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THE WORLD BANK *** MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT: COASTAL RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL ASSESSMENTREPORT

HANOI, 6/2011

Social Assessment Report (SA) Coastal Resources for Sustainable Development Project page 1

PREFACE This social assessment has been developed as a tool for planners to understand how the people will impact and will be impacted by development activities. It was conducted to determine key stakeholders and establish a suitable framework for their participation in project selection, design, implementation, monitoring and assessment. This social assessment is carried out also to ensure that project objectives and driving forces for changes can be accepted by most of the people who are expected to be the project beneficiaries and to early identify the project viability as well as potential risks. Some issues that were dealt with in an social assessment include: (i) what are the project impacts on different groups, particularly women and vulnerable groups; (ii) whether there are any plans to mitigate the project adverse impacts or not; (iii) which social risks can affect success of the project; (iv) necessary organizational arrangement for participation and project allocation; and (v) whether there are sufficient plans to build capacities required at corresponding levels or not.

The project social assessment was conducted by the World Bank’s specialists with support from the Central Fishery Project Management Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), the Provincial People Committees (PPCs) of the project provinces and the provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD) of the project provinces, the District People’s Committees (DPCs) in the project districts and the Commune People’s Committees (CPCs) in the project communes. Particularly, the WB’s officers have had important contribution to completion of this assessment.

This report is called Social Assessment (SA) of the Coastal Resources for Sustainable Development Project. This report is considered as a standard document, complying with requirements and procedures of the World Bank. The report provides information on the results of the social assessment results , and on safeguard policy documents such as Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), Ethnic Minority Development Framework (EMPF), Process Framework (PF), Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP).


TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE........................................................................................................................................1TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................1LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................1IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY................................................................................................1

I. OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................11.1 General Background...........................................................................................................11.2. Project Information............................................................................................................11.3. Project Objectives..............................................................................................................11.4. Project Components..........................................................................................................11.5. Project Scope of Work......................................................................................................1

II. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT METHODS....................................................................................12.1. Objectives of Social Assessment.......................................................................................12.2. Tasks and Scope of Social Assessment.............................................................................1Scope of Assessment................................................................................................................12.3. Social Assessment Methods..............................................................................................1

2.3.1 Survey Methods...........................................................................................................12.3.2 Selection of Samples and Information to be Collected...............................................12.3.3 Needed Information and Indicators.............................................................................12.3.4 Information Collection Tools......................................................................................12.3.5 Information Processing and Analysis..........................................................................12.4 Assessment Implementation...........................................................................................1

III. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFORMATIN OF THE PROJECT AREAS....................................13.1 Natural and Population Features of the Project Provinces.................................................1

3.1.1 Natural Conditions.......................................................................................................13.1.2. Population...................................................................................................................1

3.2 Features of survey samples.................................................................................................1IV. ASSESSMENT RESULTS...................................................................................................1

4.1. Key Livelihood Activities in the Survey Areas (profile, level of dependence on coastal resources, advantages and disadvantages)................................................................................14.2 Risk Analysis of Current Livelihood Activities (focusing on aquaculture and capture fishery)......................................................................................................................................14.3 Opportunities for Development of Alternative Income Sources and Livelihoods.............14.4 Participation of the Communities in the Project Activities................................................1

V. PROPOSED SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS....................................................................15.1 Key Orientations to Sustainable Livelihoods at Coastal Areas..........................................15.2 Livelihood-conversion Models for Near-shore Fishery.....................................................15.3 Land-based Livelihood Models..........................................................................................15.4 Non-land-based Livelihood Models...................................................................................15.5 Summary of Proposed Livelihood Models in the 3 Project Provinces...............................1

5.5.1 Thanh Hoa Province....................................................................................................15.5.2 Khanh Hoa Province....................................................................................................15.5.3 Soc Trang Province......................................................................................................1

VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................16.1. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................16.2 Recommendations..............................................................................................................1

ANNEX 1: Project Process Framework.......................................................................................1


ANNEX 2. Summary of Community Consultation Results........................................................1ANNEX 3. Socio-Economic Information of the Surveyed Provinces.........................................1

3.1.1 Thanh Hoa Province....................................................................................................13.1.2 Khanh Hoa Province....................................................................................................13.1.3 Soc Trang Province......................................................................................................1

3.2 Socio-Economic Information of the Surveyed Project Communes...................................13.2.1 Ngu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa province........................................13.2.2 Hai Ninh commune, Tinh Gia district, Thanh Hoa province......................................13.2.3 Ninh Loc commune, Ninh Hoa town, Khanh Hoa province.......................................13.2.4 Ninh Van commune, Ninh Hoa town, Khanh Hoa province.......................................13.2.5 Vinh Hai commune, Vinh Chau district, Soc Trang province.....................................13.2.6 An Thach 3 commune, Cu Lao Dung, Soc Trang province........................................1

List of TablesTable 1: Land areas in project provinces.........................................................................................1Table 2: Population of the project regions and provinces, 2009.....................................................1Table 3: Social demographic features of the surveyed HHs’ memebers.........................................1Table 4: Average numbers of HH members and labourers.............................................................1Table 5: Social stratification by incomes.........................................................................................1Table 6: Labourers’ main occupations (including all HH members involving in labouring).........1Table 7: Percentages of HHs with fishing boats/ operating in aquaculture..........................................1Table 8: Percentates of HHs cultivating land (%)...........................................................................1Table 9: Structure of main and secondary jobs of labourers (counting in all HH members at work) (% of total labourers)............................................................................................................1Table 10: Averaged income per household in last 12 months from all income sources (on count of the number of HHs involving in such economic activities)........................................................1Table 11: Surveyees’ assessment on income changes in the past 2 years (% HHs)........................1Table 12: Percentages of HHs cultivating on different land categories (%)...................................1Table 13: Education attainment of HH members............................................................................1Table 14: Helpers in need................................................................................................................1Table 15: Average cultivative land area per capita.........................................................................1Table 16: Migrating rates in the country by province (%)..............................................................1Table 17: Characteristics of self-employed jobs and hired labouring.............................................1Table 18: Average numbers of HH income sources (%).................................................................1Table 19: Status of occupation changes.............................................................................................1Table 20: Categorization of boats (2009)........................................................................................1Table 21: Some macro-economic targets in the period 2006-2010.................................................1Table 22: Land use status in the past 3 years...................................................................................1Table 23: Population and labourers (2009).....................................................................................1Table 24: Cultivation area 2010......................................................................................................1Table 25: Breeding output of the commune 2010...........................................................................1Table 26: Land use status................................................................................................................1Table 27: Population and labourers.................................................................................................1Table 28: Ethnicity pattern of the commune’s population..............................................................1Table 29: Religion...........................................................................................................................1Table 30: The commune’s schools and classrooms.........................................................................1Table 31: Numbers of pupils in school years 2009-2010 and 2010-2011.......................................1Table 32: Main plants......................................................................................................................1Table 33: Breeding output of the commune in 2010.......................................................................1


Table 34: Aquaculture areas in the commune in 2010....................................................................1Table 35: Numbers of HHs and labourers working in non-agricultural sector...............................1Table 36: Percentage of poor HHs of the commune in 2010..........................................................1

List of ChartsChart 1: HHs’ average population and labourers by occupation groups and 20% income groups. 1Chart 2: Average income per capita by occupation groups and 20% income groups.............................1Chart 3: Main occupation structure of all HH labourers................................................................1Chart 4: Percentages of HHs with productive land by occupation and income groups..................1Chart 5: Surveyees’ assessment on changes of fishery incomes in the past 2 years (% HHs)........1Chart 6: Occupation structure by 20% incomes.............................................................................1Chart 7: Average HHs’ incomes by occupations in the past 12 months (VND ‘000)....................1Chart 8: Net population of immigrants, emigrants and migrants during five years before 2009 survey of inter-province migration flows by regions (Source: NSPH 2009)..................................1


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CHDCND Lao Laos People’s Democratic RepublicCIEM Central Institute of Economic Management CNR Central Northern RegionCRSD Coastal Resources for Sustainable Development Project CSCR Central Southern Coastal RegionCSHT InfrastructureCT/PCT Chairman/ Vice ChairmanEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneEM Ethnic MinorityGD Group DiscussionGDP Gross Domestic ProductionHI Health insuranceHS PupilsHS High SchoolHTX Co-operativesIZ Industrial ZonesJI Job IntroductionKHKT Sciences and TechniquesKT-XH Socio-EconomicLC Land ClearanceMARD/ DARD Ministry/ Department of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentMD Mekong detalMSY Maximum Sustainable YieldNSPH 2009 National Survey on Population and Housing 2009NTTS AquaculturePFP Population and Family PlanningPMU Project Management UnitRNM Mangrove forestsSA Social AssessmentSS Secondary SchoolSV StudentsTĐC ResettlementTM Traditional MedicineTTCN Handicraft and Small-scaled IndustryVBSP Vietnam Bank for Social PoliciesVHLSS 2008 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2008WB World BankYSB Yearly Statistic Books


IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARYObjective of social assessment: The objective of social assessment (SA) is to integrate social background in project design to minimize negative social impacts and maximize positive social impacts. SA studies will provide input for design of alternative livelihood activities for the poor communities that depend deeply on the exhausting near-shore fishery resources.

Assessment methods: To collect socio-economic information at the household level fully and precisely, the partiparatory approach is used in this survey. Accordingly, both quantitative and qualitative methods are applied to gather information. In addition, document review and direct observation are exploited to conduct the survey.

Scope of assessment: Thanh Hoa, Khanh Hoa, and Soc Trang provinces.

Key findings:

Dependence of the communities on coastal resources. Normally, nearshore fishing households (HHs) are poor, most of them lack or have limited productive land. Their main livelihoods depend on coastal resources from which they earn their main incomes. Main occupations of almost all household members rely upon exploitation of nearshore resources, meanwhile these resources become more and more exhausting.

Risks and solutions of mitigating livelihood risks for coastal communities. Risks of existing livelihood activities imply vulnerability of the coastal communities. These risks include hard labouring to avoid a decline in earnings, increasing natural disasters that reduced working journyes in seas reducing capture outputs and actual decreasing households incomes. Moreover, epidemics in aquaculture are causing severe damages that takein many years to be recovered, and, serious lack of capitals and aceess to loans and credits . All the mentioned factors endanger people’s lives, and while it make difficult for many households to change their livelihoods or buy new tackle to improvec fishery capture, weak sustainability of incomes, dull economic long-sight, and high rate of poor hourseholds,

The existing risks of sea economic activities at the surveyed areas originate mainly from insufficient, poor, and deteriorating livelihood resources (material capital, natural resources capital, human capital, social capital, and financial capital), poor protection and management of fishery sources, and negative impacts of external factors, for instance: natural disasters, bad weather, polluted environment, epidemics, fluctuation in market prices such as those of petrol and gas, breeding food, medicines for epidemics prevention, and so on.

Opportunities for sustainable livelihood’s development involve institutional and market opportunities, local socio-economic development programs and projects, improve resources use t, for example, land, labour force, social capital of the coastal communities, etc.

The aforesaid risks, reasons, and opportunities of sustainable livelihood development reflect the commonality of coastal areas of the CRSD project.

Differences among coastal localities of the project areas, substaintially, derive from livelihoods of communities and households in the local socio-economic contexts and capacities of taking advantage of such livelihoods for creating other livelihoods as replacement for near-shore fishing. Therefore, analysis of household and community livelihoods is an important socio-economic basis for designing the CRSD project activities in specific localities.

Key orientations to sustainable coastal livelihoods:

* Promote all livelihood resources of family households and communities (human resources, natural resources, physical resources, financial resources and social resources), make use of any market and


institutional opportunities as well as favored conditions in each locality in order to develop livelihoods that are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. This include the following:

(i) Diversification of income sources is a livelihood strategy of coastal households and communities in order to exploit fully households and community livelihood potentials to reduce pressure on near-shore fishing. Diversification of income sources should be based on market demands. Diversification of income sources in parallel should look at improving the economic environment of the coastal area, formation of market connection between the coastal area and other regions, especially the key economic zones, as well as vocational training and human resources strengthening.

(ii) If the bottleneck in the national development casts in the infrastructures and the quality of human resources, this is also considered as the bottleneck in the coastal development. In the CRSD project, it is essential to take the training, improvement of human resources quality as a fundamental, long-term solution for the coastal development as well as sustainable livelihood development.

* The pressure of high population, slow process of the economic development in the coastal region create high pressure on employment as well as huge uncontrolled migrations to key economic zones, the Central Highland. This is the utmost important social issue at the coastal area. Therefore, one of basic solutions in CRSD project is to establish job introduction organizations, provision of labour market information, vocational guidance, expertise provision, and building capacity for staff working on labour-employment promotion in the localities which in turn shall provide replaceable livelihoods whereas the local economic condition, particularly in non-agricultural sector, has not yet developed. Its combination with job training, assistance in the compulsory education will likely bring good effects in the long-term.

* Integrate CRSD project activities with other socioeconomic development programs and plans in the coastal region, aiming at integrating rare resources to develop the coastal region and creating sustainable livelihoods.

* Poverty is one of reasons that result in over-exploitation of coastal resources. Therefore, the CRSD project should pay attention to activities for poverty reduction, creation of sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable groups such as the poor, the pro-poor, single female headed household, ethnic minority.

* The coastal region and livelihood activities of the coastal communities are in the major risk prone. This causes a majority of the community to fall in the spire of poverty, create more pressures on the coastal exploitation. Therefore, risk mitigation measures such as agricultural insurance, ship insurance, life insurance, health insurance, etc. may help reduce negative impacts from such risks. The CRSD project shall support, promote the community participation in such insurance activities, so as participate in pilot programs launched by the Government on agricultural insurance.

* The alternative livelihood development strategy is an important part of the aims of reducing near-shore fishing capacity. This strategy should associate with the resources co-management model, strengthening of local admistrative capacity, and promotion of inter-sector and inter-region linkages to implement the aims of reducing near-shore fishing.

* From the above-mentioned orientations, it is possible to classify 3 groups of proposals for the CRSD project, i.e. a group of job mobility in marine exploitation, a group of land-based livelihood models, and non-land-based livelihood models. Specific models can be a combination of the above orientations.


I. OVERVIEW

1.1 General Background

Vietnam possesses a long coastline of 3,260 kilometers and around 1 million square kilometers of exclusive economic zone (EEZ). In the national economy, the fisheries sector plays an important role in terms of local employment and export earnings. More than five million people are directly employed in the sector; around 8 million people (10% of the country’s population) derive their main income from fisheries; and approximately US$5.03 billion of the country’s export earnings in 2010 came from fisheries products (out of a total country export value of US$71.6 billion). Currently, the fisheries sector ranks third in terms of foreign export earnings after the garment and crude oil industries, but ahead of other agricultural products such as rice and rubber. The fishery sector has been growing steadily since the late 1980s. Between 2000 and 2010, the sector’s growth was around 13.6% in volume and around 10.4% in value. By 2010, the fisheries production reached 5.2 million tons (including 2.5 million tons from capture fisheries and 2.7 million tons from aquaculture). Small households’ operations remain dominant in both capture fisheries and aquaculture. In the former, 80% of the catch is from near-shore fishing by using less than 90 CV fishing boats; in the latter, most shrimp farmers have less than 1-2 ha pond for each household. Over the past decade, aquaculture has been the leading source of growth, while capture fisheries has begun to decline quickly due to over-fishing. For instance, in the Gulf of Tonkin, the catch rate (catch per unit effort, CPUE) declined from 1.13 tons in 1986 to 0.28 ton per CV per year in 2006.

The aquaculture sector began commercial production for export in the early 1980s with the farming of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). In the two subsequent decades, shrimp farming expanded exponentially and became an important economic activity in coastal areas in all regions. In addition, a number of cultured species with good potential have been researched and practiced. These new species include lobster (Panulirus spp.), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), abalone (Haliotis spp.), maculated ivory whelk (Babylonia areolata), silver lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima spp.), white-leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), etc.

According MARD’s statistics, about 92% of shrimp farming area (590,377 ha) occurs in the MKD provinces, 3% (21,852 ha) in the Northern provinces, and 4% (26,886 ha) in the Central region. Tiger shrimp remains the most popular species, especially in the MKD region, where, until recently, white-leg shrimp was allowed only under strict control. In the past decade, tiger shrimp farming faced serious problems because of disease, often associated with poor management or water pollution. The white-leg shrimp was first introduced to Vietnam in 1996-1997 (although official government approval was given only in 2002) as an alternative culture species. Seed of white-leg shrimp was claimed to be mainly imported from Hawaii, although other sources (e.g. Thailand) were also reported. Since then, this species is being adopted by many farmers and expanding quickly in the past few years especially in the Central region (the farming area and production of white leg shrimp in this region in 2010 reached 54% and 61% respectively). Reasons for its success lie on its ability of not likely to be affected by disease outbreaks. White-leg shrimp can be grown at extremely high stocking densities and are characterized by culture periods significantly shorter than those of tiger shrimp (2.5 months compared to 4-5 months).

Shrimp farming systems in Vietnam can be divided into traditional extensive, improved extensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture. At present, extensive, improved-extensive, and semi-intensive farming are the most common (over 90% of total area) while intensive or highly intensive farming accounts less than 10% of total area. In contrast to the steady development of brackish water shrimp farming, marine aquaculture in Vietnam is still largely underdeveloped. This is partly due to the limited availability of seed and suitable commercial feed. The most common farming practice includes trapping wild seed from the sea and then raising them in cages or ponds to commercial size.


Main culture species include groupers, cobia, seabass, lobsters, oyster, and mollusk. Cage culture of lobster is practiced mainly in South Central Coast (Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa) where wild seed is available and this region also is less prone to strong winds and typhoons. Generally speaking, there are two farming systems: in small-scale mariculture, cages are made from local materials and are small in size (a few cubic meter each cage); in large scale farming (e.g. Marine Farms), it is conducted in large (often imported) cages. Cages are often located in bays to avoid damage by strong winds. The total production marine aquaculture in 2010 was only around 12,500 tons although official Aquaculture Master Plan issued in 2006 envisioned reaching in 2010 a production of 200,000 metric tons per year.

There are four main fishing areas: Gulf of Tonkin; Central Vietnam; South-eastern Vietnam; and South-western Vietnam (part of Gulf of Thailand). The marine catch is highest in Central and Southeast Vietnam. The Mekong river delta provides over 75% of the total marine landings and therefore most of the fishing industry is concentrated in the southern provinces, from Khanh Hoa to Ca Mau. The fishing areas can be divided into inshore-coastal fishery and offshore fishery. Inshore waters are the areas within 6 miles from the coastline. According to a recent evaluation, the marine fishery resources potential has been estimated at 4.2 million tons of which the annual allowable catch is 1.7 million tons, including 850,000 tons of demersal fish; 700,000 tons of small pelagics; and 120,000 tons of oceanographic pelagic fish. In 2010, the total catch from marine capture fisheries reached 2.5 million tons, already exceeding the allowable catch by almost 50%.

There is an ancient tradition for both collecting and capturing fish direct from the beach or in shallow mangroves, estuaries, lagoons and river deltas, helped by the influence of tidal water. A variety of simple, as well as sophisticated, fishing gear is used to capture all kinds of fish and shellfish species. This provides a substantial amount of protein to the coastal population. In 2010, about 107,500 small fishing boats were operating near shore, of which 5,200 boats are non-motorized boats (fishing along the coast up to 4-5 m deep) and the remaining 102,300 are small motorized boats (<90 CV, fishing in near-shore areas). All these fishing boats operate directly from the beach without using harbor facilities. The most common fishing gear includes trawls, gillnets, longlines, lift nets, traps, etc. Although near-shore resources are reported to have been declining considerably in the past decades, the number of small fishing boats operating near shore has not decreased. On the contrary, it now tended to increase in the recent years partially due to the government’s fuel pricing subsidy.

1.2. Project Information

Currently, there has been growing concern within government and among stakeholders in promoting more sustainable development of the fisheries sector to protect and sustainably use the natural capital on the coast as a means to secure competitiveness of the sector and to sustain the coastal economy and related livelihoods. Responding to the request of the Government of Vietnam, the World Bank prepares a Coastal Resources for Sustainable Development Project (CRSD) to improve the management of coastal resources in support of sustainable fisheries in selected coastal provinces of Vietnam.

1.3. Project Objectives

The project aims at improving the management of coastal resources in support of sustainable fisheries in selected coastal provinces of Vietnam. This objective will be achieved through the project components.

1.4. Project Components

(1) Institutional capacity strengthening for sustainable coastal resources management;

(2) Good practices for sustainable near-shore aquaculture;


(3) Good practices for sustainable near-shore capture fisheries;

(4) Project management, monitoring, and evaluation.

1.5. Project Scope of Work

The project will be implemented in 8 coastal provinces among 29 coastal provinces in Vietnam, including Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces in the North Central, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, and Khanh Hoa provinces in the South Central, and Soc Trang and Ca Mau provinces in the Mekong delta.


II. SOCIAL ASSESSMENT METHODS

2.1. Objectives of Social Assessment

The objective of social assessment (SA) is to integrate social background in project design to minimize negative social impacts and maximize positive social impacts. Also, SA studies will provide input for design of alternative livelihood activities for the poor communities that depend deeply on the exhausting near-shore fishery resources.

2.2. Tasks and Scope of Social Assessment

Tasks of Social Assessment

Determining and analyzing levels of dependence on coastal resources, exploitation and use of coastal resources for consuming and commercial purposes.

Determining risks relating to current use and exploitation activities by local communities, including agricultural, fishery, and capture fishery activities, that lead to unsustainable use of natural resources.

Finding solutions to mitigate risks through sustainable aquaculture and capture fishery. Finding chances of developing alternative livelihoods and earnings Assessing participation of local communities and ethnic groups in the project activities in

various components and recommending solutions to enhance their participation. Preparing a Processing Framework based on results of consultation with capture fishery

communities.

Scope of Assessment

Social assessment is a necessary activity of the CRSD project. However, due to limited time, social assessment has been conducted in only three provinces of Thanh Hoa, Khanh Hoa, and Soc Trang. The five remaining CRSD project provinces will carry out social assessment themselves to develop proposals for Component 3 – Sustainable near-shore capture fisheries. The SA report could be a reference for other project provinces for self carrying out the social assessment. It provides a social basic for building project, measures for minimining and mitigating project negative impacts and enhancing project benefits.

2.3. Social Assessment Methods

To collect socio-economic information at the household level fully and precisely, the partiparatory approach was used in this survey. Accordingly, both quantitative and qualitative methods are applied to gather information. In addition, document review and direct observation were used during the survey.

2.3.1 Survey Methods

a) “Document Review” method

This method aims at an understanding of development history and operation of the project localities through analysis of documents relating to these localities. This method can provide basic information on the project areas or several specific indicators. At the same time, it can provide a sound basis to explain on-going changes. This is a good beginning for assessment and can be treated as an alternative method of baseline surveys. Also, primilinary document review can help to determine information gaps and main issues that need to be dealt with during further analysis and evaluation.


The Consultant worked with relevant parties at provincial/ district/ commune levels to (i) Identifying and preparing lists of all available and accessible information sources, including documents and reports on socio-economic development, available statistic data of the project communes, districts, and provinces; (ii) Prioritizing the sources that can provide useful information in terms of cost and time efficiency; and (iii) Identifying existing information gaps, then, in combination with the use of the qualitative method (through questionnaires) and the quantitative method (through interviews with main information providers and group discussion) to gain useful information to fill in such gaps.

Moreover, a scientific basis and actual practices for social assessment of the project areas are also provided through collection and analysis of socio-economic studies relating to development of the fisheries sector and coastal areas, for example, “Strategic economic analysis of the fisheries sector”, “Analysis of poverty in the fisheries sector”, “A study on household livelihood strategies”, “Socio-economic surveys in some provinces”, national investigations and surveys such as “National Survey on Population and Housing”, “Annual investigations on living standards”, “Employment surveys”.

b) Quantitative method

The quantitative method is a sample survey method used to collect information from a large number of households through one questionnaire of specific questions designed for the purpose of statistical analysis. The survey results will establish the basis for other review and assessment because they allow collection of data focusing on specific issues and activities or indicators from one sample. This method requires a sample selection strategy to evaluate household socio-economic status.

c) Qualitative method

This method aims to collect general information, clarify or gather viewpoints on a specific issue with a small group of selected people representing different points of view or different groups (e.g. the nearshore capture group, the aquaculture group, the trading/ fishery services group, the ethnic minority group, the female group, the group of leaders of the authorities, unions, and organizations, etc.). Also, this method can be used to develop unanimity of the local people about the project. Group discussion is an effective method to evaluate the stakeholders’ viewpoints on the project and identify concerning issues. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats”) matrix analysis methods and prioritization in group discussion can determine priority project issues and activities for social groups. Guidelines on group discussion are prepared by different topics and for different groups. Apart from group discussion, interviews with some relating individuals are carried out to gain more profound understanding of several concerning issues.

d) Direct observation method

This method helps to collect useful information timely through observing on-going issues at the survey areas to understand assessment results more clearly. This method is extremely important in support of the data obtained through the aforesaid methods. It can be used to appreciate the contexts in which information is gained, and assist explaining survey results. e) Community consultation

The targeted groups of fishermen selected for consultation consit of the fisherwomen group, the fishing group, the ethnic fishing group, the aquaculture group, and the processing/ trading/ fishery services group. The contents of consultation include: information on the project activities (concentrating on Components 2 and 3), the project potential impacts (Components 2 and 3), impact mitigation measures such as compensation, allowances, assistance, and even alternative livelihoods proposed by the local people.


The potential ethnic minority group is selected for particular consultation. Free, prior and informed consultations with the Kh’mer near-shore fishermen were held in Au Tho B village, Vinh Hai commune, Vinh Chau district, Soc Trang province.

2.3.2 Selection of Samples and Information to be Collected

a) Principles of sample selection

Objects of the sample surveys are the households whose livelihoods and incomes depend on nearshore capture fishery and exploitation. Samples will be selected randomly from lists of eligible households that meet the above criterion and are categorized by variable groups, for instance: gender, ethnicity, not having productive land or means such as ships and boats. The selected survey samples should be households’ representatives and in the age range from 18 to 60 years old. Because of limited time and budget, the sample size in each province will be 60 households (HHs), making a total of 180 HHs in three project provinces. In statistic theory, this sample size will ensure reliability and statistic significance.b) Selection steps

Selection of quantitative samples

The survey samples are selected randomly through following steps:

Step 1: Co-ordinating with the PPMUs to select two representative communes in each province, paying attention to geographic location (being adjacent to lagoons and coastal areas), population structures, and poverty status in each commune.

