NHA1 - Vowels
Transcript of NHA1 - Vowels
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CHAPTER 2: THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECHSOUNDS
Articulators above the larynxVowel and consonant:-definitions-differences between vowels & consonantsVowels:
-differences among vowels-short vowels-long vowels-diphthongs
-triphthongs
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I. Articulators above the larynxI.1 Process of producing speechsounds
Air: lungslarynx throughvocal tract ending at themouth and nostrilsatmosphere.
set of muscles producingchanges in the shape of the
vocal tract = articulators
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I.2. Main articulators
Pharynx: a tube which begins justabove the larynx; 7 cm long in women& 8cm in men; at its top end divided
into 2: 1 part being the back of themouth and the other being thebeginning of the way through the nasalcavity.
Velum (soft palate) :allows air topass through the nose and through themouth
Hard palate (roof of the mouth). We
can feel its smooth curved surface withour tongue.
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The alveolar ridge: between the topfront teeth and the hard palate. Its
surface is really much rougher than itsfeels, and is covered with little ridges.
The tongue: a very importantarticulator and can be moved intomany different places and differentshapes. It is usual to divide thetongue into different parts, though
there is no clear dividing lines withinthe tongue: tip, blade, front,middle, back, root.
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tip
blade
front back
rootFig.2 Sub-divisions of the
tongue
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The teeth: includes upperand lower teeth, is in contactwith the upper side teeth formany speech sounds.
The lips: important in speech;can be pressed together,brought into contact with the
teeth, or rounded to producethe lip-shape for vowels likeu:.
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II> Differences between vowels &
consonants
Vowels and consonants are different notonly in the way that they are produced, ormanner of articulation, but their
distribution, or the different contextsand positions in which particular soundscan occur.
E.g.: The sound /p/ is produced by
stopping the air stream from the lungstotally and then releasing it sharply with asmall plosion.
After the sound /h/ we often find vowels,
for example, in the words hen, hat, how,
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
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PHONETIC SYMBOLSPhonetic symbols of Englishconsonant and vowel sounds
Consonants-/p/:pen, copy, happen-/b/: back, baby, job- /t/: tea, tight, button
-/d/: day, ladder, odd-/k/: key, clock, school-/g/get, giggle, ghost-/t~/: church, match,
natured
-/d2/:judge, age, soldier-/f/: fat, coffee, rough,
photo-/v/: view, heavy, move-/8/: thing, author, path
-/5/: this, other, smooth
-/s/:soon, cease, sister-/z/: zero, music, roses,
buzz-/~/:ship, sure, national-/2/pleasure, vision
-/h/: hot, whole, ahead-/m/: more, hammer,
sum-/n/: nice, know, funny,
sun
-/7/:ring, anger, thank-/s/: sung-/l/: light, valley-lr/: right, wrong, sorry,
arrange
-/j/: yet, use, beauty-/w/: wet, when, queen
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Vowels
/1/kit, bid, hymn, minute/e/dress, bed, head, many
//trap, bad
/4/lot, odd, wash
/ /strut, mud, love/$/foot, good, put
/i:/fleece, sea, machine
/e1/face, day, break
/a1/price, high, try/41/choice, boy
/u:/goose, two, blue
/6$/goat, show, no
/a$/mouth, now
/16/near, here, weary
/e6/square. fair, various/@:/start, father
/0:/thought, law, north, war
/$6/poor, jury, cure
/3:/nurse, stir, learn, refer
/6/about, common, standard/ju/thank you, influence,
situation
/n/suddenly, cottonlmiddle,metal(stress mark)
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ENGLISH VOWELS
I> Definition: Vowels are differentiated fromconsonants by the relatively wide opening inthe mouth as air passes from the lungs out ofthe body. This means that there is relativelylittle obstruction of the air stream in
comparison to consonants. [Avery & Ehrlich,1995: 28]
II> Differences among vowels (vowelclassification criteria)
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quality or in quantity.
Quality: features other than lengthwhich distinguish one vowel fromanother [Richard et al., 1993: 404].
characteristics:
-Tongue height: how far the tongue is
raisedclose, half close, half open,and open vowels (four-way division),or high, mid, low vowels (three waydivision).
-Tongue part: which part of the tongue(the front, the middle, or the back) israised
front, central and back vowels.
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Lip shape: whether the lips arerounded, spread, or neither
rounded nor spread.+rounded for rounded vowels
+spreadfor unrounded vowels,
+neither rounded nor spread forneutral vowels.
Tenseness/laxness: whether the
muscles are tense or lax muscles: tense for long vowels,
lax for short vowels.
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Quantity /Lengththe physicalduration of a sound:
+different in length long vowels are long
short vowels are short
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III> Classification of vowels
English vowels : monophthongs (purevowels), diphthongs, and triphthongs.[Finch, 2000: 76-77]
Monophthongs: single vowels/purevowels, vowels with a single perceivedauditory quality produced by a movement
of the articulators toward one position inthe vocal tract. [Crystal, 1999:221]
E.g.: 1/kit, bid, hymn, minute
/e/dress, bed, head
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frontcentral back
spread neutral
rounded
i:
1
e
`^
U:
$
6
3:0:
a:
4
high/
close
mid
low/open
Half close
Half open
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English pure vowels
/i:/: long, tense, high, front, spread
/1/: short, lax, high, front, slightly spread
/e/: short, lax, mid, front, slightly spread
/`/: short, low, front, slightly spread, tenser
than /e/
/u:/: long, tense, high, back, rounded, slightlyprotruded
/$/: short, lax, high, back, rounded, slightly
protruded
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/0:/: long, tense, mid, back, rounded, but
not protruded
/4/: short, lax, low, back, slightly rounded,
but not protruded
/@:/: long, tense, low, back, neutral
/3:/: long, tense, a bit lower than mid,
central, neutral
/6/: short, lax, mid, central, neutral
/^/: short, lax, fairly low, central, neutral
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Diphthongs
(glides): vowels sounds which involve amovement from one vowel to another.
centring Closing
ending in 6 ending in $ ending in 1
16 e6 $6 6$ a$ e1 a1 41
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Triphthongs
glide from one vowel to another,and then to another [Finch,2000: 76]
5 closing diphthongs + 6
e16, a16, 416, 6$6, a46
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SUMMARY
Definitions of vowels & consonants
Differences between vowels &consonants: manner of articulation (way
of sound production), distribution Vowels: definition, differences among
vowels : tongue height, tongues part, lip
shape, tenseness/backness, length Monophthongs: short and long vowels,
diphthtongs, triphthongs: definitions,sound description
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Game: Pairs of written vowels