementation o the EPBD in Denmark: Status August 2006, European

Communities, 20063 Henrietta Lynch. A Case or Passivhaus, Building Design (BD) magazine, 2008.4 Denmark's Climate Policy Objective & Achievements, Danish Ministry o the Environment, 20055 Denmark commits to overall energy reduction, Ministry o Foreign Aairs o Denmark, www.

denmark.dk, 2008.6 Denmark's Climate Policy Objectives & Achievements: Report on Demonstrable Pro

NHBC Foundation - Zero Carbon Compendium Report - 2009

Documents

Transcript of NHBC Foundation - Zero Carbon Compendium Report - 2009