Step 2: Basing on the above criteria of sample selection, selecting 02-03 representative villages in each commune, depending on actual situations, then preparing lists of eligible HHs that meet the sample selection criteria.

Step 3: From the lists of HHs selected in each village, selecting randomly 30 HHs that represent various household groups. The total number of samples is 60 HHs from selected villages in 2 communes.

Selection of qualitative samples

Key information providers will be selected for in-depth interviews, including: Deputy Directors of the provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Development who is in charge of fishery, district staff who are responsible for fishery, chairmen/ vice chairmen of commune people’s committees (CPCs), heads of villages, representatives of fishery capture households (nearshore and offshore capture), representatives of aquaculture households, and representatives of processing, trading, and fishery services households.

Groups for group discussion include: (i) groups of key commune officials and unions and organizations (agricultural officials, cadastral staff, chairmen/ vice chairmen of Fatherland Fronts, Farmers’ Unions, Women’s Unions, Veterans’ Unions, and Youth Unions); (ii) groups of local people, including representatives of households whose livelihoods and incomes depend entirely on fishery (capture fishery, aquaculture, fishery processing, trading, and services), groups of households that have other livelihoods and earnings apart from fishery, groups of young men operating in agriculture, fishery, and forestry. Each group will comprise of 8 to 10


people. Such techniques as “Participatory rural assessment (PRA)” will be applied to collection such information as “Crop planning”, “Mapping of residential areas” and “Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats” (SWOT).

2.3.3 Needed Information and Indicators

At the provincial level

Socio-economic statistic data of the provinces, including natural land areas, population by male/female, urban/rural, ethnic minorities, labourers and employement, job structures, income structures and incomes per capita 2008 - 2010, poverty, technical and social infrastructure, socio-economic development strategies 2011-2015 and vision to 2020, including development planning and plans for the fisheries sector. Policies on compensation, assistance and allowances, resettlement, and ethnic minority development of the provinces.

At the district level

Socio-economic statistic data of the districts, including natural land areas, population by male/female, urban/rural, ethnic minorities, labourers and employment, job structures, income structures and incomes per capita 2008 - 2010, poverty, technical and social infrastructure, socio-economic development strategies 2011-2015 and vision to 2020, including development planning and plans for the fisheries sector.

At the communal level

Socio-economic statistic data of the districts, including natural land areas, current land use status, limits of residential and agricultural land in the communes, population by male/ female, agriculture/ non-agriculture, ethnic minorities, labourers and employment, job structures, income structures and incomes per capita 2008-2010, percentages of poor HHs, technical and social infrastructure, including infrastructure of the fisheries sector, socio-economic development plans 2011-2015. Please see Annexes for more details.

At the household level

HHs’ heads: names, ages, genders, ethnicity, occupations, incomes, education attainment; HHs’ members: numbers of members, genders, occupations, numbers of children in the school age and going to schools, education attainment of each member; livelihoods; land and land use status; risks of production; accessibility to public services and resources; abilities of occupational transition (alternative livelihoods); attitudes and viewpoints on the project.

2.3.4 Information Collection Tools

To collect the aforesaid information and data at various levels, a set of tools has been prepared (see Annexes), including:

01 semi-structure questionnaire to collect information at the household level.

04 guidelines on in-depth interview and group discussion at all levels.

03 forms to collect statistic data at the provincial, district, and communal levels.

2.3.5 Information Processing and Analysis

Quantitative data are processed with the statistic analysis software SPSS 11.5 (statistic processing program). Qualitative results are processed with NVivo 8.0 software.


Processing and analysing quantitative data: The statistic data collected with the questionnaire are processed with the statistic software SPSS. A frequency table with correlation tables are extracted for analysis and report preparation. Key variables are communes, provinces, 20% income groups, genders of households’ heads, and ethnic minorities. The communes selected for surveys are those typical for coastal areas of the CRSD project. Theese communes share comme features of dependence on near-shore fishery resources for their livelihoods, and also have individual features of livelihood resources, such as natural conditions of lagoons, isles, estuaries, shorelines, climate and fishery resources, ethnic minorities, regional cultures, productive land resources, development of the fishery economy or commodity agriculture, and fishing gear. These features have different influence on dependence on and risks of livelihoods as well as capacities of creating alternative livelihoods. In addition, the correlation between the variables such as incomes, occupations, livelihoods, poverty, ethnic minorities and independent variables such as genders, ages, education attainment is analysized to find out relationships and affecting factors. Collected data are stored in a database to provide baseline data for monitoring and evaluation durin gthe project implementation stage.

Processing and analysing qualitative information: Qualitative information collected through in-depth interviews and group discussions is processed with Nvivo program by topics which need to be assessed and analysized. Qualitative results will help to explain more clearly quantitative results and reflect viewpoints as well as the local people’s agreement or objection to the project and help to find out the issues that the local people are interested in.

2.4 Assessment Implementation

Since 11/4/2011, the Consultant has gathered and analysized documents relating to the study tasks and worked with relevant authorities and agencies at the central level and the WB, developed quantitative and qualitative sets of tools, sent table of contents, lists of information, and specific workplans to the surveyed provinces: Thanh Hoa, Khanh Hoa, and Soc Trang (see Annexes for further information on survey plans in the project provinces). Below is the survey plan:Activity April May JuneMobilizing specialistsCollecting and reviewing documentsPreparing sets of toolsField visitsProcessing dataPreparing a report (draft)Presenting assessment resultsFinalizing the report to submit to the WB

The Consultant conducted site surveys in order to implement tasks of social assessment in Soc Trang and Khanh Hoa from 8/5/2011 to 20/5/2011 and in Thanh Hoa from 22/5/2011 to 29/5/2011. Being assisted actively by the provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Thanh Hoa, Khanh Hoa, and Soc Trang provinces, leaders of the district/ commune people’s committees and various sectors and agencies, and the surveyed fisherman communities, the Consultant obtained necessary information at the provincial/ district/ communal levels and 194 household questionnaires, organized 30 group discussions, consulted the communities (including the capture fishery groups, the aquaculture groups, the fishery processing and services groups, the female groups, the poor groups, the youth groups, the groups of communal officials, etc.). The Consultant conducted one consultation session with the Kh’mer fishing groups in Au Tho B village, Vinh Hai commune, Vinh Chau district, Soc Trang province. They are poor HHs without land and fishing boats, their main livelihoods are manual near-shore capture (with manual fishing gear) and working for boat owners. In addition, when


fishinig is not viable, they work as hired labourers for any work in and out of the commune. Their education attainment is very low (averagely 3/12). Out of 15 interviewed people, only 3 people can read Vietnamese, yet cannot speak fluently. The remaining do not understand Vietnamese, therefore, during consultation, a Kh’mer interpreter was required.

A lot of comments of the communities on dependence, livelihood risks of nearshore capture fishery and aquaculture, opportunities and alternative livelihoods of nearshore capture fishery, abilities of the communities’ participation in the CRSD project have been obtained through group discussions and community consultation. The comments have been used for analysis in this report. The communities’ proposals, together with their active participation in the CRSD project at their localities, have been considered as an important social basis to be integrated in proposals of sustainable livelihoods of the social assessment report.

III. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFORMATIN OF THE PROJECT AREAS

3.1 Natural and Population Features of the Project Provinces

3.1.1 Natural Conditions

The total natural land area of 8 project provinces is about 5,861,300 ha, of which areas of agricultural and fishery land is about 1,312,400 ha, of forestry land is 2,657,400 ha, of residential land is 111,200 ha, and of specialized land is 321,400 ha. The total shorelines of 8 provinces are 1,221 km.

Table 1: Land areas in project provinces

Project province

Total areaAgricultural land Forestry land

Specialized land

Residential land Shoreline

(ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) kmThanh Hoa 1,113,300 245,700 566,000 67,300 50,200 102Nghe An 1,649,100 250,100 915,900 53,200 20,200 82Ha Tinh 602,600 117,500 339,800 34,300 8,200 137Binh Dinh 604,000 138,100 259,200 25,300 7,800Khanh Hoa 521,800 88,600 211,400 82,800 6,200 385Soc Trang 331,200 205,800 11,400 23,300 6,000 72Ca Mau 533,200 144,900 97,400 21,000 6,700 254Total 5,861,300 1,312,400 2,657,400 321,400 111,200 1221

Source: Statistic data of provinces, 2009

3.1.2. Population

The total population of central northern and southern provinces is 11,053,590 people and of the Mekong delta provinces is 17,191,470 people (2009), of which populations of the project provinces are as follows: Thanh Hoa – 3,400,595 people, Nghe An – 2,912,041 people, Ha Tinh – 1,227,038 people, Binh Dinh - 1,486,465 people, Phu Yen – 862,231 people, Khanh Hoa – 1,157,604 people, Soc Trang – 1,292,853 people, and Ca Mau – 1,206,938 people. Populations over 15 years old working in the fisheries sector in the central northern and southern provinces and the Mekong delta are 3%, 4.3% and 8.1% respectively (2009). Ethnic minorities working in the fisheries sector (fishery capture and aquaculture) are mainly the Kh’mer, concentrating on Soc Trang and Ca Mau provinces.


Table 2: Population of the project regions and provinces, 2009No. Region/ Province Population in 2009 Population over 15 years

old working in fisheryMale Female TotalI. Central

northern region3%

1 Thanh Hoa 1,680,018 1,720,577 3,400,5952 Nghe An 1,445,533 1,466,508 2,912,0413 Ha Tinh 606,713 620,325 1,227,038II. Central

southern region4.3%

4 Binh Dinh 724,624 761,841 1,486,4655 Phu Yen 431,558 430,673 862,2316 Khanh Hoa 571,632 585,972 1,157,604III. Mekong delta

8.1%7 Soc Trang 642,586 650,267 1,292,8538 Ca Mau 606,606 600,332 1,206,938

Nguồn: Số liệu thống kê các tỉnh

3.2 Features of survey samples

The survey has collected 195 HH questionnaires for which HHs’ heads count for 80.5% and the Kh’mer people count for 8.8%. 78.5% HHs’ heads were born in the survey areas, 12.0% were migrants since 1986 (starting of the Renovation), 66.7% HHs had fishermen and 31.2% HHs had at least two fishermen.

Social demograpic features of HHs’ members

The male percentage is a little bit higher than female percentage: 50.4% vs. 49.6%. The group of people under 15 years old makes up 24.8%, the group of 15-55 years old: 66.3%, and the group of over 55 years old – 8.8%. In general, the survey areas have young populations, dependence rates are low, yet employment pressures are high. Illiterate proportion: 4.6%, one third finish primary education, another one third finish intermediate education, and 13.1% finish secondary education. 4.9% of HHs’ members have passed training courses from short-term courses to university training (3.2% have certificates of university and colleges). At the coastal areas of three survey provinces, proportions of people under 15 years old in Khanh Hoa (20.5%) and Soc Trang (23.0%) are significantly lower than the corresponding figure of rural areas in the country (28.3%) as recorded in the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2008, meanwhile this proportion in Thanh Hoa is higher (31.3%). The percentage of people over 55 years old in the survey area in Thanh Hoa is much lower than those of the other two provinces, only by a half.

Table 3: Social demographic features of the surveyed HHs’ memebers

Social demographic features

Province TotalKhanh Hoa Soc Trang Thanh Hoa

MemberPercentage %Member

Percentage % Member

Percentage % Member

Percentage %

Gender1 Male 152 49.5% 185 50.0% 161 51.8% 498 50.4%2 Female 155 50.5% 185 50.0% 150 48.2% 490 49.6%

Age

1 <15 63 20.5% 85 23.0% 97 31.3% 245 24.8%2 15-25 82 26.7% 85 23.0% 73 23.5% 240 24.3%3 26-35 57 18.6% 68 18.4% 38 12.3% 163 16.5%4 36-55 73 23.8% 94 25.4% 85 27.4% 252 25.5%5 >55 32 10.4% 38 10.3% 17 5.5% 87 8.8%


Social demographic features

Province TotalKhanh Hoa Soc Trang Thanh Hoa

MemberPercentage %Member

Percentage % Member

Percentage % Member

Percentage %

Marital status

1 Single 95 30.9% 89 24.1% 78 25.1% 262 26.5%2 Married 138 45.0% 189 51.1% 129 41.5% 456 46.2%3 Divorced 2 .5% 2 .2%4 Widows/ widowers 11 3.6% 5 1.4% 7 2.3% 23 2.3%5 Small (under marriage age) 63 20.5% 85 23.0% 97 31.2% 245 24.8%

Education attainment, professional levels

0 Illiterate 6 2.0% 35 9.5% 4 1.3% 45 4.6%1 Primary education 89 29.3% 149 40.3% 100 32.2% 338 34.3%2 Intermediate edu. 118 38.8% 95 25.7% 114 36.7% 327 33.2%3 Secondary edu. 41 13.5% 48 13.0% 40 12.9% 129 13.1%4 Technical sencondary education 4 1.3% 1 .3% 5 .5%

5 Short-term vocational training 4 1.3% 1 .3% 5 .5%

6 Long-term vocational training 2 .7% 4 1.1% 1 .3% 7 .7%

7 Junior college 4 1.3% 2 .5% 9 2.9% 15 1.5%8 University 8 2.6% 2 .5% 7 2.3% 17 1.7%10 Never go to schools 2 .5% 2 .6% 4 .4%11 Under school age 27 8.9% 31 8.4% 32 10.3% 90 9.1%

Note: In the survey, the fishing groups are groups whose incomes derive mainly from fishing, the fishery combination groups are HHs whose earnings come from both fishing and other fishery operations, the other combinations groups are HHs whose incomes derive mainly from non-fishery operations.

Illiteracy percentage of all HHs members of the survey samples is 4.6%, particularly high in Soc Trang province where quite a lot of Kh’mer people live – 9.5% in comparison with low percentage in Thanh Hoa – 1.3% and Khanh Hoa – 2.0%. The proportion of members over 14 years old with primary education attainment in Soc Trang (38.0%) is much higher than those of the two remaining provinces (over 28%). This means that intermediate education universalization in coastal provinces in the Mekong delta is extremely urgent in creating sustainable alternative livelihoods for fishing (see further in Risks of alternative livelihoods relating to human resources capital below). According to the data and information gathered, the provision of special policies for ethnic minority groups, is required so as to ensure the right incentives for their children to attend school, reduce the school attendance drop. This would help in the medium term, to alleviate the pressure on fishing resources.

The average number of household members of the whole survey samples is 5.05 people, of which the fishing group (4.79) and the lowest income group (4.5) have the lowest figures. This figure of the survey area is much higher than that of the rural area in Vietnam (5.05 against 4.14) as recorded in the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2008. The average numbers of household members of the survey samples in coastal areas in 3 provinces (Thanh Hoa 5.21; Khanh Hoa 4.97; Soc Trang 4.97) are also significantly higher than those of the central northern region, the central southern coastal region, and the Mekong delta (4.08; 4.11; and 4.16 respectively). This indicates high pressure of livelihoods on coastal households and communities.


Chart 1: HHs’ average population and labourers by occupation groups and 20% income groups

5.05 4.79 5.25 4.96 4.5 4.93 5.14 5.3 5.45

3.05 2.943.87 3.6

2.93 3.31 3.8 3.51 3.95

HH's average population HHs' average no. of labourers (person)

The average number of HH labourers of the whole survey samples is 3.05, of which the fishing group: 2.94, and the lowest income group: 2.93 are groups that have the lowest figures of occupation and income groups. The average number of HH labourer of the surevy area is much higher than that of the rural area as reported in Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2008 (3.05 compared to 2.5). However, the above difference is affected because this survey considers people who have jobs and incomes, not those in the working age 15-60. In reality, at coastal areas, fishermen can go near-shore fishing in the age range from 13-15 years old to 70 years old. If education at coastal areas is developed and the early school drop-off by children is overcomed, the average percentage of household labourers (with incomes) might decline. In Thanh Hoa, the average rate of HH labourer is the lowest compared to Soc Trang and Khanh Hoa, yet, the average number of HH members is the highest, this means the actual dependence rate is the highest. The high average numbers of labourers per HH in the survey areas imply that settlement of alternative livelihoods for fishery capture will encounter various difficulties.

Table 4: Average numbers of HH members and labourers Average no.

of HH members(person)

Average no. of HH labourer (person)

HH structure by population scope (%)1-2 persons 3-4 persons 5-8 persons 9 persons

ore more

Total samples 5.05 3.05 0.5 39.0 59.0 1.5By communesNinh Van 4.97 3.44 0 43.8 53.1 3.1Ninh Loc 4.97 3.93 0 41.4 58.6 0Ngu Loc 5.52 3.83 0 24.1 75.9 0Ninh Hai 4.87 2.93 3.3 30.0 66.7 0Vinh Hai 5.42 3.76 0 31.6 63.2 5.3An Thach 4.57 3.14 0 59.5 40.5 0By provinceKhanh Hoa 4.97 3.67 0 42.6 55.7 1.6Soc Trang 4.97 3.47 0 46.6 50.7 2.7Thanh Hoa 5.21 3.36 1.6 26.2 72.1 0By gender of HHs’ headsMale 5.06 3.49 0.6 39.9 57.9 1.7Female 4.94 3.59 0 29.4 70.6 0


Incomes:The average monthly income per capita of the total survey samples is VND 1,072,200, about 2.68 times higher than the new poverty line of the country in 2011. Khanh Hoa province has the average income of nearly 2 times higher than the poverty line, and Soc Trang and Thanh Hoa provinces have the average incomes 2.9 and 3.1 times higher, respectively. The lowest income group (group 1) has the average income equals to 79.8% of the poverty line (two thirds (69.2%) of members of this group are fishermen), the highest income group (group 5) has the average income 8.3 times higher than that of group 1 (the poorest) and 2.5 times higher than that of group 4. Social stratification at the coastal region in 2011 is very wide and nearly equals to social stratification of the country as recorded in the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2008 (the average income of group 5 is 8.9 and 2.3 times higher than those of groups 1 and 4 respectively).

Table 5: Social stratification by incomes

20% income group SA survey 2011 VHLSS 2008Group 1 319,1 275,0Group 2 570,1 477,2Group 3 764,4 699,9Group 4 1,053,9 1,067,4Group 5 2,639,0 2,458,2

Source: Survey data and GSO

The average income per capita of the fishery combination group is the highest, then comes the capture group and the non-fishery economic combination group, two of which have approximately equal average incomes.

Chart 2: Average income per capita by occupation groups and 20% income groups

0500

10001500200025003000Total samples

Fisheries

Fishery combination

Other combinations

Group 1Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Average income per capita


IV. ASSESSMENT RESULTS

4.1. Key Livelihood Activities in the Survey Areas (profile, level of dependence on coastal resources, advantages and disadvantages)

Occupational features: In the survey samples, 66.7% HHs have fishermen and 31.2% HHs have two or more fishermen. Fishing is the main occupation of more than one half (52.4%) of labourers. Other fishery occupations such as aquaculture, fishery processing, and fishery services count for 10.3% of labourers. 62.7% of the occupation structure have jobs relating to fisheries. Cultivation and breeding are main occupations of 11.2% of labourers. Industrial workers – 4.8%, construction and handicraft/ small-scaled industries – 1.0%, the State’s staff – 3.9%... These data indicate high livelihood dependence on capture fishery of the coastal communities, yet since their main facilities are small boats (see asset features), the community livelihoods rely mainly on near-shore fishing.

Chart 3: Main occupation structure of all HH labourers

0

10

20

30

40

50

60Planting rice/ crops

Breeding

Aquaculture

Capture fishery

Processing, fishery supporting services

Handicraft, small-scaled industry, construction, industrial

workers

Commerce, trading/ business

Officials

Others (indicate clearly in corresponding boxes) …

Total sample

Demographic features of fishing labourers – for whom livelihood changes are required:

17.7% of labourers are women, working mainly in small jolly-boats in nearshore areas or catching without boats. Hence, the subject of fishery capture conversion of the CRSD project is mainly men; however, conversion is also needed for female labourers working in fishery capture because they focus on near-shore exploitation.

One third (32.9%) of fishermen are young (15-30 years old) that have high adaptability and good health to facilitate livelihood conversion, including offshore fishing and non-fishery occupation training. 13.9% of fishing labourers are over 50 years old and can encounter many difficulties in occupation changing since they have worked many years in seas. Most of fishermen (53.1%) are in the middle age – being the bread-winners of their families – and will also have various difficulties in occupation changing because most of them have low education attainment and have not received any vocational training. Vocational training for them is also not easy because of economic burdens that they are bearing. Therefore, the middle-aged fishermen group is the big and main group for livelihood conversion of the CRSD project.

Of fishing labourers, 8.2% is illiterate, 36.9% have primary education attainment, 42.2% have intermediate education attainment, and 9.8% have secondary education attainment. Only 2.9% of labourers have received short-term or long-term vocational training, lower than that of labourers over 15 years old of the whole survey sample – 6.3%. Low education attainment and occupation skills as mentioned above is one of main obstacles for sustainable livelihood conversion.


The female-headed HH group has lower percentage of fishermen compared to that of the male-headed HH group (40.0% against 53.5%). The lowest income group has the highest percentage of fishermen (69.2%) compared to other income groups of which the corresponding proportions are from 40.0% to 56.7%. The ethnic minority group has a higher percentage of fishermen compared to that of the Kinh group (55.6% against 51.8%). Therefore, for job changes, due attention should be given to the low income group and the ethnic minority group, that have high rates of fishing labourers.

The fishing group has 99.2% of members work in capture fishery, including fishery exploitation without boats. This means that children of fishing HHs usually follow their parents and it is one task of the CRSD project to help most of fishermen’s children to live sustainably on non-fishing jobs in order to reduce long-term pressure on near-shore fishery resources.

Table 6: Labourers’ main occupations (including all HH members involving in labouring)

Mai

n oc

cupa

tion

Cul

tivat

ing

rice/

cro

psB

reed

ing

Aqu

acul

ture

Cap

ture

fis

hery

Fish

ery

proc

essi

ng

Fish

ery

serv

ices

Han

dicr

aft/

smal

l-sca

led

indu

stry

Con

stru

ctio

n

Trad

ing

The

St

ate’

s st

aff

Indu

stria

l w

orke

rs

Oth

ers

Total samples 7.5 3.7

6.4 52.4 3.1 0.8 0.6 0.4 6.6 3.9 4.8 9.7

By communes Ninh Van 18.

65.1

8.5 35.6 3.4 0 1.7 3.4 6.8 8.5 3.4 5.1

Ninh Loc 4.1 0 23.0 23.0 1.4 2.7 0 0 14.9 5.4 13.5 12.2Ngu Loc 0 4.

34.3 52.9 15.7 2.9 2.9 0 10.0 2.9 2.9 1.4

Hai Ninh 1.6 17.2

0 64.1 0 0 0 0 12.5 0 3.1 1.6

Vinh Hai 5.1 0 1.7 64.1 0.9 0 0 0 1.7 5.1 3.4 17.9An Thach 15.

21.0

4.0 62.6 0 0 0 0 0 2.0 3.0 12.1

By gender of HHs’ headsMale 7.7 3.

85.9 53.5 2.7 0.9 0.2 0.2 6.5 3.8 5.0 9.7

Female 5.0 2.5

12.5 40.0 7.5 0 5.0 2.5 7.5 5.0 2.5 10.0

By 20% income groupGroup 1 (lowest income)

6.4 0 2.6 69.2 2.6 0 0 1.3 3.8 2.6 0 11.5

Group 2 6.7 2.2

5.6 56.7 1.1 0 1.1 1.1 8.9 2.2 4.4 10.0

Group 3 5.7 5.7

2.9 52.4 0 2.9 0 0 4.8 3.8 6.7 15.2

Group 4 7.0 7.0

11.0 40.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 0 7.0 4.0 8.0 10.0

Group 5 (highest income)

11.3

2.8

5.7 50.0 7.5 0 0.9 0 8.5 6.6 3.8 2.8

By ethnicityThe Kinh 7.3 4.

27.3 51.8 3.5 0.9 0.7 0.5 7.5 4.0 5.4 7.0

The Kh’mer 9.3 0 0 55.6 0 0 0 0 0 3.7 0 31.5By occupation

Capture fishery 0 0 0 99.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0


Fishery combination 5.8 5.1

10.6 41.3 5.1 1.4 0.7 0 8.9 3.1 6.1 11.9

Other combinations 33.3

5.3

0 0 0 0 1.8 3.5 10.5 17.5 7.0 21.1

Asset features:

In the survey samples, 69.0% of HHs have fishing boats of various types. The percentages of HHs with juks and boats of less than 20 CV is 22.1%, from >20CV to <90 CV is 43.3% and over 90CV is only 3.6%. The proportion of HHs with fishing gear and nets counts for only 67.5%. The fishing group has the proportion of HHs with boats and junks higher than that of the fishery combination group (88.3% compared to 68.6%), yet, the fishing group has nearly one third of HHs have boats < 20CV and more than one half can only go in-shore fishing (>20CV-<90CV). Only 40% of the lowest income group has boats and junks of various types (yet capacities less than 90CV), meanwhile other income groups have 60% to more than 80% of HHs with boats. Particularly, most of boats of > 90CV belong to the highest income group. Only 29.4% of the ethnic minority group has fishing boats compared to 73.2% of the Kinh group, but most of those boats are less than 20CV. Meanwhile, 94.1% of ethnic minority HHs have fishing gear of various types. This implies that most of ethnic minority HHs carry out near-shore exploitation without boats and they are important subjects for alternative livelihood conversion. The proportion of fishing boats of the female-headed HH group is 64.7%, lower than that of the male-headed HH group – 69.4%. It is noticeable that average incomes per capita are in correlative relation with ownership of boats by capacities. The <20CV boat group has an average income per capita of VND 861.2000, meanwhile, the 20 CV - < 90CV boat group has an average income per capita of 1.4 times higher and the > 90CV boat group has an average income of 3.1 times higher than the <20 CV boat group. Thus, the average income per capita of the fishing group (most of the members possess <20CV and <90CV boats, operating near-shore and in-shore) is the lowest, only VND 883.300 per capita per month, equals to 70.5% of that of the fishery combination group and 98.0% of the non-fishery group. The ethnic minority fishing group also has the lowest income because they mainly do near-shore fishing with small boats and manual utilities. Therefore, investment in off-shore fishing boats can be an alternative livelihood option of the CRSD project, in terms of incomes.

Table 7: Percentages of HHs with fishing boats/ operating in aquacultureMotorized junks/ boats <20CV

Fishing boats >20 and <90CV

Fishing boats >90CV

Fishing gear. fishing nets

Total samples 22.1 43.3 3.6 67.5By commune Ninh Van 15.6 9.7 3.2 9.7Ninh Loc 10.3 6.9 0 10.3Ngu Loc 6.9 82.8 25.0 86.2Hai Ninh 73.3 23.3 3.3 100Vinh Hai 13.2 47.4 7.9 86.8An Thach 16.2 81.1 2.7 100By provinceKhanh Hoa 10.0 13.1 2.3 1.7Soc Trang 93.2 15.1 64.4 5.5Thanh Hoa 93.4 39.3 82.5 3.3By occupation groupCapture fishery 29.6 52.9 5.8 74.3Fishery combination 21.2 44.4 3.0 74.8Other combinations 4.0 12.0 0 20.0


Motorized junks/ boats <20CV

Fishing boats >20 and <90CV

Fishing boats >90CV

Fishing gear. fishing nets

By 20% income groupGroup 1 15.0 30.0 0 45.0Group 2 35.7 35.7 2.4 69.0Group 3 14.3 51.5 2.9 76.1Group 4 35.1 40.5 0 72.9Group 5 10.0 61.5 12.8 76.9By ethnicityThe Kinh 22.6 46.6 4.0 75.4The Kh’mer 17.6 11.8 0 94.1By gender of HHs’ headsMale 22.5 42.9 4.0 69.5Female 17.6 47.1 0 47.0

Chart 4: Percentages of HHs with productive land by occupation and income groups

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Agricultural land

Ponds, lakes, water bodies

Percentage of HHs hiring land

In the survey samples, only one fifth of HHs have agricultural land, 19.0% have lakes, ponds,and water bodies, 7.2% HHs hire land of various types and 4.1% HHs do not have residential land. Soc Trang province (in the Mekong delta) has the highest proportion of HHs with agricultural land - 37.0%, Khanh Hoa province (in the central southern coastal region) has the highest proportion of water bodies of aquaculture – 31.1%, and Thanh Hoa province seems to have the least areas of agricultural land and water bodies with only 6.6% HHs having agricultural land and 14.8% HHs having water bodies. Of the Kh’mer community in Soc Trang province, 41.2% of HHS are using agricultural land, of which 5.9% rent land, and the remaining have their land allocated. It is not random that 26.7% of Kh’mer HHs ask for assistance for productive land as an alternative livelihood option. The average agricultural land area of HHs with land in the survey samples is not low - 5,271 m2/HH, and of the Kh’mer people is 4,742.8m2/HH, yet not enough for commodity production. It is a problem that most of coastal HH, especially the fishing group, do not have agricultural land. The aforesaid features present high dependence on near-shore fishing of coastal communities and a fact that land and water bodies are very scarce resources at the coastal areas and are big difficulties for livelihood conversion. As a result, review of land resources and water bodies that have not been utilized effectively at coastal areas is extremely urgent to plan activities on alternative livelihoods of the CRSD project. In the following proposals of alternative livelihoods, this issue is highly paid


attention to in all surveyed provinces, and wastes of land resources as well as water bodies is presented; also, options of taking advantage of land resources and water bodies efficiently to create community-based alternative livelihood activities are presented.

Table 8: Percentates of HHs cultivating land (%)

Agri. land Residential land


Percentage of HHs with land

Percentage of HHs hiring land

Total samples 20.0 95.9 19.0 99 7.2By commune Ninh Van 25 100 9.4 100 0Ninh Loc 0 93.1 55.2 100 0Ngu Loc 0 100 20.7 100 13.8Hai Ninh 10.0 96.7 6.7 100 6.7Vinh Hai 23.7 97.4 7.9 100 5.3An Thach 51.4 89.2 18.9 94.6 16.2By provinceKhanh Hoa 20.5 96.7 31.1 100 0Soc Trang 37.0 93.2 12.3 97.3 11.0Thanh Hoa 6.6 98.4 14.8 100 9.8

The job structure in the survey samples in 3 provinces indicated that the fishing makes up a larger part of the main job, but total aquaculture-related jobs such as fishing and catching, farming, processing, service make up 62.7% of main jobs of all HH members who are working. In the secondary job structure of HH members at work, 22.0% related to the aquacultural jobs.

Table 9: Structure of main and secondary jobs of labourers (counting in all HH members at work) (% of total labourers)

Ric

e/ u

plan

d cr

op

Hus

band

ry

Aqu

acul

ture

Fish

ing

and

ca

tchi

ngPr

oces

sing

Aqu

acul

tura

l se

rvic

eH

andi

craf

ts

Con

stru

ctio

n

Com

mer

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rsW

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ers

Main jobs 7.5 3.7 6.4 52.4 3.1 0.8 0.6 0.4 6.6 3.9 4.8 9.7Secondary jobs

25.8 9.4 13.8 5.7 1.9 0.6 0 0 3.8 0 0 39.0

Source: Survey outcomes

The averaged monthly income per household in the last 12 months in the surveyed HHs reveals that the fishing, catching, aquatic processing and farming provide the highest income, together with vegetable and crop cultivation, as well as onion, garlic, and sugar cane planting in Ninh Van. This means that high dependence of livelihoods on fishery exploitation of coastal communities, and planting vegetable crops in some localities which have agricultural land resources can be an effectively alternative livelihood option for near-shore fishing.

Table 10: Averaged income per household in last 12 months from all income sources (on count of the number of HHs involving in such economic activities)

Nr. Income source Income (VND ‘000)1 Rice farming 22,000.02 Vegetables 42,218.183 Fruits 1,000.0


Nr. Income source Income (VND ‘000)4 Cattle raising 10,416.675 Aquaculture 37,833.336 Fishing and catching 48,798.737 Processing aquatic products 40,083.338 Aquaculture services 10,500.09 Trading aquatic products 17,266.6710 Hire labor 16,051.7211 Salaries (including retirement) 24,533.3312 Non-aquaculture trade, services 12,729.4113 Handicrafts 7,200.014 Forestry (forest planting) 4,471.43


However, the average income per capita/month of the fishing and catching group is the lowest (VND 883,300) compared with the aquatic-mix economy group (1.42 times higher than of the fishing/catching group), and almost equivalent to the non-aquatic mix economy group (VND 901,000). This reflects the trend of integrating different income-sources, taking advantages of all livelihood resources to increase the household income and diversification of income sources might and should be one of main orientations to alternative livelihood strategies for near-shore fishing of the CRSD project. The income gained from other aquaculture-related resources tends to reduce significantly in the last 2 years, particularly from the 2 most labour-intensive jobs: aquacultural fishing and catching, and aquaculture (more or less 2/3 of HHs reduced their incomes from these sources).

Chart 5: Surveyees’ assessment on changes of fishery incomes in the past 2 years (% HHs)

25

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Aquaculture Fisheries Aquatic product processing Fishery services Aquatic product trading

The above chart indicates a clear decling trend of fishery operations, of which capture fishery and aquaculture have experienced dramatic declines the most. This may be also the general tendency of coastal provinces in the project area.

Studying on the economic structure as well as job, income sources in the study communes indicates that the dependence of the coastal communities on coastal resources is remarkable. Apart from common features of ecology, sea economies, livelihood resources (which include weaknesses of human capital quality, etc.), and livelihood risks, coastal areas are quite rich with particular featurs of each locality. The common features of weaknesses of resources and livelihood risks can lead to implementation of some common livelihood models such as education enhancement, non-agricultural vocational training, and job introduction in order to relieve pressures on population and jobs, diversify income sources, and reduce poverty, etc. The surveyed communes in this report have specific features of coastal communes as pure-fishery commune (Ngu Loc, Thanh Hoa), communes locating in


estuaries (Hai Ninh, Thanh Hoa), communes locating nearby lagoons (Ninh Loc, Ninh Van, Khanh Hoa), coastal communes with abundant fishery seeds (Vinh Hai, Soc Trang), coastal communes with strongly developed agricultural commodity production (cultivation) (An Thach 3, Vinh Hai, Soc Trang), and so on. These particular features should be the basis on selection of alternative livelihood models of the communities, for example, converting fishing boats to transportation service co-operatives can only be carried out in such communes as An Thach 3 where hundreds of thousands of tons of sugar can are produced as well as there are demands of transporting thousands of tons of agricultural metarials, etc. Certainly, a selection of alternative livelihood activities needs to be based on participatory processes with coastal communities.

Ngu Loc commune in Thanh Hoa province is a mono-aquacultural commune, without productive land, very limited residential land i, and high population density. Main community assets are fishing ships, boats and tools. The main livelihoods of fishermen fully depend on marine of which 2/3 of ships and ¾ fishing production comes from near-shore fishing. However, the average income per capita in Ngu Loc commune remains the highest compared with other 5 surveyed communes. Total catch value is VND 85 billion, counting for 68.0% of the total economic value of the commune in 2010, the remaining 32% came from handicraft/ small-scaled industries, commerce, and services. Ngu Loc is typical of pure coastal communes with limited land and crowded population; therefore, to change livelihoods for fishing in the condition of scarce productive land should be and avoided altetrnative. Therefore, alternative livelihood activities here would be converting of fishing activities to effective and environmentally friendly ones, implementing common models for coastal areas such as education enhancement, non-agricultural vocational training, and new job introduction moving labourers to fishery industrial service sector, diversifying income sources, and reducing poverty. The model of education enhancement, vocational training, and job introduction might be of significant importance to coastal areas where land is limited and communities with high population density as in the case of Ngu Loc.

Hai Ninh commune, Thanh Hoa province is a commune located in avery poor estuary, with 6/9 villages involved on aquaculture. The commune has 19.4% of total households and 21.8% of laborers working in fishing, but 211 HHs, 15 enterprises, 558 laborers – 6.6% of total labor in the commune participate in knitting fishing nets, ship/boat remedy, processing, aquatic logistic services, etc. The number of ships and boats increased 264% in the period of 2004-2011, up to 613 ships with a total capacity of 11,037CV. This helps increase the annual fishing production to 2,890 tons, mainly from the coastal resources, is a sector gain the highest production value in the commune. Hai Ninh can be a typical cases of communes locating in an estuary with small fleet of near-shore fishing boats (78.3% boats of less than 20CV, of which there are many basket boats that have or do not have D6, D8 engines) and poor households are dominant (44.9% are poor households according to 2010 poverty lines, of which 66.5% poor HHs live in fishing village). The commune has 340 single mothers who husbands have passed away. With the above-mentioned features, this commune can exploit hundreds of hectares of coastal land for clam farming, converting fishing activities to effective and environmentally friendly ones, implementing common models for coastal areas such as education enhancement, non-agricultural vocational training, and job introduction to reduce population and job pressure, diversifying income sources, reducing poverty (processing, fishery services, breeding, etc.), and so on.

Ninh Van, Khanh Hoa: The group discussion with officers in Ninh Van commune can be summarized as: “The key economic sectors are Agriculture and Industries, and small scaled trade and others. Ninh Van commune has both forest land, upland-cropping land, and sea, that is convenient for tourism development. There are some on-going tourism projects but can not solve up the employment problem in the locality because local labor skills are low and not qualified. In Ninh Van the marine land, mountain land make up its majority while flat land is only a few, so it is now in trend to shift its agricultural to industrial development, change the land use from agricultural land to service-based land, therefore the land for cultivation and husbandry is limited, while the tourism, estate


development and services are developing. The coastal areas are prioritized for tourism and service development. The difficulties are low-level of labor skills, fishing and seasonal catching practices, coastal marine resources are being gradually exhausted, while funds for off-shore fishing are extremely restricted. Land is gradually being used for agro-industry-oriented purposes, as well as husbandry land for industrial husbandry and farmstead due to limited local natural resources. Ninh Van has 58.0% agricultural HHs and 40.4% fishing HHs. The natural gross land area is large but mainly comprising of forest land. Its cultivated land mainly comprises of upland-cropping land – 47.3ha and perennial planting land – 53.4ha. Upland cropping land, if being reclaimed, can grow garlic which has high economic value, however, farmers can not afford reclaiming land. Cow raising is quite developed thanks to a large area of forest and cows graze naturally. Aquacultural land covers 9.8ha and another 64 ha were acquired for the project of Ninh Van intensive breeding shrimp production and accreditation that is invested by MARD. This area is in Nha Phu lagoon. The coastal surface area covers 140 ha, but due to the presence of tourism projects, it is hardly to obtain permits for extensive marine aquaculture, so at present, only one HH farms lobsters regardless breeding lobsters are available in this marine zone. The catching by marine diving is quite developed in Ninh Van commune and it is an advantage of labour resources compared with other coastal communes. Some laborers in the commune work as marine-diving labor in Quang Ngai province and gain some tens of million VND per month. Ninh Van is quite typical for a coastal commune that has lagoons, sea, and forests, yet is still poor. There are a lot of tourism projects, although the population is sparse, there are not enough jobs, tourism covers much areas of water bodies that should be for marine or lagoon aquaculture. The local people nearly do not get benefits from the relatively abundant marine and lagoon resources as well as from economic development projects. Ninh Van shrimpstock farming and verification project can be the one that provides jobs for the locality the most. The commune can develop centralized garlic production areas. Besides, the commune might implement common models for coastal areas such as diversifying income sources and reducing poverty (processing, fishery services, breeding, developing breeding of reproductive cows, etc. with the revolving fund model of women groups, farmers), education enhancement, non-agricultural vocational training, and job introduction to reduce population and employment pressure.

Ninh Loc commune – Khanh Hoa province can be a typical commune for lagoon-based livelihoods. The commune locates along Nha Phu lagoon and the natural area is 2,945ha, of which agricultural land - 497ha, aquaculture land - 457ha, and forestry land - 763ha. Therefore, the commune has agricultural economy, capture fishery and aquaculture, as well as some commercial and service operations because of 3km of the national highway No. 1 passing by. The commune has 3 fishery villages near the lagoon with the catch and aquaculture outputs are nearly the same and the total output is about more than 800 tons per year (if there are no disease outbreaks). Ninh Loc has a golden age of aquaculture along the Nha Phu lagoon in early 2000s with development of industrial or semi-industrial aquaculture leading to mass of mangroves being cut down to expand aquaculture areas. However, epidemics turned most of farmer’s bank debts burdens unpayable. At present, extensive farming is practiced in combination with flow-based fishing yet still dealing with uncertain revenues often turned into losses;. Capture fishery is also declined due to depletion of lagoon fishery resources, rapid increase in fishing gear, and destructive fishing methods. Meanwhile, the commune’s agricultural villages are developing more stably though not affluent. It can be said that the Ninh Loc situation representative for all localities along lagoons in the country when over-exploitation makes fishery resources exhausted and near-lagoon water bodies polluted. Recovery of near-lagoon mangroves can be a solution to correct the mistakes and recover natural resources. Recovery of lagoon-side mangroves, in combination with eco-aquaculture, can be a solution to remedy mistakes and recover lagoon-side natural resources or environment projects such as waste collection projects. The commune can carry out common models for coastal areas, for example, education enhancement, non-agricultural vocational training, and job introduction to reduce population and employment pressure.


Vinh Hai commune in Soc Trang province has a large land area with huge labor resources. The agricultural economy develops in rice farming (1,000 ha of single-rice cropping, 5,000 tons per year), upland-cropping (red union – 3,800 ha, 3 crops/year), aquaculture (fish farming: 1,600 ha intensive farming, 800 ha extensive farming, yield: 400 tons per year). The fishing sector has 90 ships <30 CV of which 14 ships <20CV for coastal fishing and gains 400 tons per year. Vinh Hai commune also has a breeding clam ground spreading along 18 km of coastal line and 2,365 ha of wetland forest where is a cradle of breeding goby fish and crab stock. This is a huge natural resource of Vinh Hai commune but it is now over-caught and uncontrolled catching because many fishermen coming from other places catch here. Currently, the commune has more than 1,000 landless Khme households. The land pool for cultivation in the commune no longer runs over. However, there are more than 500 ha of productive land belongs to 2 dissolved plantations in the commune. According to the commune leaders, this land is rented by different enterprises and companies but not being used profitably due to without infrastructures investments and being encroached by many households. If the land is appropriated by the DPC Vinh Hai and would be provided with irrigation and drainage infrastructure, and assigned to landless households, the problem 1,000 Khme landless households would be solved up. The resettlement and cultivation settlement model which have gained success under the mangrove project in Soc Trang could replicated for Vinh Hai or other communes with similar conditions.

An Thach 3 commune, Cu Lao Dung district, Soc Trang is dominated with agricultural economy and the main plants are sugar canes (1,600 ha for a yield of 178,500 tons per year), tobacco plants (105 ha with a yield of 6,020 tons per year). The husbandry sector has over 500 cows, 2,600 pigs and 10,000 poultry. The aquaculture sector has less labour power than the cultivation sector (875 persons vs. 2,428 persons). The aquaculture has 160 ha, mainly of intensive aquaculture. The commune has 80 ships < 20 CV fishing coastally with a total yield of 2,600 tons per year. Non-agricultural labours total 884, equal to those in the aquacultural sector. The model of converting fishing boats to transportation service co-operatives can be good for An Thach 3 where there are thousands of tons of agricultural products to be transported every year.

Two communes in Soc Trang might be quite representative for coastal areas in the Mekong delta because they have land fund for agricultural and breeding development and also have seas and rich near-shore fishery resources that are favorable for aquaculture and catching. However, over near-shore exploitation with open benefits and lack of efficient management has been depleting the fishery resources. Therefore, co-management of coastal areas can be a good solution for this issue ensuring jobs and livelihoods and protecting fishery resources. Clam farming models that have been implemented successfully can be scaled up in VInh Hai or other communes of similar conditions., Increasing social stratification and poverty, especially of the coastal ethnic minority group, requires special supporting solutions apart from existing social policies. The CRSD project should pay attention to activities for disadvantageous groups, including activities of strengthening human resources capital, as a solution for sustainable poverty reduction. The common models for coastal areas, for instance, education enhancement, vocational training, and job introduction, can be very important to communes in Soc Trang province as well as coastal communes in the Mekong delta where quality of human resources is the lowest and where the ethnic minorities live the most densely.

The following part will analyse risks and reasons of reduction in fishery occupations.

4.2 Risk Analysis of Current Livelihood Activities (focusing on aquaculture and capture fishery)

Risks of existing livelihood activities imply vulnerability of the coastal communities. These risks include hard labouring to avoid a decline in earnings, increasing natural disasters which shorten working time in seas and endanger people’s lives, capture outputs and actual incomes are decreasing, epidemics in aquaculture causing severe damages that cannot be recovered in many years, serious lack of capitals and loan, and debt burden that make impossible for many households to change their


livelihoods or buy new tackle for more efficient capture fishery, weak sustainability of incomes, dull economic long-sight, and high rate of poor HHs, etc.

The present risks of the marine economic activities in the surveyed areas mainly derives from livelihood resources (physical resource, natural resource, human resource, social resource, financial resource), lack of capital, weakness, declination of resources, improper arrangement in aquatic resources protection and management, as well as negative impacts from external factors such as natural disasters, bad weather, polluted environment, epidemic diseases, price fluctuations, such as prices of fuel, feed, medicines and vaccinations etc. The CRSD should support in providing solutions to control the risks, create replaceable sustainable livelihoods that are based on optimizing available resources of the households and the community, making use of market and institution opportunities.

Old ships and boats with low capacity, large quantity and mainly for coastal fishing, meanwhile, this coastal resources become more and more exhausted, and annual income gains decrease more and more. Natural disasters, highly increased petrol prices, depletion of fishery resources are main reasons of income reduction. This reveals that the CRSD should provide solutions towards the offshore, minimize coastal fishing, change to more competitive jobs in effective and environmentally friendly manner, so as solutions for alternative, non-marine-based livelihoods.

Ngu Loc commune in Thanh Hoa province is a mono-aquacultural commune but the boats and ships mainly are of low capacity, its growing rate is 132.1% from 2006 to 2010, with 2/3 households doing coastal fishing and the coastal fishing yield is 3.0 times higher than the off-shore catching yield. Main fishing products are trash fish with low economic value, making up about 56.0% of total yield in 5 years (2006-2010). The fishing ground becomes more and more difficult, the marine resources become increasingly exhausted, while the problem of lack of capital and labour becomes more serious. Therefore, the question is that it should be focused on developing the offshore zone, meanwhile the local resources of people are substantially limited, unable to invest in offshore fishing and catching, the application of advanced science and technology in the marine fishing is not yet responded – as reported by Ngu Loc CPC. Hai Ninh commune, Thanh Hoa province has up to 78.3% of HHs and coastal fishing ships and boats with capacity less than 20 CV, of which many are guffas, rafts equipped with engines D6, D8. However, the coastal catching production only makes up 37.2% of total fishing yield in 2010 and tends to reduce from year 2008 (39.3%). Mr. Vu Huy Hong said that: “Earnings in recent years have reduced in terms of yields and incomes. Last year, the average output was 330 - 350 kg per month, yet this year the average output is only 300kg per month. Fishes of high value are getting rare, main catched fishes are flat fish, flounder. According to Mr. Le Trung Tuyen who owns a 18CV ship said “ …in the last 2 years, the production has reduced 30%, trash fish make up 2/3 of total production. Previously not many losses in fishing they’d ever to suffer as presently” Mr. Le Van Hung, 30 years old, who has one guffa equipped with motor D6 gained about VND 3 million per month in 2010, so far, only VND 2 million per month. Mr. Ho Minh Son, born in 1969, has a fishing junk but sold the 9CV junk, because the revenue was not enough to cover the costs. Now he is unemployed, but works as hire-labour in the commune (deputy header of the village) and gains VND 400,000 per month. Selling the fishing ship 9CV for VND 5 million, his wife sells noodles to earn a living for the whole family, gains about VND 70-80,000 per day in profitable days (Group discussion with the fishing and catching group in Tan Thuy village, Ninh Loc commune, Khanh Hoa province).

Among 2/3 of marine fishing HHs in survey, up to 54.7% said that they’ve encountered with risks in fishing activities. Besides the weather and seasonal catching that reduce the actual fishing and catching duration, there are negative impacts from the market such as highly increased market price of fuel, while the increase of marine products is not responsive with the increase of the costs for production.

The village has about 70 fishing boats of which 5-6 are just sold because of inability to afford fuel. After selling fishing ships, people purchased small boats and continued go marine fishing. Previously


they gained VND 100,000, having sold the ships, they have to use boats so the income now reduces to VND 50-60,000 per day. The sea water is now polluted, fishes and shrimps die. In the past husbands did fishing and got profits, but now, some gain some loss, last month gained VND 500-600,000. We do not have fishing ships, we use boats. (Group discussion with the fishing and catching group in Tan Thuy village, Ninh Loc commune, Khanh Hoa province)

Nearly four fifth (77.9%) of the interviewees considered that the income from marine fishing has declined for the last 2 years. Only 12.8% said that their income from this income source increased, while only 9.4% of them considered no change in income. The income decline from fishing activities is most noticed in Soc Trang (89.9%), then Khanh Hoa (71.4%) and last in Thanh Hoa (65.4%). Fishermen in Ngu Loc commune had more positive view than that in other communes, having two fifth HHs considered that the income gained from fishing and catching activities increased, meanwhile 16.0% remained the same and the averaged income per capita there was the highest amongst the surveyed communes. The fishing group, might have more objective judgment because they know and understand the fishing group and the fishing and catching job, stated that the decline in income appeared on nearly nine tenth (87.3%) of the HHs in the group. The impacts caused by the declined income gained from fishing activities in the lower income group the fiercer. The lowest income groups have more than four fifth of HHs affected compared with 65% of the highest income group. The reason of decline mainly is attributed to the natural disasters: 38.3%, high increase of fuel prices, and decreased harvest production: 30.9%.

Table 11: Surveyees’ assessment on income changes in the past 2 years (% HHs)Income from aquaculture Income from aquatic fishing

and catchingIncome from aquatic product processing

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Per samples 25.0 67.9 7.1 12.8 77.9 9.4 45.5 27.3 27.3Per commune Ninh Van 25.0 50.0 25.0 14.3 78.6 7.1 100 0 0Ninh Loc 21.4 71.4 7.1 7.1 64.3 28.6 0 100 0Ngu Loc 100 0 0 40.0 44.0 16.0 57.1 14.3 28.6Hai Ninh 7.7 84.6 7.7Vinh Hai 0 0 100 8.3 86.1 5.6 0 0 100An Thach 20.0 80.0 0 2.9 94.1 2.9 0 100 0Per province Khanh Hoa 22.2 66.7 11.1 10.7 71.4 17.9 50.0 50.0 0Soc Trang 12.5 87.5 0 5.8 89.9 4.3 0 50.0 50.0Thanh Hoa 100 0 0 23.1 65.4 11.5 57.1 14.3 28.6Per jobFishing, catching 0 100 0 3.2 87.3 9.5 0 100 0Aquaculture mix group

28.6 66.7 4.8 21.5 68.4 10.1 50.0 20.0 30.0

Other mix group 33.3 33.3 33.3 0 100 0Per income groupGroup 1 0 100 0 6.9 82.8 10.3 50.0 50.0 0Group 2 0 100 0 6.1 81.8 12.1 0 100 0


Income from aquaculture Income from aquatic fishing and catching

Income from aquatic product processing

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Group 3 20.0 60.0 20.0 6.9 82.8 10.3 0 0 100Group 4 33.3 66.7 0 15.4 76.9 7.7 0 0 100Group 5 66.7 33.3 0 28.1 65.6 6.3 66.7 16.7 16.7

Most of coastal fishing households in Vinh Hai commune, Soc Trang are poor and have no productive land, limited residential land, and most of them are Khme ethnic group. In addition to the impacts caused by natural disaster, high increase of fuel price, and exhausted of marine resources, the majority of the fishing group belongs to the lowest income group and there is a quite obvious social stratification in this income group (62.0% of the fishing group fall in the two low-income groups, meanwhile the aquaculture mixture group has its respective rate at 24.4%).

A fisherman has reflected a concern of many people of the coastal communities through an assessment: “Marine fishing is not viable anymore, I also don’t want to go fishing in seas any longer. I hope that my children can go to schools and have stable jobs” (Group discussion, Hai Ninh commune – Thanh Hoa). The CRSD project can meet demands of the coastal communities in dealing with difficulties of capture fishery through assistance in education universalization, career orientations, vocational training, and job introduction for them and their children.

The trend shows that aquaculture is facing increased epidemic diseases in aquatic environmental pollution, low investments resturns, all resulting on declined sources of income for HHs. This shows that the CRSD should provide support in integrated solutions in order to minimize the possibility of epidemic diseases transmitted, pollution in water environment, etc. and these, in turn, shall facilitate the sustainable aquaculture.

Chart 6: Occupation structure by 20% incomes

20.6 21.6

1819.1

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Total samples Fishery Fishery combination Other combinations

In the report on Aquaculture Review in 2010, Soc Trang DARD commented that: This year, the weather, the environment has been so much complicated than it used to. Blazing hot sunny weather


lasts long, facilitate favored conditions for some bacterium grow strongly, thus spread the area of shrimp farming lost up to 16.9%. Exceptionally, the area where seedlings were earlier bred was lost up to 42.5% because the water in canals had been polluted due to it coincided with the time when farming ponds were being reclaimed and cleaned.

The Khanh Hoa Fishery Department assessed that the quality of aquatic environment proved decline in the farming zone. Farmers were too subjective, not conscious about the environmental management in fishing ponds and fishing grounds. (Review report on Aquaculture in 2010). Ninh Loc commune in Khanh Hoa has most of people involved in aquaculture have taken risks of epidemic diseases and fallen in debts. The report on 5 year - socioeconomic profile (2006-2010) and the plan on 5 year – socioeconomic development (2011-2015) of the commune stressed that: The local aquaculture has not achieved high results because the water source is polluted, epidemic diseases has repeatedly happened in shrimp farming seasons so farmers have lost seriously, and the return investment capacity in production is low. In early 2011, people had farmed on 350 ha, of which white-leg shrimp was farmed in 245 ha and the giant black tiger shrimp was farmed on 105ha. However, due to the epidemic disease, 70ha of white-leg shrimp farming was totally lost, 100ha harvested at the average yield of 0.7 ton/ha. The fishing and catching production in the quarter totaled 22 tons. (Report on Socioeconomic profile, May 2011 of Ninh Loc CPC).

Deriving from the aforementioned reasons, in the survey samples, 66.7% of the interviewees expressed that the income gained from aquaculture had reduced compared with that in 2 years ago. In 3 communes, Ninh Lan, Ninh Loc, and An Thach 3 that practice the aquaculture, the percentage of the interviewees evaluated that the income gained from aquaculture was 50.0%, 71.4%, 80.0% respectively. The aquaculture-mix group, comprising of the HHs doing aquaculture and other jobs related to aquaculture, that had the aquaculture-gained income reduced was at 66.7%.

Inappropriate and poor infrastructures for aquaculture also add more risks to the aquaculture practiced. The Report by Khanh Hoa Aquaculture Department in 20010 comments on one restrict: “The hydraulic canal system serving the aquaculture was slowly developed”. The report by Ninh Loc CPC, Khanh Hoa indicated that: “Farming shrimps after lost crops, possibility for return investment is limited, the water discharged and water intake are shared in one canal, therefore it is unavoidable to the spread of epidemic diseases. The farming calendar is not consistent, applying the advanced science and technology in the aquatic farming is not extended, and the diseases control is still ineffective”.

The CRSD should integrate in different local socioeconomic development projects, programs in order to lose a tight bottleneck in the sustainable development of the coastal fishery, i.e. the infrastructure.

Desperate need of the capital, hardly repayment for repeated debts, difficulty in financing the production extension or job change, etc. HHs in debt in the surveyed samples total 67.7%, mainly for exploitation, aquaculture (making up 64.4% of total HHs in debt), cultivation, and husbandry (18.9% of total HHs in debt). The average loan for aquaculture is the highest, up to VND 57.7 million per HH, the highest loan borrowed is VND 300 million. The loan for cultivation is averaged at VND 19.2 million per HH. 9.5% of loans are above VND 100 million and nearly ¼ of loans are in range of VND 30-90 million.

Mr. Nguyen Quoc Hau, Tam Ich village, Ninh Loc commune – Khanh Hoa, 45 years old, education attainment 5/12, have five children, none of who has been married, raising shrimp and crabs semi-industrially, farming area is 35,000m2. All assets are in pledge, owing the bank VND 180 million which is over payment due since 2003. At present, do extensive farming, the wife sell noodles that cannot ensure basic demands, 2 sons are workers, 1 son is soldier, and 2 children going to schools (Group discussion).

The report on 2010 aquaculture review by Soc Trang DARD concluded that “Due to huge outstanding credit debts in recent years, the banks encounter in difficulties, some production HHs lost in previous farming crops so they still have lacked of capital, this cause the investment in works unreliable, many


small-scaled farming HHs do not have settlement basins, etc. so the water supply for the production process is not reliable.” Ninh Hai CPC, Thanh Hoa considered “The marine fishery, though, has developed, had not been proportionally invested in. The fishing and catching facilities are simple and primitive, percentage of high-capacity ships is low, thus, these make fishing and catching effect low”. Ninh Loc CPC, Thanh Hoa concluded in its report on 2010 Socioeconomic Development: “The investment in upgrading high-capacity fishing ships for offshore fishing encounters with many difficulties, the job-change processes slow”

The aquaculture group in Tam Ich village, Ninh Loc commune, Khanh Hoa expressed: All are over-due and are locked out from further borrowing, of which the lowest-borrower borrowed VND 40 million, the highest borrower borrowed VND 180 million. Now, only land remains, but most of them do extensive farming. Some people have hired the ponds but they had to given back.

During community consultation, the people of the fishing group in Ninh Van commune – Khanh Hoa said: There are many deficiencies in the Government’s supporting policies, loans for the poor for production and business are so limited and not enough for investments. Therefore, fishermen have to borrow money from individuals or magnates. The magnates do not take interests, yet, they will buy products at cheap prices, because marine fishery resources are getting exhausted, fishermen get more and more debts.

The problem of lack of capital is serious and generalized – the first-ranked important resource reveals that the CRSD should coordinate with the banking services in order to obtain the sustainable livelihood changed. It is not incidental that when responding to the question about which support is needed if implementing alternative livelihoods for near-shore fishing, 87.7% HHs asked for fund assistance.

Having no productive land is a serious restriction to the job-change to most of coastal fishing households. In the survey samples, only one fifth of HHs have agricultural land. This shows that it is necessary to make the most of available land resources in all the project area to replace the gradually exhausted marine resources. The study shows that some project areas still have land fund but used ineffectiveness. This land fund should be allocated for the project target households (e.g. the case of Vinh Hai commune in Soc Trang).

One reality reveals that most of fishery HHs are not allocated with agricultural land in occasions when agricultural land is allocated in the localities, such as in Ninh Van commune, Khanh Hoa, up to 20-30% HHs do not have production land; in Vinh Hai commune, Soc Trang more than 1,000 fishery HHs (most of them are in Khme ethnic group) do not have agricultural land. On the other hand, the availability of agricultural land in coastal villages is limited, such as in Ngu Loc commune, Thanh Hoa, 3 coastal villages in Ninh Loc, Khanh Hoa. In the survey samples, none of HHs in Ninh Loc and Ngu Loc has agricultural land, and part of them have moved to other communes or other villages to hire public land to do aquatic farming. Except for An Thach 3 commune, half of HHs have agricultural land, other communes have only 10 to more than 20% of HHs having agricultural land. The fishing and catching group and the aquaculture mix group has only 15.5% and 20.2% of total HHs having agricultural land respectively. The ethnic minority group has only 35.3% of HHs have agricultural land and 5.9% hire land for production. The average land area of coastal HHs that are using agricultural land is 5,386m2 for the Kinh people and 4,742m2 for the ethnic minorities. These areas are sufficient for surviving only, not enough for development the commodity economy to becom rich. The striking issue is the fact that most of fishing HHs do not have productive land and this is a great hindrance for changing jobs from fishery capture. Meanwhile, some localities have some land sources that are not been used effectively, are not yet planned, adjusted with the land-use rights more economically and socially profitable (Refer to Section on Development Opportunities on Income and Livelihoods).


Table 12: Percentages of HHs cultivating on different land categories (%)

Agricultural land

Residential land


Percentage of HHs having different categories of land

Percentage of HHs renting land

Total samples 20.0 95.9 19.0 99 7.2Per commune Ninh Van 25 100 9.4 100 0Ninh Loc 0 93.1 55.2 100 0Ngu Loc 0 100 20.7 100 13.8Hai Ninh 10.0 96.7 6.7 100 6.7Vinh Hai 23.7 97.4 7.9 100 5.3An Thach 51.4 89.2 18.9 94.6 16.2Per province Khanh Hoa 20.5 96.7 31.1 100 0Soc Trang 37.0 93.2 12.3 97.3 11.0Thanh Hoa 6.6 98.4 14.8 100 9.8Per job groupFishing, catching 15.5 94.4 8.5 98.6 9.9Aquaculture mix 20.2 97.0 28.3 99.0 6.1Other mix 32.0 96.0 12.0 100 4.0

Untrained labor, low education level, lack of knowledge, and mainly experience-based production increase risks in production as well as more difficulty in job-change. This reveals that the job training, education universalization is one of substantial activities in the CRSD that aims at changing towards sustainable coastal livelihoods.

The rate of literate in the group of people above 15 years old is quite high: 94.0%, compared with the rate of literate in the group of people above 10 years old as 92.0% indicated in the VHLSS in 2008 in rural area. However, in Vinh Hai commune, Soc Trang – where there are approximately 10,000 Kh’mer people, the literate rate is quite low, only 81.8% although the illiteracy proportion may focus on the middle-aged and the old. In the study of the WB funded mangrove project in 2006, the literacy rate of all survey samples in 4 provinces of Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, and Ca Mau is 86.5%, the corresponding rate of the Kh’mer is 71.1% and more than half of illiterate people are more than 46 years old. The catching group has literacy rate remarkably lower than the mix-aquaculture group does (92.4% vs. 94.9%). Basically, this rate in other lower-income groups is lower accordingly. The lowest income group has its respective rate at 89.8%, much lower than that of the highest income group – 98.8%. Members of the female-headed HHs are more disadvantaged with its lower rate of literate – 89.1% compared with the rate 94.5% of the male-headed HHs group.

On the one hand, the proportion of over 15-year-old members that only gain primary education attainment is high in pure fishery communes such as Ngu Loc – Thanh Hoa and Soc Trang, where there are lots of ethnic minority people. This means that these groups will encounter more difficulties in changing their livelihoods and the CRSD project needs to design components on vocational training and education universalization with special attention to these groups. On the other hand, nearly four fifths of children in the school age (6-18) currently do not attend schools mainly because their families need labourers while tuition fees for children are expensive. Therefore, the CRSD project should provide support in cash for children of poor and quasi-poor HHs to obtain education universalization, follow secondary education or vocational training. This is a way of sustainable poverty reduction as well as creating opportunities of livelihood changes for near-shore fishing for the young generations so that they do not have to follow their parents’ jobs as the sole livelihoods sources.


The rate of population above 15 years old graduated the junior high school education in the surveyed group is 17.2%, much higher than its rate in other rural areas indicated in VHLSS in 2008: 12.3%. This is an important base for a part of young people who are able to change to non-catching jobs.

The rate of people above 15 years old who are trained vocation only reaches 6.4%. Meanwhile, 4.0% obtain the high education (colleague and university). The respective rate of job-training in rural areas in VHLSS 2008 at 8.6% is higher than the surveyed samples. This means that human resources capital in the project area is poorer than in rural areas in the whole country. Communes in Soc Trang province seem weaker than other communes in term of vocational training area.

The rate of trained workers in the catching group is also lower than in the mix-aquaculture group (5.4% vs. 6.3%). The lowest income group also has its rate of trained workers above 15 years old much lower than that of other income groups: 1.6% vs. 12.8% of the highest income group . This means that the CRSD should focus on job-training activities for the lowest income group, the catching group, particularly in Soc Trang and the Mekong delta in order to increase opportunities for job-change in their long-term aspect.

Table 13: Education attainment of HH membersPopulation above 15 years old

Literate population above 15 years old

Highest education level of the populationabove 15 years old

Primary Junior high

school

Senior high

school

Secondary vocational

Short -term vocational

training

Long-term

vocational training

High education

Others

Total samples

75276.2

70594.0

23931.9

28538.0

12917.2

50.7

50.7

70.9

334

10.1

Per commune6 communes: Ninh Van

12015.9

11792.0

3126.3

4538.1

2319.5

43.4

43.4

21.7

75.9

10.8

Ninh Loc 12716.8

12296.1

3829.9

6148.0

1814.2

00

00

00

53.9

00

Ngu Loc 11715.5

11396.6

4034.2

3933.3

1916.2

10.9

10.9

00

1210.3

00

Hai Ninh 9712.9

97100

1818.6

5354.6

2121.6

00

00

00

55.2

00

Vinh Hai 15921.1

13081.8

6440.3

3421.4

2415.1

00

00

42.5

42.6

00

An Thach 13217.6

12695.5

4836.4

5340.2

2418.2

00

10.8

00

00

00

Per provinceKhanh Hoa 247

32.823997.6

6928.2

10643.3

4116.7

41.6

41.6

20.8

124.9

10.4

Soc Trang 28437.7

25088.0

10838.0

8529.9

4816.9

00

10.4

41.4

41.4

00

Thanh Hoa 22129.3

21697.7

6228.1

9442.5

4018.1

10.5

10.5

94.1

177.8

00

Per job-groupCatching 237

31.521892.4

9741.1

8335.2

2510.6

10.4

52.1

31.3

31.2

10.4

Mix-aquaculture

41555.2

39394.9

12029.0

16640.1

8019.3

30.7

00

30.7

204.9

00

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Population above 15 years old

Literate population above 15 years old

Highest education level of the populationabove 15 years old

Primary Junior high

school

Senior high

school

Secondary vocational

Short -term vocational

training

Long-term

vocational training

High education

Others

combination 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Per sex of HH headMale 687

91.464894.5

22032.1

26438.5

11717.1

50.7

50.7

71.0

284

10.1

Female 658.6

5789.1

1929.7

2132.8

1218.8

00

00

00

57.8

00

Per income group 20%Group 1 (Poorest)

12716.9

11489.8

4636.2

5543.3

118.7

00

00

00

21.6

00

Group 2 15320.3

14393.5

4026.1

6341.2

2717.6

10.7

32.0

21.3

74.6

00

Group 3 14819.7

13691.9

4933.1

5335.8

2718.2

21.4

00

10.7

32.1

00

Group 4 14319.0

13695.1

5035.0

5941.3

1913.3

10.7

10.7

10.7

53.5

00

Group 5 (Richest)

17423.1

17198.8

5230.1

5431.2

4324.9

10.6

10.6

31.7

169.3

10.6


Risk of livelihood in the coastal area is also because of poor awareness on protection of aquatic resources. ‘To bite off more than one can chew” attitude rules over behavior of coastal people for their immediate livelihoods, making fishery resources exhausted and fishery incomes more and more reduced.

Thanh Hoa Department of Agriculture and Rural Development considered: “The coastal area of the province covers over 1,200km2, concentrates the breeding grounds of different fish and shrimp species of high-economic value such as Hon Ne shrimp ground till Lach Ghep estuary, fish ground, Dong Nam Hon Me shrimp, etc. usually attracting nearly 80% of the fishing ships of the province, some people usually secretly and illegibly use combined catching tools with destructive manner to catch aquatic products in the coastal fishing ground, particularly many fishermen use high-capacity fishing ships to operate wrongly in the designated marine areas to make use of resources, causing to change the coastal ecosystem”.

The Report by Ninh Loc CPC in Khanh Hoa province in 2010 indicates that: “In recent years, the catching yield has become low because the coastal marine products become exhausted, because fishermen used electric tools, ‘gia cao’ (one way of fishing) catching, they have not yet improved their fishing tools. Total catching and fishing in 2006-2009 gained 95.5% of the assigned plan annually”. One fisherman in this commune considered that:”two kinds of bamboo traps (two relatively popular fishing gear here) deplete fishery resources, bamboo traps has been prohibited in Cam Ranh”. The Review report on Aquaculture in 2010 by Soc Trang DARD indicated: “here and there, the public awareness on environmental protection is not good, affecting the area where they aquaculture earlier, therefore the rate of losses is quite high (42.5%). Khanh Hoa Department of Fishery also evaluated that: “the awareness of aquatic


farmers is not high enough in managing the environment and water quality so once a disease appears it is easy to transmit quickly, therefore, difficult to control and manage diseases locally”.

Lack of cooperation, connections in production arrangement, community-based management models, models on marine production teams, etc. are not yet applied in reality so it increases more risks in exploiting, farming and protecting the aquatic resources.

Thanh Hoa DARD commented that: “The arrangement of marine production and exploitation in team or group model is not effective; there is no policy in place for supporting marine production teams, groups. The establishment of community-based fishery management models has not yet received due concern and attention to”. Coastal resources co-management practice should a constituting part integrating closely with the sustainable alternative livelihood component of the CRSD project.

In Ngu Loc, when the cholera happened, the forbiddance on shrimp paste trade and consumption made a decline for shrimp paste processing - a traditional career in the commune.

Such risks result in popularizing the instability in the employment. Almost two fifth (38.8%) of total labor members in the surveyed HHs have unstable jobs, and nearly 2/3 (69.7%) of their part-time jobs are also unstable. In Ninh Van and Ninh Loc communes – Khanh Hoa, the proportions of unstable main jobs are very high, 61.5% and 64.2% respectively. Stability of main jobs of the fishing group and the fishery combination group with other fishery operations is lower than that of non-fishing group: 50.0% and 64.8% compared to 70.6%. Generally, stability of main jobs is proportional to incomes. This means that the higher incomes the group has, the higher the percentage of HHs having stable main jobs, and vice versa. The percentage of HHs with stable main jobs of the lowest income group is 34.3%, less than half of the corresponding percentage of the highest income group – 74.3%. This percentage of the Kh’mer group is only 44.4%, much lower than that of the Kinh – 63.7%. The male group has a much higher proportion of stablility in main jobs compared to that of the female group: 62.1% compared to 50.0%. This means the CRSD should support more activities that help create more sustainable jobs, not only just support immediate livelihood activities, but also include activities for education for the young generation, vocational training, job creation, sustainable poverty reduction, linkage between job groups in different models, etc. The CRSD supporting activities should pay special attention to disadvantageous groups such as groups of the poor, the quasi-poor, female labourers, and ethnic minorities.

Risks about migration, training provided is not suitable with the market demands, children leave schooling because of the poverty, lack of labour, etc.

Though migration creates opportunities of jobs and incomes, and provides economic benefits for migrating households and communities, migration imposes risks. Many studies enumerate migration risks, including unstable jobs and low salaries, inability of participation in various types of social insurance, medical insurance, and unemployment insurance, particularly in small enterprises, risks of security and social evils when being out of the control of communities, expensive living costs in urban areas, children being far away from their parents that affects their education and personality development. Therefore, when migration is determined as a strategy of creating jobs and lessening near-shore fishing exploitation, the CRSD project should support coastal migrants to find stable jobsand overcome as well as limit risks that they might have to face with. Some opportunites are described in the following section.

Limitation of education and vocational training system: Since the quality of the existing Vietnam education system is low, from primary education to vocational training or junior colleges and universities, professional orientation is not implemented properly, systems of information on education, training, and labour markets are under-developed, it is popular that training does not meet


the market’s demands and opportunities of sustainable jobs for the young are wasted in the whole country in general as well as at coastal areas in particular. Among the unemployed, about 27.0% are trained labourers, especially the young. This indicates gaps in education orientation and vocational training. It is noticeable that to a majority of young people at coastal areas, especially those from poor and quasi-poor HHs, their learning path is full of difficulties and harships, and they only pass it with full efforts and determination, together with their parents’ tears and sweats. Hence, wastes of their sustainable employement opportunities are so painful and torment. At the survey communes, some young men were not able to find jobs in cities after graduating from technical secondary schools, junior colleges, and universities, then, they came back to their hometowns and found temporary jobs that were irrelevant to their training, for example, newsreaders, working for the commune’s youth union, or working at home, etc. The CRSD project can and should provide assistance in vocational orientation and training that are close to the market demands, selection of prestigious training agencies, provision of labour market information, and job introduction to young people.

4.3 Opportunities for Development of Alternative Income Sources and Livelihoods

The opportunities for development of replaceable income sources and livelihoods in the project areas might be quite large such as the development of labor markets in key economic zones in the North and the South, industrial zones and urban in the project provinces, many socioeconomic development projects funded by the Government and the province, possibilities to be integrated in the project localities, many policies in place on assistance in employment, poverty reduction and vocational training, etc. One feature of the labor market in Vietnam is that it is popular with the labour dissection, segment between urban and rural areas, between industries, economic sectors; in which the labour in industrial sector dominates. Therefore, if the CRDS enables to arrange its activity in supplying information on labour market, introducing jobs, providing linkages between the young, women and fishermen who are in need of employment with enterprises who are in need of recruiting workers, many replacement jobs can be provided for the fishermen in the coastal region. Currently, every year, large cities such as Ho Chi Minh city, Hanoi, provinces with developed economy such as Binh Duong, Dong Nai, etc. recruit about 100,000 to 300,000 workers which many are unskilled. In many stages, the demand of unskilled workers becomes critical in these regions. The arrangement for supply and linkage of labor supply and demand becomes essential in providing jobs, besides the training, improving the quality of human resources, and making use of market opportunities.

The exhausted marine resources lower and declined income sources, lack of employment, and poverty are motive to push a group of people leaving home to seek for jobs, regardless the fact that it is not of the wish of people living in the coastal region. For example, in the last 5 years, in the commune, about 2,000 people have migrated, about 200 HHs have left to work far, some brought their children with them, others left their children at home. Here, if you do not leave l seeking jobs far away, you cannot find a job, so, you’re forced to leave (Group discussion with the offices in Ngu Loc commune, Thanh Hoa). It is necessary to guide the migration process as to enable people to haveemployment opportunties , reducing risks and costs for migrated workers, particular for female workers and ethnic minority workers. In addition to the given social network of migration, the CRSD would require to define how to set up a center for job advice that functions in linking the labor demand and supply in the project areas, and improving than the existing job introduction center models. Efforts need to be put to provide a lot of alternative jobs for catching, especially to the young generations.

Many industrial zones, tourism areas such as Nghi Son in Thanh Hoa, Ninh Thuy in Khanh Hoa, etc. are developing in the project provinces; however, the low-quality of human resources in the coastal communes is a barrier to make use of this opportunity. The CRSD should focus on setting up vocational training activities, human resources training, particularly to the young people of fishermen,


of poor HHs in trend of the marine economy-oriented jobs, and meet the demands of regional labour market.

On the other hand, the project areas also remain unexploited resources such as 200 ha of land for aquaculture that is ineffectively used in Ninh Loc commune, managed by Khanh Hoa, about 47 ha of land at Bai Truong pass, where Ly Son garlic – a high economic valued product, can be grown (if the land is reclaimed, 24 ha has been already reclaimed and are produced effectively, profiting VND 270 million/ha in 2010 excluding all costs and expenditures, 23ha are not yet reclaimed) in Ninh Van commune – Khanh Hoa, or 46ha in Thanh Binh bay and 60 ha of coastal trip in Hai Ninh commune that is currently abandoned and can be reclaimed to farm clams with favorable natural conditions and. In Vinh Hai commune, Soc Trang province, more than 500ha of land belonging to 2 dissolved forestations where is now leased by different companies can be reclaimed to allocate thousands of fishery households who have no cultivate land. The CRSD can set up replaceable livelihood models that derive from the exploitation of the existing land resources that are now used ineffectively.

Another chance for alternative livelihoods is infrastructure construction activities of the CRSD project. Proposals of the CRSD project provinces and communes consist of various infrastructure works such as fish harbours, head markets, fishery services areas, roads, drainage systems, planting mangroves, eco-aquaculture, shrimp stock culture and verification facilities, etc. that can create thousands of jobs of which there are many unskilled jobs. For instance, Ninh Van shrimp stock culture and verification center can provide around 3,000 jobs upon completion, which will use approximately 2,400-2,500 local labourers (as estimated by a fishery official in Khanh Hoa). Co-management-based models of the CRSD project also create many alternative jobs for fishing or environmentally-friendly fishing.

4.4 Participation of the Communities in the Project Activities

The fishermen usually establish ship fleets with the ship owners and group fishermen to work in group. The revenue, being deducted the costs and ship depreciation (about 30% - 50%), shall be shared amongst the fishermen per labour. This is a social base that enables to extend the linkage with other groups functioning in the coastal area.

Clam co-operatives in Soc Trang that are operating well are valuable lessons of voluntary linkages for the CRSD project activities. With the advantage of a clam stock ground spreading over 18 km, at present, Vinh Hai commune, Soc Trang has established a clam co-operatives with about 510 member households. The clam co-operatives model has been operating very effectively. On one hand, it provides jobs and incomes for member households, on the other hand, it ensures selective and organized exploitation of, also, it protects the clam ground from arbitrary exploitation by fishermen from other places. The mangrove co-management model is implemented in Au Tho B village, Vinh Hai commune, Vinh Chau district, Soc Trang provice under the GIZ project funded by Germany, from 2007 to 2010. There are five teams led by team leaders, each team leader is equipped with one mobile phone. The team activities are disseminating information and levering awareness among their communities as well as other communities about the need for forest protection and preventing people who are not in the teams from exploiting the forests managed by the so called teams. The teams operate voluntarily, the project assits each member household to build a furnace for cooking with woods taken from forests. The member households are allowed to exploit wood and seafood in the forests as regulated. Exploited products are controlled by check-points to check whether they are complied with regulations or not. If captured products (e.g oyster, crab,…) do not meet standard sizes (i.e too small), they will be taken back to the forests. Each household is granted with a member card and they have to wear this when going into the forests. Meetings are organized monthly to draw out lessons-learnt and resolve outstanding issues or difficulties of the members. During operation, the teams have encountered difficulties of inadequate infrastructure such as offices, patrol boats, sentry


boxes, expression and conflicts between the team members and the outsiders about fishing prohibition in forests managed by the teams.

Free, prior and informed consultations with potentially affected Kh’me ethnic minority peoples indicated that there is a broad support from this community for the project implementation. Over the course of project implementation, if there is any activities that restrict access of ethnic minority communities to coastal resources, consultation with them will be hold to ensure potentially affected communities can participate in designing, implementing, and monitoring activities that may affect their access to coastal resources. Also, the project, based on consultation with them, will ensure ethnic minorities present in project area will benefit from project activities in a way that is culturally appropriate to them. Consultation with ethnic minority peoples has been conducted/will be conducted in a way that is appropriate to their social and cultural values, as well as their local conditions.

In Khanh Hoa, the groups when being consulted also proposed establishment of project teams and groups, for example, establishment of oyster farms: Changing to oyster culture, some households are culturing oysters 3km far from here (Tan Doa, Ninh Ich), their incomes are quite good. Having known farming techniques already. However, if oyster farming is allowed, a traning course was still asked for to ensure precise techniques. roups of 5-10 people could be established for farms. About VND 200 million should be provided as an investment for 5 people (Group discussion, fishermen, Ninh Loc – Khanh Hoa). Or establishing garlic co-operatives in Ninh Van: Much land in the village can be improved to plant garlic and onion, yet, there are no funds for improvement. Establishing co-operatives to improve land, expanding planting of garlic and onion. There is not enough land to plant in a large area for many people, yet some people can plant together in private land. The co-operatives teams look for monopoly sales of garlic and onion, stable input provision, when the input and output is stable, people will feel more secured (Group discussion, farmers, Ninh Van – Khanh Hoa).

In many studies on migration, the social networks of the migrants in Vietnam usually is a base for people to migrate, particularly for women who want to look for jobs, reduce travel cost, help to find jobs, and support each other in such a risk life away from their home land. So it is in the project communes. In the survey, women in communes: Ngu Loc, Hai Ninh, Ninh Van, etc. seemed willing to agree with setting up production-join groups such as raising cows, pigs, services, etc. and tended to expand the group, i.e. after 2-3 years, they could assist new groups a number of calves, breeding pigs or a part of fund that they would be supported. The commune woman’s unions also agreed to manage the funds established and transferred amongst the groups as the revolving fund for livelihood change and poverty reduction. The female group in Hai Ninh commune – Thanh Hoa discussed quite ebullient: “breeding teams could be established?. The issue is that solidarity is needed to work together. It is advantageous that women usually establish affection women’s unions including about 10-20 women and these are a basis to form breeding teams easily. Up to now, in breeding and cultivation, women base on their experiences, not having participated in any training courses. One pen is for 5 pigs, area 4x5m. Pigpens must be made of concrete with heat-resistant roofs and water systems. Pigpens must be clean to reduce diseases and food must be safe. To raise 10 pigs, 2 cells are needed at a constructicon cost of VND 60 million. Can change construction materials reduce construction costs?. Advantages: having land to plant vegetables, clean water, available labourers, having fishes after going sea to make mash. Can establish teams with about 10 HHs per team, breeding capacity depends on land area of each HH; if make it like a model, 10 HHs should raise 200 pigs to earn profits. Need the project to support breeds and food. Good breeds are important to raise quickly and gain high economic efficiency. If develop a model, women only have enough money for breeds, do not have sufficient money for foods and improvement of pigpens.


To process aquatic products, teams with 5-6 HHs each can be established. Fishing products of the commune will be consumed. When having gained experiences, people can advise each other and agree on working and management methods. Funds are needed to implement this.

A chicken raising model can be implemented among about 10 HHs, funds are needed, coops are not so high. Will gather some HHs that have large land, each HH can raise 300 chicken. The breed price is VND 30,000 per chick, the costs of breeds for 10 HHs raising about 300 chicken is approximately VND 90 million.

If teams are established, it will take about at least 3 years for these teams to support other teams and groups. other teams with 50% of funds of the funded teams. Could be supported The women also raise one issue that the project can concentrate on women who are living in difficulties or whose husbands have passed away. The proposals of the female group in Hai Ninh commune are very convincing and can be implemented for women at the coastal region, particularly for women who live in difficulties.

In Ninh Van commune, the female group agrees to establish a cow raising group, develop a revolving fund concerning cows to develop breeding groups for poverty reduction with the CPC’s assistance by allowing the use of 4ha of land that is planned for a cemetary to raise elephant grass for breeding. Also in this commune, the farmer goup propose to establish porcupine raising group with the same mode and the CPC has accepted this proposal after the Consultant’s survey.

Social network

Results of the survey show that HH relatives, close mates, neighbours, people in the same village are still people who give hand to each other in need. About 62.9% of respondents considered that HH relatives and close mates are their 1st helpers when they need; 15.5% considered they are neighbours; and 9.3% considered they are people in the same villages and the commune authorities. Holding the second rank in the role of the 2nd helpers are also relatives, close mates (17.5%), neighbours (29.1%), commune government (20.6%), organizations (10.1%), friends (9.5%). The percentage of HHs who is self-help when facing with difficulty is only 6.2% (see Table 14). This is an important social base for organizing different voluntary join-groups in the CRSD project.

Table 14: Helpers ranking as first and second ones

Relatives, close people

Neighbours, people in village

Commune government Organizations Friends Unexpected

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Total 62.9 17.5 15.5 29.1 9.3 20.6 3.1 10.1 3.1 9.5 6.2 13.2Per communeNinh Van 68.8 3.2 12.5 25.8 6.3 25.8 6.3 19.4 3.1 12.9 3.1 12.9Ninh Loc 58.6 12.0 17.2 36.0 10.3 8.0 0 16.0 0 8.0 13.8 20.0Ngu Loc 51.7 41.4 27.6 10.3 13.8 41.4 3.4 0 3.4 6.9 0 0Hai Ninh 50.0 33.3 26.7 36.7 6.7 16.7 10.0 3.3 6.7 10.0 0 0Vinh Hai 60.5 15.8 7.9 18.4 15.8 13.2 0 15.8 5.3 13.2 10.5 23.7An Thach 3 83.3 2.8 5.6 47.2 2.8 19.4 0 5.6 0 5.6 8.3 19.4Per provinceKhanh Hoa 63.9 7.1 14.8 30.4 8.2 17.9 3.3 17.9 1.6 10.7 8.2 16.1Soc Trang 72.2 9.7 6.9 31.9 8.3 16.7 0 9.7 2.8 9.7 9.7 22.2Thanh Hoa 50.8 36.1 26.2 24.6 11.5 27.9 6.6 3.3 4.9 8.2 0 0Per job -group


Relatives, close people

Neighbours, people in village

Commune government Organizations Friends Unexpected

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Helper 1

Helper 2

Fishing 62.9 16.2 15.7 23.5 8.6 25.0 1.4 11.8 2.9 5.9 8.6 17.6Fishery-mix group 62.6 20.8 15.2 31.3 9.1

18.85.1 7.3 3.0 11.5 5.1 10.4

Other mix group 64.4 8.0 16.0 36.0 12.0

16.00 16.0 4.0 12.0 4.0 12.0

Per 20% income groupGroup 1 67.5 10.5 17.5 26.3 5.0 18.4 0 10.5 0 7.9 10.0 26.3Group 2 61.9 15.4 16.7 23.1 7.1 25.6 4.8 20.5 2.4 7.7 7.1 7.7Group 3 70.6 8.8 5.9 50.0 17.6 23.5 0 5.9 5.9 2.9 0 8.8Group 4 51.4 35.1 21.6 40.5 10.8 10.8 8.1 0 0 8.1 8.1 5.4Group 5 62.5 17.5 15.0 10.0 7.5 25.0 2.5 12.5 7.5 17.5 5.0 17.5

However, to establish groups, teams, and co-operative under the co-management model, there are certain difficulties: “It is difficult to gather people to develop groups and teams, individuals have individual ideas, there used to be a group model but failed. Groups of 10 aquaculture HHs each could be established in the clean water body (Hon Vung). This area is not polluted, these HHs need support of breeds and seedlings and funds “(Group discussion with the aquaculture group in Tam Ich village, Ninh Loc commune, Khanh Hoa). The commune leaders also commented that: “it is not a local traditional practice of forming groups. The commune used to implement a model of shrimp farming group with connection in one large area, yet failed because of relatively high individuality. Nonetheless, if the project support, this group model can be maintained and developed”. In the whole country, there are not many successful co-management models, these models are part of alternative livelihood strategies. Hence, the CRSD project needs to have specialist to monitor and assit the localities during operation of the co-management models.


V. PROPOSED SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS

5.1 Key Orientations to Sustainable Livelihoods at Coastal Areas

Promote all livelihood resources of family households and communities (human resources, natural resources, physical resources, financial resources and social resources), making use of any market and institutional opportunities as well as favored conditions in each locality in order to develop livelihoods that are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable.

Diversify possible income sources, considering the household’s economy as a strategy to maximize potentiallivelihoods, to reduce pressure on coastal exploitation.

At national level development, if infrastructure and the quality of human resources are considered as development bottleneck, then this is also the case in the coastal area. For the CRSD project, it is essential to take improvement of human resources quality through training and capacity bulding as a fundamental, long-term solution for the coastal development as well as sustainable livelihood development.

High population density along with slow process of the economic development in the coastal region create high pressure for employment demand, as well as huge migrations and displacements of population to key economic zones as the Central Highland. Vocational training in combination with education assistance will likely bring good effects in the long-term.

Because resources of the CRSD project and the project coastal areas are limited, it needs to integrate CRSD project activities with other socioeconomic development programs and projects in each project locality, aiming at integrating rare resources (financial resource, land, water surface, and other production materials) to develop the coastal region and creating sustainable livelihood.

Poverty is one of reasons that result in over-exploitation of coastal resources. Therefore, the CRSD project shall focus on activities for poverty reduction, creation of sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable groups such as the poor, the pro-poor, single female headed household, ethnic minority people.

The coastal region and livelihood activities of the coastal communities are in the major risk prone. This causes a majority of the community to fall in the spire of poverty, create more pressures on the coastal exploitation. Therefore, risk mitigation measures such as agricultural insurance, ship insurance, life insurance, health insurance, etc. may help reduce negative impacts from such risks. The CRSD project shall support, promote the community participation in such insurance activities, so as participate in pilot programs launched by the Government on agricultural insurance.

From the above-mentioned orientations, it is possible to classify 3 groups of proposals for the CRSD project, i.e. a group of job mobility in marine exploitation, a group of land-based livelihood models, and non-land-based livelihood models. Specific models shall be proposed by relevant individual localities and can be a combination of the above orientations.

5.2 Livelihood-conversion Models for Near-shore Fishery

Situation of excessive and inefficient exploitation happening in the fisheries sector and the surveyed localities requires a diversification of income sources for fishermen. This diversification might aim to offshore fishing or selective livelihood changes to more environmentally-friendly occupations, land-


based or non-land-based livelihoods, Survey data on average household incomes in the past 12 months show that marine capture still provides the highest incomes compared to other occupations in these localities, therefore, it is likely that livelihood conversion will experience many difficulties if there is no strong assistance in institution, funds, training, and so on.

Chart 7: Average HHs’ incomes by occupations in the past 12 months (VND ‘000)

05000

100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000

Rice plantingVegetables and crops

Fruit trees

Cattle breeding

Aquaculture

Capture fishery

Aquatic product processing

Fishery servicesFishery trading

Hired labour

Salary (including pension)

Trading, services (not relating to fishery)

Handicraft/ small-scaled industries

Forestry (planting forests)

Others (indicate clearly)

Series1

Offshore fishing boats: Depletion of coastal resources is one of the reasons of rapid increase in near-shore fishing boats. Hence, encouragement to offshore fishing is an approach and the Government has implemented supporting policies such as petrol subsidy, the offshore fishing program, as well as prepared the National Plan of Actions (NPOA) for reduction in fishing capacity. Fluctuations in the market, e.g. high increase in petrol price, make many offshore fishing boats in some localities have to stay “in land” at present. This is also a concern about economic efficiency of offshore fishing. Impacts of increases in fuel prices in 2008 have confirmed the aforesaid statement. At this time, sometimes the petrol price raises to more than VND 16,000 per litre, about 30%-40% of ships cannot operate (as estimated by VIFEP). This shows clearly low operating benefits and vulnerability because of price fluctuation that most of Vietnam fishing boats are facing (According to the Report on Strategic Economic Analysis of the fisheries sector by DERG and CIEM, 2010). Several reasons have been considered such as poor quality of wood boats and post-harvest handling facilities worsen fish quality or problems of the supply chain lessen fishermen’s earnings. On the other hand, attention should be given to the lessons-learnt of the Government’s Offshore Fishing Program implemented previously. However, the Government’s support for offshore fishing in some fishing grounds is also an opportunity of development of offshore fishing boats under the CRSD project. Community consultation reveals building of offshore fishing boats (the engine capacity is higher than 90CV) as an alternative livelihood model for offshore fishing.

In the survey sample, responding to the question “If near-shore fishing is not allowed or restricted, what are you going to do for alternative earnings”. 11.2% of HHs mentioned their intention of building offshore fishing boats as an alternative occupation. The mono-fishing communes such as Ngu Loc has the highest rates (20.4%) of HHs intending to invest in offshore fishing boast as an alternative livelihood for near-shore fishing. The highest income group has a similar proportion regarding to this option (19.0%), comparing to only 5.7% of the lowest income group. The ethnic minority group has a much lower rate of intention of investing in off-shore fishing boats compared to the Kinh group (2.2% against 12.1%). It is surprising that the female-headed HH group has a higher proportion of changing their livelihoods to offshore fishing boats than the male-headed HH group (16.2% vs. 10.7%). In addition, the survey facts show that the average income of capture fishery depends on boat capacity. Boats of less than 20CV provide an average income of VND 861.2 thousand per capita per month, meanwhile, boats of 20CV-<90CV provide an average income of 1.4


times higher and boats of >90CV provide an average income of 3.1 times higher than that of boats of <20CV. The CRSD project can consider this model, yet, there is a need for a feasibility study which should also cover control of large boats that are not allowed for near-shore fishing as well as provide an answer about vulnerability of offshore fishing.

Some studies on fishing value chain also indicate that the mode of high volume, low quality should be switched to low volume, high quality mode that allows higher profits as well as more sustainable fishing (According to the Report on Strategic Economic Analysis of the fisheries sector by DERG and CIEM, 2010). Therefore, searches for selective, economically effective, and environmentally-friendly occupation conversion models are necessary for the CRSD project. In the survey area, bigger boats (>20CV-<90CV) provide higher incomes. Hence, improvement of boat capacities and changes of fishing gears for effective fishing are urgent demands of fishermen and the CRSD project should meet. This model is also suitable for coastal areas where agricultural land or aquacultural water bodies are scarce.

Livelihood conversion models for marine fishery: based on community consultation, these operations should be selective, economically effective, and environmentally-friendly, using fishing gear suitable for marine fishing, not for near-shore fishing, such as improved trap, trawl net, squid fishing cum 4-tagged net, shellfish lift-net, and flower crab net, etc. these models encounter some difficulties: improvement of fishing boats and gear requires finance, human resources of high quality, such as captains and engine managers, rare in several localities. At some places, some operations that currently appears highly effective, for example, shellfish lift-net, flower crab net, squid fishing cum 4-tagged net, improved trap, etc. can be implemented more widely. In the long term, the CRSD project needs to scale up these models.

Co-operative model for conversion of fishing boats to service boats: the boat co-management model by establishing a group of 3 – 5 HHs contributing shares and with financial support from the project to build new ships of more than 90CV. The recommentadion from local HHs is that they would nominate a team leader and develop operating regulations. This model was discussed with fishing groups in My THanh village (Vinh Hai) and Mo O village (Trung Binh commune, Tran De district and it is considered difficult to implement since the co-ownership would be difficult to handle. Yet, in An Thach 3 commune, Cu Lao Dung district, Soc Trang province, several households requested support to convert their fishing boats to transport boats to provide transport services for sugar canes, construction materials, and other goods. One service co-operative model has been discussed. Accordingly, fishing boats will be improved (if possible) or new transport boats will be built and co-operatives of transport services will be established. The co-operatives will manage and coordinate operation of the fleet of boats. There are great demands for transport of sugar canes from Cu Lao Dung and other localities to Soc Trang Sugar Company, transport of construction materials and other goods in the district. This co-operatives model will attract many experienced labourers from fishing households as well as unskilled labourers in the locality

5.3 Land-based Livelihood Models

Alternative livelihood models for near-shore fishing can be more sustainable with non-fishing based livelihood models, land-based livelihood models, or non-land based livelihood models. Depending on features of land resources, human resources, financial resources, natural conditions, economic environment at the areas, etc. coastal communities can select suitable alternative livelihood models. For example, in the central-northern area and the coastal central-southern area, since land is much limited in comparison with the Mekong delta, land-based livelihood models might be not feasible compared to other models.On the other hand, under the condition of scarce natural resources, e.g. land, livelihood models should be based on market demands and market evidences of efficiency.


In the survey sample, this important natural resource is different in different communes. Therefore, the land-based livelihood models are selected differently.

Table 15: Average cultivative land area per capita

Agri. land Forest land Residential land


(m2/person) (m2/person) (m2/person) (m2/person) Total samples 1013 2614 68 2309By communesNinh Van 1094 3512 121 416Ninh Loc 0 1870 20 3761Ngu Loc 0 0 24 1333Hai Ninh 106 831 136 583Vinh Hai 724 666 55 2238An Thach 1258 30 48 1164By provincesKhanh Hoa 1094 3070 75 3233Soc Trang 1111 454 53 1634Thanh Hoa 187 831 77 1036By operationsCapture fishery 1103 3328 62 514Fishery combination 926 2495 65 2609Other combinations 1104 1724 94 3107By 20% income groupsGroup 1 982 1798 72 1506Group 2 1037 3174 53 1084Group 3 744 2272 68 1811Group 4 1255 2915 82 4307Group 5 1043 2374 59 1853By ethnicityThe Kinh 1030 2693 69 2373The Kh’mer 1052 166 57 15By genderMale 1048 2464 68 2320Female 366 3429 68 2219

Aquaculture is a familiar livelihood conversion model and implemented in a large scale in many coastal localities such as Khanh Hoa, Soc Trang, Thanh Hoa, and Ca Mau, etc. in order to exploit water body land, sea, as well as favorable natural conditions. “The total aquatic output of Vietnam grows quite steadily in the past two decades, reaching 4.5 million of tons in 2008; increasing by 350% compared to the output in 1990. This growth comes mostly from the aquaculture sector which had a nearly zero start 20 years ago” (According to the Report on Strategic Economic Analysis of the fisheries sector by DERG and CIEM, 2010).

However, adverse impacts of climate change, water quality, and disease outbreaks due to intensive development in a short time as mentioned in the analysis of livelihood risks has threatened aquaculture development as well as implementation of alternative livelihood models from capture fishery to aquaculture of the CRSD project. To limit adverse impacts of climate change, epidemics, increases in antibiotics costs that raises production costs, improvement of breedstock quality is a rational solution.


Therefore, the shirmp seed and quarantine model in Ninh Van, Khanh Hoa - the center providing aquaculture breed for the southern region and the country – is an encouraging model for the CRSD project. However, this model requires a close management and supervision to observe and timely treat epidemics among others.

In addition, exploitation of advantages of coastal land and lagoons such as hundreds of unused hectares of land in Thanh Binh gulf and the coastal land along Hai Ninh – Thanh Hoa for aquaculture of clam – the species requires no feeding – which is suitable for poor and quasi-poor households and has gained certain success in the surrounding areas - leads to aquaculture models that take advantage of land resources, natural conditions. These models should be implemented in the CRSD project. Noticeably, breeding of other species, not tiger shrimp and catfist – the two key species of Vietnam aquaculture – should be promoted in the CRSD project because this will reduce risks of disease outbreaks and price fluctuation. A lot of households in Hai Ninh, Ngu Loc – Thanh Hoa have hired land in other communes and cultured clam successfully. The advantage of near-shore aquaculture is that all land strips are public land and managed by the districts. If planning is made, techniques and sciences are applied, comprehensive aquaculture promotion measures, including credit and organization of producting teams, are implemented, exploitation of strength in coastal land and favorable natural conditions for aquaculture can create important alternative livelihoods for thousands of near-shore fishing households as well as reduce poverty. In the survey samples, aquaculture still ranks fourth in terms of average incomes with VND 37.8 million per year; hence, aquaculture is very attracting in places where possess favorable natural conditions and epidemics rarely occur. Bankruptcy of a majority of HHs farming shrimps at lagoon sides as in Ninh Loc, Khanh Hoa provides valuable lessons-learnt for implementation and selection of sustainable aquaculture models.

The rice-shrimp-crab model of the mangrove project in Soc Trang has been implemented successfully and can be scaled up as an alternative livelihood model for fishing and protection of fishery resources in the CRSD project. This model can be implemented in Vinh Hai with 500 ha of land currently used ineffectively by two dissolved plantations.

In the survey samples, responding to the question about what they would do when near-shore fishing is restricted or prohibited, 16.4% HHs mentioned aquaculture as their alternative operations. Khanh Hoa and Thanh Hoa are two provinces that have many HHs choosing aquaculture as an alternative livelihood for fishery capture (26.9% and 22.2%). The fishery combination group and the fishermen group have higher rates of this intention than the non-fishery combination group (18.7% and 14.9% against 12.7%). The upper average income group (group 4) has signicantly higher rate than other groups in terms of intention of farming aquaculture (more than one fourth of the HHs compared to around 14% of HHs in other groups). For ethnic minority group, aquaculture appear less appealing than from the Kinh group (4.3% against 17.9%), yet, they care more about crop cultivation because they are poor experience in aquaculture.

Mangrove planting and eco-aquaculture

Mangroves plays an important role in terms of economy, society, and environment with a plenty of functions: protecting biodiversity of salt-marsh vegetational cover; protecting coastal areas and expanding rapidly alluvial areas towards seas; reducing land disturbance and near-sea water pollution; providing livelihoods for fishermen if mangroves are managed sustainably.

In Ecuador, one hectare of mangroves can provide food and jobs for 10 HHs, meanwhile, 110 ha of shrimp farming only provide jobs for 6 people during the preparation stage and more 5 people during the whole period of shrimp farming (www.maxreading.com). However, in Vietnam, mangroves have been destroyed seriously and in a large scale to follow economic benefits drived from shrimp farming. The area of mangroves in Vietnam has declined from 400,000 ha in 1943 to less than 60,000 ha in 2008 (according to Vietnam Development Report 2011). In Khanh Hoa, before 1975, there was about 2,500 ha of mangroves, spreading along coastal areas and islands, focusing mainly on such areas as


Dam Mon, Nha Phu lagoon, Thuy Trieu lagoon, Hon Gia, Hon Tre, etc. and mangroves contributed to develop the extremely rich, natural fishery resources there. At the moment, because of inadequate planning, mangroves in Khanh Hoa has been cut down for shrimp farming and there is only about 100 ha. Spreading disease outbreaks at shrimp farms in 9 provices of the Mekong delta, Khanh Hoa, and other coastal provinces during 1994 - 1995 and 2000 – 2001 and recent years has put tens of thousands of households back to poverty. Sliding of seashores and coastal dykes and estuary banks in recent years in Vietnam due to deforest has been happening seriously, affecting productive facilities and land. This is such an expensive lesson resulting from undisciplined land management, uncontrolled emigration, inadequate planning, etc.

Many countries have also learned expensive lessions from non-planning shrimp culture. For example: In India and Indonesia, shrimp farming capacity reduces after five to ten years. In Thailand, more than 20% of shrimp farms developed from mangroves are abandoned only after 2 to 4 years; of 1.3 million hectares of land for shrimp farming, approximately 250,000 ha have been deserted.

Thus, recovery of coastal mangrove ecosystem is vital and urgent to many coastal provinces of Vietnam. Under implementation of Decision No. 327/CP/1992, 53,000 hectares of protective mangroves have been planted, but then as some localities implemented wrongly Decision 773/CP/1994, mangrove areas have been narrowed and provided low efficiency. Some non-government organization has supported mangrove projects in Thai Thuy – Thai Binh and Giao Thuy – Nam Dinh effectively. Can Gio biosphere reserve and Viet Nam southern coastal wetland forest development and protection project are bright examples in mangrove recovery.

The CRSD project can implement mangrove and ecoaquaculture projects with reference to lessons-learnt of success and failure in planting mangroves in the World and Viet Nam. These projects bring about social and environmental benefits such as job creation, income increase through planting, caring, and protecting mangroves, farming aquaculture under shades of mangroves, recovering biodiversity and reducing sea environmental pollution, limiting impacts of climate change and sea invasion, etc. Land that used to be mangroves yet being cut down for shrimp farming such as 200 ha of land in Ninh Loc - Khanh Hoa and currently used ineffectively should be considered for mangrove planting and eco-aquaculture projects. .com MaxReading.com

Cultivation

Crop cultivation is a livelihood model that base mainly on land and labour resources and might be more effective if being implemented in localities where certain success has been gained in this field. In the survey sample, the communes in Soc Trang province have strength in land, experiences in planting sugar canes, onions, water melon, rice, derris, etc., Ninh Loc commune, Khanh Hoa province has strength in land and cultivation development in agricultural villages, Ninh Van commune has gained initial success in planting garlic originating from Ly Son island because the people from this island came here to hire land for production. The mono-fishing Ngu Loc commune and the estuary-locating Hai Ninh commune in Thanh Hoa province have almost no agricultural land and do not have many chances of developing cultivation.

In the survey samples, 60.7% HHs increase their earnings from planting vegetables. In three communes of Ninh Van, An Thach 3, and Vinh Hai, 50.0% - 71.4% HHs have their incomes raised by planting vegetables. Responding to the question of what they would do if near-shore fishing was restricted or prohibited, 10.3% HHs showed their intention of doing cultivation as an alternative livelihood and these most of these HHs come from three communes of Ninh Van, Vinh Hai, and An Thach 3 where there are various types of land. The ethnic minority group has a higher rate of people tending to replace fishery capture with cultivation than the Kinh group (19.6% compared to 9.0%). The non-fishery combination group also has a higher proportion of people tending to do cultivation than the fishermen group and the fishery combination group (17.5% against 7.5% and 10.3% respectively). This means that it might be difficult for fishing HHs to change their occupations to


cultivation. In the survey samples, vegetable planting ranks second in terms of average annual incomes – VND 42.2 million, hence, this is a potential alternation at places where effective exploitation of land fund for cultivation is viable.

Ninh Van commune has planted 16 ha of onion and garlic at Bai Truong pass (46 ha) with an output of 160 tons. The households of Mr. Le Phu Van and Nguyen Nay sold boats and live on planting garlic and onion in more than 1 ha of land with high efficiency. The household of Mr. Ho Van Thong migrated to this commune and hired 2.6 ha, improved 1 ha at a cost of VND 150 million for garlic planting, created jobs for 150 dayworks per year for the local people and earned profit of VND 270 million per year. Land improvement (a necessary condition for garlic and onion planting) and spreading the grid to Bai Truong pass to establish centralized garlic and onion planting areas can be an effective livelihood conversion model, especially for poor and quasi-poor HHs in Ninh Van commune, Khanh Hoa province.

Under the resettlement and cultivation settlement model of the mangrove project in Vinh Chau district, Soc Trang province, each displaced HH is allocated with 0.5 ha of land for cultivation. The displaced households have implemented the crop-fish-crab model very efficiently and earned stable as well as sustainable incomes. Now, this model can be practiced in Vinh Hai commune, Soc Trang because there are more than 500 ha of land of two dissolved plantations and this land is currently for rent, used ineffectively, can be reclaimed to assign to thousands of near-shore fishing households, most of which are the Kh’mer ones, to plant crops and do aquaculture. A co-management model can be developed to use land efficiently and avoid the phenomenon of land selling by the poor when they encounter risks. However, the process of land reclaim will be not easy and effort as well as time-consuming, and require much determination of the local authorities.

BreedingBreeding is one of labourer and land-based livelihood models that aim at diversifying household incomes to restrict or even rejecting fishing activities, depending on breeding scales and economic efficieny. Nevertheless, in the case this model is implemented efficiently in a large scale, pressure on near-shore fishing will lessen and competitiveness of fishery exploitation at any costs will be minimized. Responding to the question of what people intend to do when near-shore fishing is restricted or prohibited, 12.1% of HHs choose other occupations, not relating to fishery, as replacement jobs, of which mainly is breeding. Soc Trang and Thanh Hoa provinces have a high rate of HHs preferring breeding than Khanh Hoa (16.3% and 14.4% against 6.2%). Regarding to this, the fishing group and the non-fishery combination group has quite high rates (13.7% and 10.7%). The ethnic minority group has a higher rate – 19.6% - compared to that of the Kinh group – 11.3%. There is no significant difference between the female-heade HH group and the male-headed HH group in terms of these rates.

In the survey samples, nearly one third of HHs earn more from breeding (cow, pig, goat, poultry...), one third have their earnings unchanged, and 38.5% have their incomes reduced. Three communes of Ninh Van, Ngu Loc, and An Thach 3 have high percentages of income increase from breeding (50.0%, 66.7% and 100.0% respectively) and 100.0% HHs in Vinh Hai commune have their incomes unchanged. The average income of breeding HHs in the past 12 months, from the survey time, is VND 10.4 million. Most of coastal communes can operate in breeding despite of narrow land and crowded population in mono-fishing communes as Ngu Loc commune – Thanh Hoa province. Depending on strengths in forestry land, agricultural land, experiences, etc. the localities can choose suitable breeding models. For instance, in Ninh Van commune – Khanh Hoa, quite large forest areas – that contributes to the local tradition of raising cows - and land sources where grass for cow raising can be planted. Many households in Ngu Loc and Hai Ninh communes – Thanh Hoa raise pigs quite successfully because women are hard working, by-products of fish sauce processing can be used for breeding, and the people are in consensus to establish pig raising groups under revolving credit funds managed by the commune Women’s Union. The fishing group in Tan Thuy village, Ninh Loc – Khanh Hoa, also proposed establishment of frog, cow, and chicken raising groups. In implementation of breeding models, commune Women’s Unions should be relied on to establish breeding groups that


assist each other and revolving funds in order to expand the models. All three communes of Ninh Van – Khanh Hoa, Ngu Loc and Hai Ninh – Thanh Hoa proposed such models. Land fund to develop such activities, (soil quality, temperatures, mapping of areas prone to flooding, markets demands and food security.. etc is required to study.

5.4 Non-land-based Livelihood Models

Aquatic processing and services are essential operations for development of the fisheries sector, increasing value, and creating more jobs, etc. Many processing operations are traditional jobs of the localities such as dried aquatic products, fish sauce, shrimp source, etc. Lots of other processing operations such as freezing, canning, etc. create highly increased value, orient to export, encourage establishment of key catch or aquaculture products, and create many jobs, especially for young women. Such services as collection and provision of tools and materials for offshore or near-shore catch and aquaculture are necessary, supporting and allocating benefits with fishermen and aquaculture households. In the survey samples, 45.5% processing HHs gain increases in earnings, one fourth households suffer a decline. The average income of aquatic processing HHs in the past 12 months, since the survey time, is VND 40.08 million, ranking third in occupation groups. Two communes in Thanh Hoa has households providing aquatic services and all of them have their earning raised in the past two years. The average income of service and trading HHs in the past 12 months, since the survey time, is VND 10.5 million and VND 17.3 million respectively. In the survey samples, responding to the question “If near-shore fishing is not allowed or restricted, what are you going to do for alternative earnings”, 12.6% HHs intended to work in aquatic processing, services, and trading as their alternative occupations. The mono-fishing communes as Ngu Loc has a higher rate following this orientation – 26.0%. Thanh Hoa has a much higher rate of HHs preferring aquatic processing and services than the two remaining provinces (one fourth of HHs compared to 7.6% in Soc Trang and 10.5% in Khanh Hoa). These occupations do not attract the ethnic minority group with only 4.4% of HHs compared to 13.6% of HHs from the Kinh group, because ethnic minority group is mainly concentrated on Soc Trang where these occupations are not developed at household level. The female-headed HH group has a significantly higher rate than the male-headed HH group (18.9% against 11.9%).

In many cases, fishermen’s wives and children do processing and collection of aquatic products at small scale as a livelihood to diversify their income sources, mitigate risks of fishing operations, gain income sources when the sea is rough or it is not in harvest. If aquatic processing and services is developed to a certain scale, this can be an good alternative livelihood for catching. During community consultation, female groups recommended to establish processing groups by local traditional operations such as making shrimp sauce, fish sauce, dried aquatic products, or proving ice. Labourers, land, productive experiences, input and certain markets are available for these groups. The difficulties lie in lack of fund and promotion of their brand names when expanding production scale, especially for fish sauce because some international corporations have joined this field with enormous budgets and for advertisement professional strategies. The female groups were willing to establish groups and teams that operate with mutual support and include poor households. They were also willing to establish revolving funds.

Yet, aquatic processing causes risks of environmental pollution to coastal, narrow, and crowded villages. Therefore, it is necessary to construct head fish markets, preservation and centralized processing grounds, services areas that supply petrol and repair, build boats under industrial zones in trade villages to ensure food sanitation and safety and other technical standards, planning and develop collection and disposal sites for domestic and aquatic wastes to overcome the aforesaid disadvantages.

In addition, favorable economic environments (including policies, investment procedures, land provision, infrastructure…) at coastal areas should be created to encourage investors, especially those from the private sector, build processing and services units in the localities to create jobs, particularly


for women, as well as to increase product values. This, to a certain extent, promotes catch towards exploitation of high value products, export, and mitigation of catching near-shore trash fish. This is an important approach to develope marine economy and create alternative livelihoods for near-shore fishing.

Other non-agricultural activities such as meeting domestic demands and local production are one way to make up sources of alternative livelihoods. Premilinary development can be from activities of unofficially economic sectors, from the market demands in the localities and job settlement, making full use of available resources such as land that is near roads, markets, or the commune/ village centers, houses, gardens, female labourers, old people, or young men (for technical jobs such as repairing electronic devices, motorbikes, welding, etc.), and diversifying sources of household incomes. In some localities, traditional jobs like knitting, building, carpentry, etc. can be maintained and developed. The localities that have high population density such as Ngu Loc – Thanh Hoa, Vinh Hai – Soc Trang or locate adjacent to big roads such as Ninh Loc – Khanh Hoa possess conditions to develop non-agricultural jobs. Commerce, services, handicraft, and small-scale industries contribute nearly two fifths of the toal product value of Ngu Loc commune. Development of urban areas, tourism areas, and industrial zones like Ninh Thuy – Khanh Hoa and Nghi Son – Thanh Hoa, industrial zones of aquatic services like Hoa Loc – Thanh Hoa, and new road axes are propitious conditions for development of non-agricultural jobs as alternative livelihoods. The average incomes from trading and non-aquatic services, handicraft/ small-scale industries, wage labouring, and hired labouring in the past 12 months, since the survey time, are: VND 12.7 million, VND 7.2 million, VND 24.5 million and VND 16.1 million respectively. In the survey samples, responding to the question “If near-shore fishing is not allowed or restricted, what are you going to do for alternative earnings”, 23.4% HHs chose trading and business, processing, and services of various types (including those relating to fishery) as their alternative jobs. If regarding to non-fishery sectors, this figure is only 11.9% (mostly small-scaled business). The two lowest income groups have high rates of HHs with the aforesaid intention (14.35 and 16.2%). The fishing group and the fishery combination group have much lower rates of HHs tending to do business compared to the non-agricultural combination group (9.3% and 7.9% against 22.2%). The ethnic minority group has slightly lower proportionof HHs tending to do business in comparison with the Kinh group (8.7% against 10.8%). There is no significant difference between the female-headed HH group and the male-headed HH group (8.1% and 10.7%).

Job settlement and migration: Population increase puts high pressure on livelihoods and job settlement in the project areas. The average number of HH member of each surveyed coastal HH is 5.05, much higher than the corresponding figure of Vietnam rural areas – 4.14 as well as the corresponding average number of the central-northern region – 4.06, the coastal central-southern region – 4.11, the Mekong delta – 4.16 (according to the National Household Living Standard Survey 2008). The average number of labourers in the survey samples is also high – 3.05, of which the communes in Khanh Hoa province have the highest number – 3.67, then Soc Trang – 3.47 and Thanh Hoa – 3.36.

800,000600,000400,000200,000

0200,000400,000600,000800,000

1,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,0001,800,000

Midland and North mountain

Red river delta

Coastal central area

West highland Southeastdelta

Mekong delta

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Chart 8: Net population of immigrants, emigrants and migrants during five years before 2009 survey of inter-province migration flows by regions (Source: NSPH 2009)

Migration should be a strategy for job settlement, searches of alternative livelihoods, and poverty reduction in coastal areas in the CRSD project. Although there might be arguments on pros and cons of migrating regions, it is a fact that there are more and more migrating flows from these areas to big cities, key economic zones, and the High Land. Migration can bring about many benefits for both the migrants and their families in migrating regions and immigrating regions. The National Surveys on Housing and Population 1999 and 2009 showed that the CRSD project areas such as the central-northern region, the central coastal region and the Mekong delta were main migrating regions and the provinces such as Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, and Soc Trang had the highest inter-provincial migrating rates. The above chart indicates a fact that the central-northern region, the central coastal region, and the Mekong delta have the largest number of migrants during five years before 2009 survey. These data do not fully reflect migrating scales because the survey considers migrants as those who have residential placts, five years before the survey, different from existing residential places. As such, the group of population under five years old are not included and categorized as one type of migration as temporary migration or seasonal migration and this group is implicitly included in non-migrating population groups or migrating groups defined above.

The numbers of migrants of three provinces of Thanh Hoa, Khanh Hoa, and Soc Trang are 218,272, 28,891, and 65,187 people respectively. These figures might be much less than facts because temporary migrating groups or harvest migrating groups are not included. The inter-provincial migrating rates of these three provinces are 0.6%, 2.1% and 0.9% of the provincial populations respectively. It is noticeable that district migration makes up much higher rates in all of three provinces, of which female rates are usually higher than male rates. It is a migrating trend which should be regulated in order to maintain labour forces for economic development of coastal areas.

Table 16: Migrating rates in the country by province (%)

Province

District migration Inter-district migration Inter-provincial migration

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Thanh Hoa 0.8 2.3 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.6

Nghe An 1.0 2.3 1.6 2.0 2.5 2.3 1.1 1.1 1.1

Ha Tinh 0.7 1.9 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2

Binh Dinh 1.9 3.2 2.5 1.2 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4


Province

District migration Inter-district migration Inter-provincial migration

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Phu Yen 1.1 2.1 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.0

Khanh Hoa 3.0 4.2 3.6 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.1

Central-northern region and central coastal region

1.4 2.5 2 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.6

Soc Trang 1.3 2.0 1.7 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.9

Ca Mau 1.6 2.5 2.1 1.5 2.0 1.8 0.6 0.8 0.7

The Mekong delta 1.5 2.4 1.9 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.6

Source: Data of National Survey on Population and Housing 2009

In reality at the surveyed communes, Ngu Loc – Thanh Hoa has thousands of migrants: In the past five years, there have been about 2000 migrants, 200 HHs earn their incomes in other places of which some HHs bring their children with them, some leave their children at home. It is estimated that 400-500 people work as house-workers in Hanoi and other provinces. If people do not work in other places, they have nothing to do here; hence, they have to go (Group discussion with a communal staff – Ngu Loc commune – Thanh Hoa). Every year, Ninh Loc CPC, Khanh Hoa province, develops job plans for the local people, particularly for the young. The locality co-operates with Ninh Hoa Vocational Training School to provide training for approximately 300 labourers, co-opeartes with aquatic processing company F17, Dai Thuan company, Suoi Dau industrial zone, and Khanh Hoa garment company to settle jobs for 200 labourers each year (Five-year report). Ninh Van commune - Khanh Hoa is thinly populated – 1,785 people but still has about 100 out of 912 labourers come to work in Ho Chi Minh city and Binh Duong province, several tens of labourers work as hired divers for ship owners in Quang Ngai province or for marine fishing under contracts in foreign countries. According to dicussions with female groups in the survey communes, all mothers did not want their children to take marine occupation because of poverty, danger, and risks, and they are willing to support their children to work in other occupations as long as they had stable jobs.

On the other hand, many surveyed households lack resources (one fourth of the surveyed HHs do not have any fishing gear) and they almost have untrained labourers as their only asset, therefore, they do not have many choices and opportunities, and they can only work as hired labourers although this is unstable and provides low incomes. Hired labouring is the main extra job (side job) of the fishing groups – 73.6%. The complex occupation groups have high percentages of main job as hired labouring (over one fifths of the total labourers of the survey samples). Low-income groups have high proportions of hired labouring, particularly for extra jobs (side jobs). The Kh’mer has high rates of hired labouring for both main and extra occupations. The research results of SEDEC about hired labouring of ethnic groups in four provinces in the Mekong delta are similar.


Table 17: Characteristics of self-employed jobs and hired labouring

Status of main occupation Status of secondary occupation

Self-employed

Hired labouring

Self-employed

Hired labouring

Total samples 83.9 16.1 59.7 40.3By occupation groupFishing 97.8 2.2 26.4 73.6Aquatic complex 78.8 21.2 73.6 26.4Other combinationses 77.2 22.8 89.5 10.5By 20% income groupGroup 1 85.9 14.1 32.1 67.9Group 2 84.4 15.6 47.4 52.6Group 3 78.1 21.9 53.7 46.3Group 4 81.0 19.0 0 0Group 5 92.5 7.5 0 0By ethnicityThe Kinh 85.5 14.5 62.3 37.7The Kh’mer 70.4 29.6 48.3 51.7

In the survey samples14.1% HHs expressed hired laboring or migrating, although direct intention of migration is not high - 0.9% - as their alternative occupation. Being hired labourers is normally the start of temporary migration, pendulum migration, and short distance migration, and likely to result in long distance migration. On the other hand, migrating subjects are usually young men, meanwhile most of the interviewees are in middle age or old, hence, migrating intention cannot be reflected precisely. It is noticeable that Soc Trang province has this rate high – one fourth of the HHs. Regarding to this, the ethnic minority group has a rate of 26.1% compared to 14.4% of the Kinh group.

Migration-based strategies for job creation should be co-operated closely with job creation at industrial zones, urban areas in the provinces and the districts such as Ninh Thuy industrial zone – Khanh Hoa, Nghi Son industrial zone – Thanh Hoa, job creation at the communes, as well as assistance for vocational training for young people and job changes for fishermen.

Solutions to migration and job creation are to establish Job introduction Centers (JIC), provide information about the labour market and vocational guidances of the CRSD project in each province with assistance for machines and labour experts. All the communes have trained labourers and officials and the project can implement capacity building. A mechanism of binding the JIC staff’s responsibilities by establishing a correlation between the numbers of jobs provided and the staff’s benefits should be developed. Co-operating with the provincial Centers of Forecasts of Human Resources, hiring specialized departments of such Centers, and connecting with the Centers in other provinces, especially those of big cities, the provinces in the key economic region of the North and the South. Combining job introduction with training assistance for labourers of poor and quasi-poor HHs. Providing information on labour markets for fishing HHs and schools, pupils, and young people to have practical basis for their job orientation and job selection to save opportunity costs. However, it should be aware that the push of migration process is different by areas. For example, young men in Ninh Loc commune – Khanh Hoa catch fish with small boats and earn about VND 60,000 to VND 70,000 per day, meanwhile, young men in Hai Ninh commune – Thanh Hoa catch fish with D8 bamboo baskets with earings of only more than VND 2 million per month, and if they do not have boats, the have to go catching with the others and the earnings is around VND 1 million per month. Therefore, local features should be paid attention to during job settlement. At present, there are many


companies but salaries are too low, insufficient for basic living, therefore, people do not want to work there (Group discussion concerning aquaculture, Tam Ich village, Ninh Loc commune, Khanh Hoa). Different genders have different demands of jobs, for example, women in coastal areas in Khanh Hoa work as workers for processing and frozen products with salaries of around VND 2 million per month or as hired labourers for restaurants in Nha Trang with lower salaries.

Training, improving human resources. This is the basic solution to promote sustainable access to jobs, minimize pressure on near-shore fishing, and create an important basis for marine economic development as well as for sustainable poverty reduction for coastal communities.

As per analysis in risks of current livelihoods, human resources quality of coastal communes is low, especially of the pure fishermen groups, the ethnic minority groups, and the low-income groups.

In the survey samples, nearly one fifth of HHs have children in the shool age range (6-18) dropped off schools. Over one third (33.9%) dropped off schools because their households needed more labourers and earnings, 28.3% stopped learning because education was too expensive. Ninh Van commune – Khanh Hoa – had only 50% of pupils passing the high school entrance exam in the shool year 2009-2010. These reasons means that assistance in cash of the CRSD project can encourage most of children at coastal areas be back to schools.

Most of young men at coastal areas receive no vocational traning. This is a basic difficulty for conversion of near-shore fishing to other jobs, etc. At present, the Government is implementing the rural vocational training program in a large scale and at the surveyed localities. However, it seems that this program does not attract rural young people in the surveyed areas because types of jobs trained under the program are limited, there are no output in the market, and the program cannot help them find sustainable jobs. For instance, in Ninh Hoa town – Khanh Hoa, “children are assisted with tuition and training fees but no one go to schools because they are afraid that there will be no jobs for them (learning to be tailors, welders, cooks, poor HHs are assisted with VND 15,000, and VND 200,000 for petrol costs for three months, quasi-poor HHs are assisted with VND 70,000, yet they have to pay for food and petrol themselves” (Group discussion in Tam Ich village, Ninh Loc, Khanh Hoa).

Diversifying income sources by taking full advantage of all livelihood resources of HHs and communities is a livelihood strategy of households and communities that have been practised quite successfully to minimize risks, increase incomes, reduce poverty, and lessen pressure on exploitation of near-shore resources. In the mangrove project in four provinces of Soc Trang, Tran Vinh, Bac Lieu, and Ca Mau, the survey results show that incomes and living standards are directly proportional to the number of incomes. The lowest income group has the lowest average number of incomes sources (2.05) and the higher the income groups are, the higher the average numbers of incomes are. The highest income group has the highest corresponding ratio of 2.62.

In coastal areas, to increase household incomes and limit risks of ”putting all eggs in one basket” as a saying of the Vietnamese household workforce (women, the middle-aged, etc.) and other livelihood resources need to be mobilized. From the survey results, out of 589 people who have main jobs, over one fourth (27.0%) has sub-jobs. Among sub-jobs, 59.7% is self-employed ones and 40.3% is hired labouring.

The diversification trend of income sources also reflects in the average number of HH income sources. In the survey samples, averagely, each HH has approximately 1.7 sources of incomes, much lower than the survey results of the mangrove project in four provinces in the Mekong delta (2.3). The communes in Khanh Hoa province have weaker diversification of income sources compared to other provinces (1.3 compared to 1.7 in Thanh Hoa and nearly 2.0 in Soc Trang). The Kh’mer group has a much higher average number of income sources in comparison with the Kinh: 2.2 vs. 1.6. The higher income groups have more income sources. The lowest income group has only nearly 1.5 income sources, meanwhile three higher income groups have about 1.7 to 1.9 income sources. Certainly,


diversification of income sources depends on some certain conditions, such as abundant workforce, availability of land, availability of some fund sources, and local economic environment, etc. The poorest group has the lowest average number of labourers – 2.9 while the average numbers of labourers of higher income groups are from 3.3 to 3.9.

Table 18: Average numbers of HH income sources (%)

No. of HHs Average no. of income sources

TOTAL SAMPLES 189 1.6984By commune:Ninh Van 29 1.1724Ninh Loc 26 1.4615Ngu Loc 29 1.6931Hai Ninh 30 1.6667Vinh Hai 38 1.7895An Thach 37 2.1351By provinceKhanh Hoa 55 1.3091Soc Trang 73 1.9589Thanh Hoa 61 1.7377By ethnicityThe Kinh 171 1.6491The Kh’ mer 17 2.1765By income groupGroup 1 37 1.4865Group 2 41 1.6585Group 3 35 1.8857Group 4 35 1.7500Group 5 40 1.7250

Source: Survey data

Changes of main occupations are an indicator of the tendency of income sources diversification and relate to the ability of changing livelihoods of coastal labourers, especially fishermen. In the survey samples, the trend of changing jobs is very clear with the rates of around 10% in 2008, 2009 and increased quite rapidly in 2010 to 11.8% of HHs labourers. This trend has some noticeable features as follows:

Ninh Van and Ninh Loc communes – Khanh Hoa where poverty rates are high have high rates of changing main occupations continuously in three years (around 20%), especially in Ninh Loc – the commune has encountered adverse impacts of aquaculture in many successive years.

Regarding two communes in Thanh Hoa, there are no data about changing of main jobs in 2008, 2009, and 2010 in Hai Ninh commune which might be due to the surveyors’ faults. Yet, Ngu Loc commune had a high rate of changing main jobs in 2010: 17.2%.

The pure fishermen group had a low rate of changing main occupations in 2010, only 1.4% (though having not excluded certain omissions of the survey stage in one commune). This implies that changing main occupations is not simple to fishermen. If there are no strong impacts or support, it is difficult for fishermen to change their jobs. To the CRSD project, for job changes for pure fishing HHs, it may be easier to focus on


their children who going to join the workforce or to change marine occupations selectively in an environmentally-friendly way or to offshore fishing.

Groups of HHs that have HHs members as fishermen yet has diversified their income sources such as the aquatic complex group or the other combinations occupation group can have a strong tendency in changing jobs with more advantages (the rates of changing main jobs are 16-18%). The CRSD project can concentrate on piloting and scaling up land-based or non-land-based alternative livelihood models for these two groups.

Table 19: Status of occupation changes

Percentage of labourers changing their occupations out of the total no. of labourers

Year of changes in main occupation2008 2009 2010 Current

Total 10.3 9.7 11.8By communeNinh Van 21.9 18.8 18.8Ninh Loc 27.6 27.6 24.1Ngu Loc 0 0 17.2Hai Ninh 0 0 0Vinh Hai 5.3 5.3 5.3An Thach 8.1 8.1 8.1By provinceKhanh Hoa 24.6 23.0 21.3Soc Trang 6.8 6.8 6.8Thanh Hoa 0 0 8.2By operationsFishing 0 0 1.4Aquatic complex 15.2 15.2 18.2Other combinations 20.0 16.0 16.0By 20% income groupGroup 1 5.0 2.5 2.5Group 2 11.9 11.9 9.5Group 3 8.6 8.6 11.4Group 4 16.2 16.2 16.2Group 5 7.5 7.5 17.5

Diversification of income sources should base on market signals under the circumstances that land resources, financial resources, human resources quality, etc. are rare and poor. This is the basis to recommend alternative livelihood models in the CRSD project. For example, highly effective garlic planting in Ninh Van is the basis to propose improvement of 23 ha of land in Bai Truong pass where 72% HHs with LURCs are poor and quasi-poor HHs or HHs with many difficulties and they do not have money to improve land for garlic planting which is possible to provide profits of hundreds of million Vietnam Dong per hectare. It is similar to establishment of poor women groups for cow raising because it is the commune’s tradition to breed thousands of cows on thousands of hectares of forest land with limited disease outbreaks. Clam farming, changing fishing occupations selectively - shellfish lift-net, flower crab net, and squid fishing cum 4-tagged net in Hai Ninh and Ngu Loc communes – Thanh Hoa are economically effective activities at the communes and in the surrounding areas and can be practiced as well as scaled up. The shellfish co-operatives model in Vinh Hai commune – Soc Trang is expansion of the co-operatives model that were successfully

1a1b

1a1b

772

7

7

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implemented here. The resettlement model for 1,000 Kh’mer households also in Vinh Hai commune is the application of the resettlement model implemented successfully of the mangrove project in Soc Trang, etc.

5.5 Summary of Proposed Livelihood Models in the 3 Project Provinces

Based on the results of consultation with stakeholders which include near-shore fishing HHs, alternative livelihood models have been discussed and agreed upon to be carry out in the project provinces as follows.

5.5.1 Thanh Hoa Province

Ngu Loc commune, Hau Loc district

a) Assistance in changing the marine resources – destructive exploitation livelihoods to others: improved trap, trawl net, squid fishing cum 4-tagged net, shellfish lift-net, and flower crab net. Resulted by the pressure caused by declined resources, to change the traditional exploitation means of fishermen is essential to exploit selectively economic-value subjects, protect natural marine habitats, and the pressing issue requires fishermen shifting from the marine resource-destroyed exploitation jobs to highly selective and environment-friendly exploitation jobs (Combined trawl net: the catching group evaluated: 5.9/10, the aquaculture group: 7.1/10, the commune officers group: 8.1/10; Improved trap: the catching group evaluated: 5.0/10, the aquaculture group: 7.5/10, the commune officers group: 8.6/10; the squid fishing cum 4-tagged net: the catching group evaluated: 8.0/10, the aquaculture group: 8.7/10, the commune officers group: 8.0/10; Improvement of ships for thin-mesh net: the catching group evaluated: 7.5/10, the aquaculture group: 8.3/10). Consulted with the community opinions, it is likely to focus on the squid fishing cum 4 tagged net.

Overall layout and all devices of squid net

b) Aquaculture (clam farming). Some households rent coastal land grounds that are managed by the District in the territory of communes and in its vicinity to farm clams and they have farmed profitably. Clam farming does not need feeding, so it is suitable for the poor, pro-poor people (the catching group evaluated 8.3/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 7.7/10 and the commune officer group: 8.9/10).

c) Aqua-product processing. This is a local traditional job. In the commune, some dozens of households process aquatic products, and people are very experienced and have certain numbers of customers. However, lack of capital is a hindrance to the production extension, besides the lack of


experience in trade-mark promotion (the catching group evaluated 7.5/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 8.0/10, and the commune officer group: 8.3/10)

d) Aquaculture-based services. The aquaculture-based services in supplying and purchasing fishing and catching materials, though is inadequate, has a potential of gaining higher incomes compared with the fishing and catching. It is a potential to shift the fishing and catching to the services supply. However, lack of fund is a main barrier to realize this change (the catching group evaluated 7.3/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 7.6/10, and the commune officer group: 8.0/10)

e) Assistance on job training for children in the poor, pro-poor households, vocational guidance, job introduction, provision of labour market information (focused on marine economy related jobs). Establish commune-based centers for employment supply, vocational guidance in the province-level project (the catching group evaluated 0.2/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 8.4/10, and the commune officer group: 9.8/10). This activity aims at providing sustainable employment opportunities, minimize the employment pressure and control the increase of coastal fishing and catching activities.

f) Cash - support for children in the poor, pro-poor households in universalizing the Secondary school and encouraging graduating the Junior high school (the aquaculture and processing group: 9.0/10). Connecting with the compulsory education and routine education activities in the locality, this activity aims at providing more opportunities for children of the poor and pro-poor households so they will have access to the job training, find non-farm jobs, reduce child-labour in coastal fishing and catching activities, and contribute to formulate a new trend of the education-loved tradition in the coastal area. This helps eliminate the poverty sustainably and erase the ‘inherit’ poverty from generation to generation.

g) Technical training for fishermen to use effectively fishing and catching tools, farming clam, processing aquatic products, and enhancing the human capacity of staff, etc. (the group of aquaculture, processing and services: 8.7/10)

Conclusion: Following project activities are recommended for Ngu Loc commune:

1. Support in piloting the environment – friendly job change: squid fishing cum 4 tagged net for 2 groups of ships, 5 ships per group. The project shall support about VND 800 million per group of ships so they can buy squid fishing cum 4 tagged nets. After 2 years of piloting, if succeeded, the model shall be extended to 15 groups with about 75 ships for which the fund support should be equal to 70% of fund supported to the pilot group.

2. Clam farming: Piloting a 5-household model. The project shall support about VND 200 million. After 2 years of piloting, if succeeded, the model shall be extended to 10 households. The priority is given to occupation changes for households who are poor, pro-poor, use bamboo boats for coastal fishing and catching, facilitating them to change jobs.

3. Processing aquatic products, fish sauce, shrimp paste: A female group of 10 households. The project shall support about VND 200 million. After 2 years, this group shall support the second female group with 20% of the fund supported, and the project shall finance 80% of fund for the 2nd group. After 4 years, each group shall give 20% of the fund supported to the 3rd group. The project shall give support to the remaining portion, provided that the total from 3 sources is equal to the initial support given to the 1 st group. Therefore, after 5 years, there enables to formulate a revolving fund managed by the Commune Woman’s Union that facilitates the sustainable livelihoods.


4. Pig breeding: A group of 10 households. The project shall support about VND 200 million. After 2 years, this group shall support the 2nd women group with 20% of the fund supported, and the project shall finance 80% of fund for the 2nd group. After 4 years, each group shall give 20% of the fund supported to the 3 rd group. The project shall support the remaining portion, provided that the total support from 3 sources is equal to the initial support given to the 1st group. Therefore, after 5 years, there enables to formnulate a revolving fund managed by the Commune Woman’s Union that facilitates the sustainable livelihoods.

5. Establishment of commune-based job training and introduction center in the provincial project. The CRSD project supports to purchase computers, provides capacity training for staffs working in the center and staff in labour sector at commune levels, hires experts in human training to assist in the first 2 years and supervise the performance in the next 3 years. Set up a mechanism that binds the benefits of staff in the center and the commune staff with the number of employments or jobs supplied.

6. Cash-support to children of the poor, pro-poor households to universalize the secondary schools and graduate junior high schools. The CRSD project can support about VND 500,000-700,000 per month in 9 school months per child, excluding the support for schoolling needs as books, text books, and pens for the compulsory education program. In case of the junior school education, if the school is far, pupils have to hire accommodation or pay high expenditures for travelling, they can be subject to a support of VND 1 million/month/pupil in 9 school months each year.

7. Integrating with the local program on construction of Hoa Loc fishing services harbor: prioritizing to remove poor, pro-poor households in Ngu Loc commune that use bamboo boats to this area in order to facilitate them to involve in the service sector. The CRSD shall give supports to build up a transportation road in the project.

Hai Ninh commune, Tinh Gia district

a) Assistance in changing from marine resource – destroyed exploitation livelihoods to others: improved trap, trawl net, squid fishing cum 4-tagged net, shellfish lift-net, and flower crab net. Resulted by the pressure caused by declined resources, the change of traditional exploitation means of fishermen is essential to exploit selectively economic-value subjects, protect natural marine habitats, and the pressing issue requires fishermen shift from the marine resource-destroyed exploitation jobs to highly selective and environmental-friendly exploitation jobs (Combined trawl net: the catching group evaluated: 6.7/10, the aquaculture group: 9.4/10, the commune officers group: 7.2/10; Improved trap: catching group evaluated: 6.7/10, aquaculture group: 10/10, commune officers group: 7.7/10; Shellfish, flower crab lift-net: the catching group evaluated: 7.9/10, the aquaculture group: 9.7/10, the commune officers group: 8.0/10; Improvement of ships with thin-mesh net: the catching group evaluated: 7.5/10, the aquaculture group: 9.4/10). According to the community opinion, it is likely to focus on the group of shellfish, flower crab lifting net.

b) Aquaculture (clam). The commune has Thanh Binh bay (46 ha) adjoining Lach estuary and about 60 ha of coastal land that can be used for farming clams in good natural conditions. Clam farming does not need feeding, so it is suitable for the poor, pro-poor people. This land is managed by the district so it’s convenient for the project implementation (the catching group evaluated 7.6/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 10/10, and the commune officer group: 10/10). Another opinion is that it can combine clam farming with wetland forestation. Though this option is highly appreciated by the groups but it requires further technical review on the potential of wetland forestation here.


c) Aquaculture-based services. The women group proposes to set up a service group that will supply water-ice, there is not any service supplier in the commune. This group may comprise of 7-10 women, contribute fund and the project will give a partiall finance support (total capital investment is estimated at VND 300-400 million) (the catching group evaluated 7.4/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 9.9/10, and the poor group: 9.4/10, the women group: 9/10)

d) Processing aquatic products. Traditional job of the locality is to make fish sauce, shrimp paste: One woman working in this processing job expressed that the supply doesnot meet the demand. Lack of fund is a barrier because the prices of inputs: shrimp, fish increase high. Local inputs supply is adequate. It can set up a group of 10 households working together, jointly purchasing materials, promoting its trade mark. The project may support about VND 200 million (the catching group evaluated 7.6/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 9.9/10, the commune officer group: 9.8/10, the poor group: 10/10, and the women group: 9/10)

e) Pig, cow breeding. In the poor group, many households raise pigs, cows and gain profit. During women group discussion, a woman said her household raises 1 cow, 10 pigs for meat and gains VND 10 million/year as profit, together with raising 500 chikens and 30 geese. Favored conditions are attributed to: hard-working manner, certain experiencea and skills, having land for growing vegetables, bananas for husbandry, and availability of water. It can combine the processing of fish sauce with pig feeding; make use of side- products. It is recommended that the project support with the breeding (200 heads), about VND 1 million/head). After 3 years, the group shall support another woman group with 50% of fund received for them to practice the husbandry as modeled (the catching group evaluated 8.0/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 8.7/10, the commune officer group: 7.8/10, the poor group: 10/10, the yougth group: 9.5/10, and the women group: 9/10)

f) Poultry raising: (the catching group evaluated 6.7/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 8.8/10, the commune officer group: 7.3/10, the poor group: 10/10, and the women group: 6.0/10).

g) Supporting vocational training for their children of pro poor and poor HHs, vocational guidance, job introduction, and provision of labour market information (focused on marine economy related jobs). Establish center for job introduction, vocational guidance at the project province level with brands in communes (consulting with relevant groups on this issue: the catching group scored 9.4/10, the aquaculture and processing group: 10/10, the commune officer group: 10/10, the poor group: 10/10, and the women group: 8.6/10). This activity aims at providing sustainable employment opportunities, minimize the employment pressure and control the increase of coastal fishing and catching activities.

h) supporting in cash for children of pro-poor and poor HHs to universalizing secondary education (consulting with relevant groups on this issue: the aquaculture and processing group scored: 10/10, the fishing and catching group: 8.6/10, the commune officer group: 9.7/10, the poor group: 10/10, the youth group: 9.7/10, and the women group: 10/10). Connecting the compulsory education with routine education activities in the locality aims at increasing more opportunities for children of the poor and poorest households to have accessible to the job training and find non-farm jobs, leading to reduction of child-labour in coastal fishing and catching activities. This helps reduce the poverty sustainably, erase the ‘inherit’ poverty from generation to generation.

i) Toursim services: (the commune officer group: 7.9/10)

Conclusion: Following project activities are recommended for Hai Ninh commune:

1. Support in piloting the environment – friendly job change: Shellfish, flower crab lift-net: for 2 groups of ships, 5 ships per group. The project shall support about VND 800 million per group of ships for them to buy shellfish, flower crab lift-nets. After 2 years of piloting, if succeded, the model shall be extended to 15 groups with about 75 ships for which the fund support will be equal to 70% of fund supported to the pilot group.


2. Clam farming in Thanh Binh bay: Piloting on a 20-household model. The project would support about VND 800 million. After 2 years of piloting, if succeeded, the model – would be extended to 30 households. The priority is given to households who are poor, pro-poor, use bamboo boats for coastal fishing and catching, facilitating them to change jobs.

3. Processing aquatic products, fish sauce, and shrimp paste: a group of 10 households. The project shall support about VND 200 million. After 2 years, this group shall support the second female group with 20% of the fund supported, and the project shall finance 80% of fund for the 2nd group. After 4 years, each group shall give 20% of the fund supported to the 3rd group. The project shall give support to the remaining portion, provided that the total support from 3 sources is equal to the initial support given to the 1 st group. Therefore, after 5 years, there will set up a revolving fund managed by the Commune Woman’s Union that facilitates the sustainable livelihoods.

4. Pig breeding//: a group of 10 households. The project shall support about VND 200 million. After 2 years, this group shall support the 2nd women group with 20% of the fund supported, and the project shall give 80% of fund for the 2nd group. After 4 years, each group shall give 20% of the fund supported to the 3rd group. The project shall support the remaining portion, provided that the total support from 3 sources is equal to the initial support given to the 1st group. Therefore, after 5 years, there will set up a revolving fund managed by the Commune Woman’s Union that facilitates the sustainable livelihoods.

5. Establishment of commune-based job training and supply center in the provincial project. The CRSD project supports to buy computers, provides capacity training for staffs working in the center and staff in labour sector at commune levels, hires experts in labour management to give supports in the first 2 years and supervise the performance in the next 3 years. Set up a mechanism that binds the benefits of staff in the center and the commune staff with the number of employments or jobs supplied.

6. Cash-support to children of the poor, pro-poor households to universalize the secondary schools and graduate junior high schools. The CRSD project can support about VND 500,000-700,000 per month in 9 school months per child, excluding the support for school needs as books, text books, and pens for the compulsory education program. In case of the junior high education, pupils have to hire accommodation or pay high expenditures for travelling, they can be subject to a support of VND 1 million/month/pupil in 9 school months each year.

5.5.2 Khanh Hoa Province

Ninh Van commune, Ninh Hoa district

a) The Ninh Van intensive breeding shrimp farming and accrediting zone covering 60 ha provides jobs and supplies good quality breeding shrimp to provinces. The project was approved by MARD in its decision no. 1049/QĐ-BTS dated 31/7/2007 and its adjustment in Decision no. 3457/QĐ-BNN-TCTS dated 24/12/2010. In 2009, financed by the local fund, Khanh Hoa DARD already completed the land acquisition, compensation and land clearance. Therefore, the project enables to implement in 2011. The project shall provide a sustainable and stable production area for aquatic breeding, help farmers be confident in their production so as to provide a source of good quality breeding shrimps, including giant tiger shrimp, white-leg shrimp for the sustainable aquaculture development in the province and in the country (the agriculture project ranked this project as the priority 2; the woman group: priority 3, the commune officer group: priority 4, the catching group: priority 5)


b) Building up an intensive garlic farming area at Bai Truong pass on 47 ha: reclaiming soils for growing garlics on 23 ha (24 ha was already reclaimed by farmers), erecting an electric supply system for garlic farming, including one low-voltage transformer station). There are households who reclaim land to grow garlics and gain VND 270 million/ha/year. If an electric system can be set up, this shall help reduce production costs and bring more profits. This product has a good consumption market. The soil reclaimation and establishment of electric supply network in this region may create more jobs and increase incomes for about 80-90 households meanwhile some of households have lent their land with a cheap price, i.e. VND 4-5 million/5 year because they are not able to reclaim their land profitably. Among the not-yet reclaimed land area, 72% of households with land-use rights are poor, pro-poor or in harsh conditions (the agriculture group ranked this project in priority 3, the woman group ranked in priority 3)

c) Off-shore fishing ships: 2 ships, about VND 2 billion. It is proposed to set up a model on ship management board in a group of 8-10 households who contribute their shares and receive partially fund supported by the project to build 2 new ships with capacity >90 CV. (The woman group ranked in priority 5, the commune officer ranked 2, and the catching group ranked 2).

d) Job training, vocational guidance, job introduction, provision of labour market information (focused on marine economy related jobs). Establish commune-based centers for job introduction, vocational guidance in the province-level project (the agriculture group ranked this project in priority 1, the catching group ranked 1, the woman group: 6). This activity aims at providing sustainable employment opportunities, minimize the employment pressure and control the increase of coastal fishing and catching activities.

e) Cash support for children in the poor, pro-poor households in universalizing the Secondary school and encouraging graduating the Junior high school (the agriculture, the commune officer groups ranked this project as priority 1, the catching group ranked 3, and the woman group ranked 6). Connecting with the compulsory education and routine education activities in the locality, this activity aims at increasing more opportunities for children of the poor and pro-poor households to have access to the job training, find non-farm jobs, reduce child-labour in coastal fishing and catching activities, and contribute to formulate a new trend of the education-loved tradition in the coastal area. This helps eliminate the poverty sustainably, erase the ‘inherit’ poverty from generation to generation.

f) Support for raising breeding cows, a sustainable poverty elimination model: Raising cows is a traditional job in Ninh Van because there has forests and people grow and supply elephant plant for cows. Learning experiences from other poverty reduction projects, only production support is not synchronous and adequate to reduce the poverty sustainably. Therefore, the project should give supports with fund, good breeding, technical assistance, disease prevention, etc. combine a group of people having experiences, technical skills and people being poor and lacking of husbandry skills, and provide land for grass growing in the locality. It is feasible to set up a group of poor women raising cows, then after 2-3 years of practicing, calves can be given to another poor group as a revolving fund for poverty reduction which is managed by the commune woman’s union. The CPC chairman indicated that the commune manages 4 ha of land and can grant the land-use rights of 500 m 2 per cow to the landless households so they can grow grasses. The poor group in interview all expected the project support them with breeding cows, the woman group ranked this activity as priority 3. The CPC organized a meeting with the Commune woman’s union and agreed to propose this activity).

g) Provision of health insurance for people with chronic dieases, the old people without health insurance. In the survey samples, nearly one third of interviewed households (29.7%) have chronic disease affected members. Experiences in many other studies prove that disease is a major risk to many households and cause many households to fall in the poverty spiral.


Therefore, granting the health insurance to the chronic disease affected people, the old yet having health insurance (besides the groups of poor, pro-poor, over 80 years old people who are entitled to the health insurance) shall help reduce risks to many households in the community and also help release pressure on the over-exploitation of coastal natural resources at any costs.

Conclusion: Following activities are recommended for Ninh Van commune:

1. The Ninh Van intensive breeding shrimp farming and accrediting zone covering 60 ha. It is proposed the CRSD supplies a system of computers and management software, hires international consultants to review the project. It is recommended to study the feasibility of this component.

2. Buidling up an intensive garlic farming area at Bai Truong pass on 47 ha: reclaiming soils for growing garlic on 23 ha (24 ha was already reclaimed by farmers at cost of about VND 150 million/ha), setting up an electric supply system towards the garlic farm in a distance of 1 km (including one low-voltage transformer station, estimated at VND 200-250 million). 72% of the land area belongs to poor and pro-poor households. The CRSD can support 100% of land reclamation cost to the poor households, 80% of cost to pro-poor households, and about 30-40% of cost to others. The project shall invest in setting up the electric network for this area.

3. Establish commune-based centers for job introduction, vocational guidance in the province-level project. The CRSD shall support to buy computers, train and enhance capacity of the center staff and of commune staff in charge, hire technical assistance consultant in the first 2 years and supervise its operation in the next 3 years. Set up a mechanism on evaluating the benefits of the Center staff with number of jobs supplied. It is recommended to study the feasibility of this component.

4. Support in vocational training for children of poor and pro-poor HHs. The allowance amount is about VND 1 million per month per pupil for 9 months of a year. The project will provide allowances for approximately 30 children per year with the total budget of about VND 150 million in five years.

5. Cash-support to children of the poor households to universalize the secondary schools and graduate junior high schools. It is estimated about VND 500,000-700,000 per month in 9 school months per pupil, besides the support for school needs as text books and pens for the compulsory education program. In case of the junior high education, pupils have to hire accommodation or pay high expenditures for travelling, they can be subject to a support of VND 1 million/month/pupil in 9 school months each year. The commune has about 70 poor and pro-poor households and it is estimated that on average 60% of households have people enrolling schools and more than a half have more than 1 person at school (according to the proportion of households with people enrolling in the surveyed samples) who need suppoting. The project may finance about VND 40-50 million per year, or VND 200-250 million per 5 years in this component.

6. Support to poor households rasing breeding cows, eliminating poverty sustainably: The project supports to establish a group of poor women raising cows (about 20-22 households/group, raising about 40-50 breeding cows per group, then after 2-3 years of practicing, calves equivalent to the cows offered can be handed over to another poor woman group as a revolving fund for poverty reduction which is managed by the commune woman’s union). The project shall finance about VND 400-500 million for this component. The commune shall provide land for grass growing to households who have no land or lack of land in the area where it is proposed for the cemetery planning.


7. Provision of health insurance for people with chronic diseases, the old people without health insurance. The CRSD shall support to obtain health insurances for the aforementioned groups, besides the existing policy on social welfare on health insurance. The CPC proposed a list of 56 persons in need for the health insurance so far. The project can support about VND 30 million per year for the health insurance activity for these people in need.

Ninh Loc commune, Ninh Hoa town: Focusing in 3 villages along the coast: Tam Ich, Tan Thuy, Le Cam

a) The 15 ha wetland forerst along the aquaculture ponds in Hon Vung and Nha Phu lagoon and along canals (public land) in Tan Thuy village. Resulting from the findings by the Consultant about 200 ha of land catergorized in ‘5% land’ of the commune, the Director of Khanh Hoa DARD suggested to study and include this 200 ha in the project for wetland aforestation and aquaculture as the priority 1. Advantage is that people who have rent this land for aquaculture failed in the production and were in debt, both with the bank and the land rental of the commune, therefore, it is possible to negotiate with them for changing their production model (this activity was ranked by the catching group in Tan Thuy village as 10.0/10, the group of commune officers: 8.75/10). This activity is to recover the biological system in Nha Phu lagoon, including the aquatic products, provide employments and create specialized environment for the wetland ecosystem to grow and develop in order to pursue the biodiversity and help minimize negative impacts caused by climate change and environmental pollution.

b) Hon Vung aquaculture group, gathering about 10 households (in less polluted area, able to join with the wetland forestation activity). (This activity was prioritized 8.8/10 by the aquaculture group in Tam Ich village)

c) Job introduction, provision of labour market information (focused on marine economy related jobs), vocational guidance. Establish commune-based centers for job introduction, vocational guidance in the province-level project (This activity was ranked 8.8/10 by the group of the youth, 8.75/10 by the group of CPC officers). This activity aims at providing sustainable employment opportunities, minimize the employment pressure and control the increase of coastal fishing and catching activities.

d) Support for job training to childen of the poor, pro-poor households (this activity was ranked in priority order of 9.6/10 by the youth group, the catching group in Tan Thuy village ranked 8.3/10, the aquaculture group in Tam Ich village: 6.0/10, and the CPC officer group: 8.75/10). This activity aims at minimizing the jobless problem, increase sustainable job opportunities for people in poor, pro-poor households and control the increase of coastal fishing and catching activities, as main job opportunities of the poor young people.

e) Cash support for children in the poor, pro-poor households in universalizing the Secondary education and encouraging graduating the Junior high school (This activity was ranked 9.4/10 by the youth group, and 9.75/10 by the commune officer group). Connecting with the compulsory education and routine education activities in the locality, this activity aims at increasing more opportunities for children of the poor and pro-poor households to have access to job training, find non-farm jobs, reduce child-labour in coastal fishing and catching activities, and contribute to formulate a new trend of the education-loved tradition in the coastal area. This helps eliminate the poverty sustainably and erase the ‘inherit’ poverty from generation to generation.

f) Garbage collection in 3 coastal villages. The project shall provide tools (incorporating in the new rural development program and the rural clean water supply and sanitation program), the commune provides dumping-land, and people pay the collection fee (the aquaculture group in Tam Ich village: 10.0/10, the CPC officer group: 10.0/10). This activity aims at controlling the environmental


pollution, particularly the water environment for domestic use and aquaculture, enhancing awareness of people on the environmental protection.

g) Communication on behavior-change towards the regulations on aquatic catching, fishing and aquaculture, strict compliance with the law and regulations on fishing, catching and farming (the catching group in Tan Thuy village: 10.0/10, the aquaculture group in Tam Ich village: 9.0/10, the CPC officer group: 8.75/10).) This activity aims at enhancing the awareness and behavior- change in the relevant bodies and in the community toward the protection of aquatic resources.

h) Supporting the poor, pro-poor households in extensive farming by providing fund, training in the project, and land-rental with preferential rate by the commune (the catching group in Tan Thuy village: 5.6/10, the aquaculture group in Tam Ich village: 10.0/10, the CPC officer group: 9.25/10)

i) Supporting the yough people to pariticpate in the project teams (the youth group: 10.0/10)

k) Aquaculture on lagoon, sea: Oyster, lobster - cage raising, scallop, grouper (farming lobster in cage: the CPC officer group: 8.0/10, Oyster farming: the catching group in Tan Thuy village: 9.86/10, Grouper farming: the CPC officer group: 8.0/10, Scallop farming: the CPC officer group: 9.0/10)

l) Raising frogs, fowls, cows (the catching group in Tan Thuy village ranked the frog raising: 8.3/10, fowl farming: 5.9/10, and cow raising: 3.1/10)

Conclusion: Following activities are recommended for Ninh Loc commune (focusing on 3 coastal villages)

1. Combination of the 2 models: the 15ha wetland forest along the aquaculture ponds in Hon Vung and Nha Phu lagoon and the Hon Vung aquaculture group, joining about 10-15 households. The priority is given to the pro-poor and poor households to participate in the project for wetland forestation and bio-aquaculture in order to provide them more jobs and help them reduce poverty. The forest project is financed by the Program on 5 million ha of forest. The CRSD supports the bio-aquaculutre. Hon Vung aquaculture group shall strictly comply with the technical assistance on aquaculture delivered by the Department of Aquaculture. It is proposed to study further the economic, technical and environmental feasibility of this component.

2. Job introduction, provision of labour market information, vocational guidance by the provincial level project, based in the project commune. It is suggested to study the feasibility of this component.

3. Assistance in short-, long-term job training, high school, colleage and unverisity levels for children of the poor, pro-poor households (besides the loans provided for poor pupils, students by the Bank for the Poor) .

4. Cash support for children in the poor, pro-poor households in universalizing secondary education and encouraging graduating high schools.

5. Communication on behavior-change towards the regulations on aquatic catching, fishing and aquaculture, strict compliance with the law and regulations as mentioned above.

6. Garbage collection in 3 coastal villages, the project shall provide tools, the commune provides dumping-land, and people pay the collection fee. The feasibility of this component should be studied further.

5.5.3 Soc Trang Province

Vinh Hai commune, Vinh Chau district


From the available potential of Vinh Hai commune and the discussion outcomes with the representatives of the fishing and catching households in My Thanh and Au Tho B villages, some models of livelihood changes are proposed, discussed and agreed as below.

a) Development of Clam cooperative model

Favored with a breeding clam ground spreading over 18km, at present, Vinh Hai commune already has one cooperative on Clam with about 510 cooperative members. To obtain the membership of the cooperative, each labour has to contribute VND 50,000 to the Charter fund and receives a membership card in return. The Cooperative has one board of managers that are voted by the cooperative members and functions in managing and regulating the clam exploitation. In harvest time, the members are allowed to access to the clam growing area managed by the cooperative provided that they have to bring the membership card. Exploited clams shall be subject to the check by a guardian team in order to make sure that the exploited products are selective. Clams that are not qualified for being caught shall be returned to the sea. All catched products are handed over to the cooperative for selling. The cooperative members are paid for catching labour and 70% of total value of exploited products, 30% of value remaining is reserved at the welfare fund, management fee, and remuneration fund for the cooperative members.

Vinh Hai CPC is in process of requesting PPC and DPC to be allowed exploiting further the clam ground in the commune territory over 15 km. Accordingly, 2 more clam cooperatives shall be set up with over 1,000 members. This is a favored condition for the coastal catching households to participate in cooperatives and reduce pressure on coastal catching. The Clam cooperative can combine to grow, care and protect wetland forests because, at present, the potential of wetland forestation in Vinh Hai commune is quite huge.

In order to support the long-lasting and profitable performance of Clam cooperative, CPC proposed the Project gives supports in building up community houses, furnishing equipments and tools for the cooperative management boards, purchasing canoes for survailence purposes, building up safeguard towers and marking protection benchmarks around the clam grounds.

The model on Clam cooperative works very effective. In one hand, it brings incomes and jobs to its members, on the other hand, it ensures that the exploitation is selected and organized meanwhile enables to protect the clam ground from uncontrolled catching by people from other communes. However, in order to encourage the coastal catching households to change to work in the clam cooperative or to change to aquaculture, cultivation or husbandry, the problem is they have to give up their fishing boats and encounter in difficulties in the initial stage of change process. Therefore, the people request the project (i) buy their boats/ships (for being demolished); (ii) support for life stability of all household members in the 1-year transition period; and (iii) support with charter fund that they have to contribute in order to empower them to become the clam cooperative members.

b) Household resettlement and settled agriculture model

In the model of resettlement in the coastal wetland project implemented in Vinh Chau district, each relocation household is allocated a plot of 0.5 ha for cultivation. Households combine in the model on upland-cultivation and crab, fish farming that are profitable, bring stable and sustainable incomes to households. This model can be applied in Vinh Hai commune because, at present, in the commune, there are 2 forestations that have dissolved with a total cultivated area covering over 500 ha. This area is currently for being rented by various companies but the utility is not effective and being encroached by family households. According to Article 38 in Law on Land 2003, if the land is not used effectively it will be appropriated. Therefore, Vinh Chau DPC should consider acquiring this land area for resettlement of the landless catching households in 6 villages in the commune who are subject to the job changes.


The issue on how to avoid the situation that people, after being allocated with land, may sell or morgate the land, has been discussed at the district, commune levels and with people in My Thanh and Au Tho B villages. According to the district officers at the discussion, DPC would consider to assign the land to households for their use other than granting them with certificate of the land-use rights. Vinh Hai CPC officers also agreed with the option proposed by the DPC and would be responsible for administrating to prevent any case of land transaction or mortage of these households.

While discussing with the group of catching households in My Thanh and Au Tho B villages, it was assumed that if being assigned with land in the coconut plantation for cultivation whether they agreed to receive. All households in discussion agreed and said they would be ready to move to that land for making a living even to resettle, if possible. The model on land management in group of interest was discussed together with the consultant and was agreed by the people and considered feasible. Accordingly, the group of interest would be set up in the voluntary manner and vote the group leader/head who then regulates the operation of the group. Cultivated land would be assigned to individual households in the group in the contract with commitment of the household not to transferring or mortaging, and if violated, it would be appropriated. On this base, the group leader and group members shall manage and supervise themselves. The establishment of the group of the same interst shall formulate specialized cultivation zones so it facilitates investing in productive infrastructures, applying advanced science and technology in production, avoiding transmittal of dieases and reducing interest conflicts between households.

If the model on land assignment is implemented, the project should support in building up infrastructures in the productive areas such as access roads, irrigation and drainage canals, cultivation techniques training, fund to implement pilot models. The model on land-based livelihood would be sustainable and suitable with the capacity as well as the education of the people in Vinh Hai.

c) Upgrading marine fishing ships

Households in My Thanh commune request the project to support them in upgrading their ships from small capacity (<30 CV) to higher capacity (>60CV) so they can do fishing offshore. However, the cost of upgrading is quite expensive because it requires reforming ship-body and installing more machines or replacing machine with higher capacity. It is unlikely feasible if support is delivered to individual households. Therefore, we propose a model on ship management board by setting up a group of 3-5 households to contribute their shares and receive partially fund support from the project to build a new ship 60-90 CV. The group households shall select a group leader and build up the operation rule of the group. This model was brought for discussion among groups of catching households in My Thanh village (Vinh Hai) and Mo O village (Trung Binh commune in Tran De district). However, the officers in the discussion considered that this model was difficult to implement and unsustainable because the co-ownership might result in the responsibility taken from no one. They said: “siblings in one family need to divide assets among themselves why the joint-ownership can be maintained amongst the non-farmily people”.

d) Vocational training and job introduction

The labour resources in Vinh Hai commune in specific and Vinh Chau district in general are abundant but limited in the quality because most of them are not trained. Therefore, it is necessary to train jobs for the youth, particularly for young peope in the catching households so they would have more job opportunities. The model on job training was discussed with the officers in Vinh Chau DPC, including the center of job training and agricultural extension in the district. Then, CPC would set up a Service cooperative supplying labor and employment (including the cooperative management board). The tasks of the cooperative are to gather the training needs of the young people and people in labour age. This shall facilitate and cooperate with the Job training center in the district to prepare the program and organize need-oriented training courses. On the other hand, the cooperative shall liason to introduce employment and supply labor to enterprises or labour employers. This model shall help


gather a source of skilled and trained labourers to meet the demand of labour employers. Thanks to this model, the labour employers shall find more confident in recruiting and using labourers, and the labour employees shall be more confident in finding jobs.

In order to implement this model, the project should support office equipments for the service cooperatives such as work table, computers, telephones and job training fees for the trainees. The training courses shall be organized in the commune or any places that are convenient for the trainees and time suitable with their production plan. In the consultation meetings, the district, commune and people all agreed and supported this model.

An Thach 3 commune, Cu Lao Dung district

a) Land-based livelihood model

Because the commune’s fund of productive land is currently not available, purchasing land of households who had much land is the sole solution to establish land fund. At present, the average price of productive land in the commune is about VND 40 million per 1,000 square meters. Each HH needs 2,000 m2 to 3,000 m2 to develop production. Therefore, to change livelihoods for about 30% of fishing HHs (32 HHs) to cultivation or aquaculture (culturing snake-head fish, African carp) in combination with rice cultivation, 100,000 m2 of land is needed, equivalent to VND 4 billion. In addition, the households should be assisted for technical training, stocks, funds, and subsistence allowances during conversion time (for at least 6 months).

Results of group discussion with fishing HHs in An Quoi village show that if being provided with land, the HHs will drop off fishing for aquaculture, cultivation, or breeding.

b) Service co-operatives model

Several HHs asked for support to change their fishing boats to transport boats to provide transport services of sugar canes, construction materials, and other goods. A service co-operatives model was discussed. Accordingly, changing of fishing boats (if possible) or build some new transport boats and establish a co-operatives of transport services. The co-operatives will manage and coordinate activities of the co-operatives. Because of limited road transport, waterway transportation plays an important role in Cu Lao Dung. There are great demands of transporting sugar canes from Cu Lao Dung and other localities to the sugar company in Soc Trang, and construction materials as well as other goods in the district. This co-operatives model will attract many experienced labourers of fishing households. The project should provide funds for changing existing boats or building new boats and purchasing operating equipment for the co-operatives.

c) Breeding model

Since most of fishing households have large garden land, they can build breeding facilities to develop breeding cattles and poultry such as cows, pigs, chicken, ducks, etc. The project will provide breeds, funds, and training on breeding techniques. Cows for breeds and cows for beef can be raised. In the first year, several HHs who have favorable conditions and experiences will implement this model first, then, after calves are born, they will be delivered to other HHs for breeding as proposed in Ngu Loc commune, Thanh Hoa.

d) Development of traditional craft and fine arts

The project provides assistance in training of making false eye lashes and fine art products from coconut trees. The local authorities (at the district and commune levels) provide assistance for output, for instance, signing contracts for consumption of such products.


e) Assistance in infrastructure investments

The CPC of An Thach 3 commune requests the project to assist them construct irrigation and transport systems for the 200 ha planned area for shrimp farming. At present, shrimp farming is viable in only 80 ha because of unreliable irrigation and transportation infrastructure.

Trung Binh commune, Tran De district: Mo O village

Mo O is a poor village that has 136 near-shore fishing HHs with boats of small capacities (< 20 CV) and simple fishing gear, hence, unselective catch. This is a settlement village under the Government’s Program 167. Each household was allocated with one one-storeyed, 40m2-large house and no productive land, thus, their livelihoods depend entirely on fishing. Every day, men go fishing in sea, women stay at home and do housework. As a result, changing livelihoods for the households in this commune is a difficult problem. During group discussion with women here, many people said that they wished to have extra work to reduce the burden on their husbands and children’s shoulders as well as to lessen catch pressure. However, they did not know what to do because they did not have land and skills. According to them, if there were any extra work, they were willing to take to increase the families’ incomes.

Proposed livelihood models:

As at the survey time, all HHs’ male heads were absent for fishing, only women (wives of the HHs’ heads) participated in discussion. They agreed with the following livelihood conversion models. Nevertheless, discussions with the male heads are needed to get consensus because men are directly involved in catching.

a) Fishing co-operatives model

Because the HHs’ boats have small capacities of less than 20CV (engine D), it is not feasible to improve these boats to large ones. Therefore, it is only possible to build new ships and establish fishing co-operatives to gather the HHs in these co-operatives. The project will assist in building new offshore fishing boats and fishing gear and facilities.

b) Handicraft development

Establishing service teams of making and repairing fishing nets, the project provides funds and technical training, the district and commune people’s committees provides support for the outputs. This job is suitable for women and can take advantage of their freetime.

c) Mangrove co-management model

The PPCs assign alluvial land to households to plant, look after, protect, and exploit mangroves under the co-management model as in Vinh Hai, Soc Trang. This can help creating jobs for women as well. The project provides seedlings, protection facilities, and subsistence allowances for the first year.

d) Breeding model

There are 17 Kh’mer households living outside the sea dyke, their lives is extremely hard with no electricity, no domestic water, no productive land, no fishing boats and junks, and their livelihoods depend entirely on manual near-shore fishing. The model of raising cows for breeds and cows for beef is proposed by the local people and the project is requested to provide breeding stocks and funds because there are grass sources along the dyke and at alluvial land. Therefore, cow breeding model can be suitable here and the breeding mode is as proposed for Ngu Loc commune, Thanh Hoa province.

Livelihood models for the Kh’mer group in Soc Trang


The consulters in particular and their community in general deeply wish the project to support them with stable and sustainable livelihoods to help them get rid of poverty.

a) Cultivation – clam catching livelihood model: They proposed to be provided with productive land or fund support to hire productive land and drop off fishing. However, because there is no public land fund available in the village, provision of land in the village is not feasible. Therefore, the project can only provide fund support for them to hire land or implement resettlement and cultivation settlement for them. When asking them whether they agreed to resettle and settle their cultivation activities at the coconut plantation that was 6km far from their current living place, all people accepted and they wanted have land for production. The cultivation – clam catching model: At present, GTZ mangrove co-management project has established five co-management etams in Au Tho B village, Vinh Hai commune, Soc Trang. This is a favorable condition to get the Kh’mer households participating in the clam co-operatives, combining with mangrove management. The consulted households were willy to join in the clam co-operatives and asked for the project support of charter capital (VND 50,000 per labourer) and fund to hire land for production and breeding in 6 months until the clam catching season because clam can be caught for only 6 months per year.

b) Education universalization: Vocational training for ethnic minority children encounters many difficulties because their average education attainment is 6-7/12. Hence, the project can provide cash support for them to finish intermediate or secondary education. The aforesaid proposed models are similar yet different basing on conditions of livelihood resources of each coastal community, local socio-economic environment, and needs as well as capacities of the community, complying with the CRSD project objectives. However, either similarities or differences of these models direct towards the aim of creating sustainable alternative livelihoods.

Similarities are normally poverty reduction models – teams/ groups of breeding, processing, services managed by women, of poor people, human capacity strengthening models: vocational training, support for education universalization, or models of job orientation and supply, and provision of information on the labour market. These similarities originates from poor education attainment and occupations of human resources capital, high job pressure due to population increase during the population golden ages, poverty, and demands of income source diversification for risk mitigation and poverty reduction.

Differences are the shrimp sock production and verification model in Ninh Van commune – Khanh Hoa, the model of garlic and onion planting in Bai Truong pass, Ninh Van – KhanhHoa, the model of issuance social insurance to the old and the people with chronic illnesses in Ninh Van – Khanh Hoa, the aquaculture – mangrove model in Hon Vung, Ninh Loc – Khanh Hoa, the service co-operatives model in An Thach 3 commune – Soc Trang, the clam farming model and the resettlement and cultivation settlement model for the Kh’mer in Vinh Hai – Soc Trang, the model of effectively selective and environmentally-friendly changes of fishing in Thanh Hoa. Typical features of several models come from specific conditions of livelihood resources in the communities or the local socio-economic environment. For example, Ninh Van shrimp stock production and verification has favorable conditions that a project has been approved by the authority, the site has been cleared, the market has a great demand of shrimp stock, the need of shrimp stock quality control for development of the aquatculture sector, and huge potentials of job introduction in the locality. The model of effectively selective and environmentally-friendly changes of fishing in Thanh Hoa is feasible because land resources are rare and it is difficult to convert livelihoods of many fishing households to land-based livelihoods; as a result, this model and other non-land-based alternative models in combination with some breeding models that do not use much land need to be practised. On the other hand, this is a change of large volume, low value catching to limited volume, high value exploitation. The strategy of income source diversification should be also promoted in Thanh Hoa. The settlement and cultivation settlement for the Kh’mer in Vinh Hai – Soc Trang derives from the community’s demands of


productive land for alternative livelihoods while the land source of over 500 ha of two dissolved plantations is used ineffectively and there are successes of the resettlement model implemented under the mangrove project in Soc Trang, etc. Moreover, piloting the model of disease-born risk prevention since diseases are one important reason of poverty and increasing pressure on exploitation of fishery resources at any costs. This model can be piloted through issuing social insurance to the old and people with chronic illnesses who do not have social insurance in Ninh Van commune.

VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1. Conclusion

Normally, nearshore capture HHs are poor, most of them do not have or have very limited productive land. Their main livelihoods depend on coastal resources from which they earn their main incomes. Main occupations of almost all household members rely upon exploitation of nearshore resources, meanwhile these resources become more and more exhausting.

Risks of existing livelihood activities imply vulnerability of the coastal communities. These risks include hard labouring to avoid a decline in earnings, increasing natural disasters which shorten working time in seas and endanger people’s lives, capture outputs and actual incomes are decreasing, epidemics in aquaculture causing severe damages that cannot be recovered in many years, serious lack of capitals and loan and debt cycles that make it impossible for many households to change their livelihoods or buy new tackle for more efficient capture fishery, weak sustainability of incomes, dull economic long-sight, and high rate of poor HHs, etc.

The existing risks of sea economic activities at the surveyed areas originate mainly from insufficient, poor, and deteriorating livelihood resources (material capital, natural resources capital, human capital, social capital, and financial capital), poor protection and management of fishery sources, and negative impacts of external factors, for instance: natural disasters, bad weather, polluted environment, epidemics, fluctuation in market prices such as those of petrol and gas, breeding food, medicines for epidemics prevention, and so on.

Poor and weak resources resulting in the aforesaid risks include:

Boats are old with low capacities, there is a large number of boats operating mainly near shores while the fishery sources is getting exhausted, annual earnings are declining. Natural disasters, high petrol and oil prices, and exhausting fishery sources are the main reasons of decreased incomes. This means that the CRSD project should assist the communities with solutions for offshore capture fishery, minimizing nearshore capture, selective occupational transition in an effective and environmentally friendly way, as well as alternatiave livelihoods that do not rely on seas.

Epidemics in aquaculture tend to increase, water environment is polluted, the ability of refreshing investment in aquaculture is low, and incomes from aquaculture decrease. This means that the CRSD project should provide integrated solutions to minimize epidemics and water environment pollution towards sustainable aquaculture.

Inadequate, poor and unsuitable infrastructure for aquaculture increases risks to aquaculture

Funds are seriously limited, debts are heaped up and solvency is in doubt, investments in developing production or occupation transition encounter many difficulties. Since lack of fund – one of the most important resources - is serious and popular, only by co-operating with banking activities, the CRSD can help the communities to change their livelihoods sustainably.


Lack of productive land is a difficulty for occupational transition. Therefore, land resources should be made full advantages of in any project areas as rare alternative resources for the exhausting fishery resources.

Untrained labourers, low education attainment, lack of knowledge, and mainly-experience-based production increase production risks as well as make it difficult for occupation changes. This means that vocational training and universalization of education should be one of basic components of the CRSD to change livelihoods of the coastal fishermen sustainably.

No co-operation and linkages in production arrangement, and unpractised community-based management models and marine production team models, etc. increase risks of capture fishery, aquaculture, and protection of fishery sources. Coastal resources co-management practice should be a integrated part of the component of sustainable alternative livelihoods of CRSD project.

Risks resulting in unstable jobs are getting popular. This indicates that the CRSD project should support creation of sustainable jobs, including not only imminent alternative livelihoods but also education strengthening for young people, vocational training, job introduction, sustainable poverty reduction, linkages of occupational groups of various models, etc. Supporting activities of the CRSD project need to pay special attention to vulnerable groups such as the poor, the quasi-poor, female labourers, the ethnic minorities.

Risks of migration and training that does not meet the market demands resulting in losing of opportunity costs, etc. Thus, if migration is determined as a strategy of creating jobs and lessening pressure on near-shore fishing, the CRSD project should assist coastal migrants to find sustainable jobs, overcome and limit risks that they might have to face with. It is possible, and necessary, for the CRSD project provide assistance in job orientation activities, vocational training that meet the market demands closely, selection of credit training centers, provision of information on the labour market, job introduction to the young.

The CRSD project should provide solutions to limit risks, create sustainable alternative livelihoods basing on exploiting optimally all household and community resources and taking advantage of all market and institutional opportunities.

Chances of developing income sources and alternative livelihoods

There are government programs and local suceesful initiatives that could be integrated with the CRSD project, specially those supporting occupational and vocational training thought for poverty reduction, It is one feature of Vietnam labour market that labour separation and divison between rural and urban areas, among various sectors, and among economic components is still popular. Therefore, if the CRSD project supports provision of information about labour markets, job introctuion, and linkages the young who have demands of jobs with enterprises that have labor recruitment demands, lots of alternative jobs could be provided for them. The CRSD project can develop centers of job introduction to connect labour supply and demand in the project areas and create sustainable jobs. These centers should be better than existing models of job introduction centers.

On the other hand, the project areas have resources that have not been fully exploited such as 200 ha of aquaculture land managed by Ninh Loc commune – Khanh Hoa, about 47 ha of land at Bai Truong pass, Ninh Van – Khanh Hoa where Ly Son garlic can be planted for high economic value, for more than 500 ha of land in Vinh Hai – Soc Trang of two dissolved plantations, Thanh Binh bay and the coastal land strip in Hai Ninh commune – Thanh Hoa where clam can be cultured effectively but these


areas are currently not used, etc. These are opportunities for diversification of income sources and creation of sustainable alternative livelihoods for fishing.

The co-operation models between boat owners and fishermen, the clam co-operatives models in Ben Tre and Soc Trang, the migrants’ social networks, community consultation in this survey on establishment of breeding female groups in Ninh Van, Ngu Loc, and Hai Ninh communes, establishment of mangrove co-management teams in Vinh Hai, and so on show possibility of community participation in the CRSD project activities.

Key orientations to sustainable coastal livelihoods:

* Promote all livelihood resources of households and communities (human capital, natural capital, physical capital, financial capital and social capital), make use of any market and institutional opportunities as well as favored conditions in each locality in order to develop livelihoods that are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable.

* Diversificatoin of income sources is a livelihood strategy of coastal households and communities in order to mobilize potential resources of households and community for increasing income to reduce pressure on near-shore fishing. Diversification of income sources should base on market demands and improve the economic environment of the coastal area, create a connection of market between the coastal area and other regions, especially the key economic zones, as well as vocational training and human resources strengthening.

* If the infrastructures and the quality of human resources are the bottle-neck in the national development, they are also considered as the bottleneck in development of the coastal area. In the CRSD project, it is essential to concentrate on the training, improvement of human resources quality as a fundamental and long-term solution for development of the coastal area as well as sustainable livelihood development in the area.

* The pressure of high population, slow process of the economic development in the coastal region create high pressure on employment as well as huge uncontrolled migrations to key economic zones and the Central Highland. This is the utmost important social issue at the coastal area. Therefore, one of basic solutions in CRSD project is to establish a network of job introduction, provision of labour market information, vocational guidance, expertise provision, and building capacity for staff working on labour-employment promotion in the localities which in turn shall provide replaceable livelihoods whereas the local economic condition, particularly in non-agricultural sector, has not yet developed. Its combination with job training, assistance in the compulsory education will likely bring good effects in the long-term. Job promotion and management of costal resources needs to be linked. Education is a long term investment and if there are not job opportunities, trained people will continue to migrate to other areas/ regions

* Activities of CRSD project should be integrated with other socioeconomic development programs and projects in the coastal region, aiming at integrating rare resources (productive land and material for development of the coastal region and creating sustainable livelihoods.

* The coastal region and livelihood activities of the coastal communities are in the major risk prone. This causes a majority of the community to fall in the spire of poverty, create more pressures on the coastal exploitation. Therefore, risk mitigation measures such as agricultural insurance, ship insurance, life insurance, health insurance, etc. may help reduce negative impacts from such risks. The CRSD project shall support, promote the community participation in such insurance activities, so as participate in pilot programs launched by the Government on agricultural insurance.

* From the above-mentioned orientations, it is possible to classify 3 groups of livelihoods proposed for the CRSD project:

(i) group of marine exploitation models,


(ii) group of land-based livelihood models, and

(iii) non-land-based livelihood models (business, services, handicraft,…)

Specific models can be a combination of the above orientations.

6.2 Recommendations

CRSD is a project that assists local authorities to minimize near-shore fishing, yet the CRDS project can be only effective when the local economic environment is improved, investments are attracted, the private sector is developed, a lot of non-fishing occupations are created, and income sources of the coastal communities are diversified. Therefore, the CRSD project needs to co-operate with and support the local authorities to improve investment environment, reform administrative procedures, upgrade infrastracture, and enhance human resources quality.

The alternative livelihood development strategy needs to associate with the resources co-management model, strengthening of local admistrative capacity for commune people’s committees, and promotion of inter-sector and inter-region linkages to implement the aims of reducing near-shore fishing. The CRSD project components should be arranged to reach such association.

The CRSD project activities have to be synchronized. For example, the CRSD livelihood supporting activities require a relevant mechanism, training for improved professional skills, financial assistance, land hiring, etc. The local authorities and agencies play very important role because their co-operation and assistance is needed for comprehensive implementation of the CRSD project. Horizontal co-operation among related agencies could be a difficulty during the CRSD project implementation, so this co-operation should be monitored and adjusted timely.

Integrating the CRSD project with socio-economic development programs and projects implemented in the project areas to take advantage of scarce resources, particularly development programs of economic zones, tourism zones, coastal infrastructure, and fishery infrastructure, development of new rural areas, job creation, poverty reduction, rural vocational training, education universalization, and supporting programs for poor pupils and students, etc. It should be noticed that many Government’s programs have not been implemented effectively because of sparing and spreading investments of which efficiency has not been paid due attention. Therefore, integration of CRSD needs to a supporting threshold that is strong enough to reach the ultimate and sustainable effectiveness. An integration mechanism should be considered right from beginning of CRSD project implementation.

One of the key orientations of the CRSD project is taking full advantage of all household and community resources to create alternative livelihood resources. The local authorities should carry out an inventory of natural resources in the commune and take advantage of all land resources, uneffectively used water bodies, credits, and so on to provide coastal communities with these resources for implementation of alternative livelihood activities instead of near-shore fishing.

Such resources assistance as land, capital, etc. should pay due attention to solutions how to ensure that the project beneficiaries are those who change their neashore fishing livelihood as well as how to diversify income sources for near-shore fishing households. The disadvantged groups such as the poor, the pro-poor , the single mothers, the ethnic minorities should be prioritized to participate in the CRSD project.


The local authorities might choose investments in infrastructure which are very economically and technically important and easy to manage. However, the CRSD should pay due attention to investments in activities relating to vocational training, education universalization, job orientation, job introduction, especially for children of poor and quasi-poor households, the ethic minority, etc. to create a new trend of directing values of education, occupations, livelihoods, etc. for the young generation at the coastal region. Only by changes to non-fishing livelihoods by the young generation at the coastal region, sustainabily can be created for near-shore fishery resources. The CRSD project might bring forward breakthroughs towards this direction.

The CRSD should pay attention to the important role of commune’s Women Unions in implementating alternative livelihood activities, because they were well done in many community development projects in Viet Nam. Their participation in the project implementation is also to promote gender equality in the coastal areas.

Training in alternative livelihood activities for the local fishmen should be suitable to their education degree.

Communications aims at behaviour changes by the communities, the authorities at various levels for protection of marine environment and near-shore fishery resources should be treated as a part of the CRSD project.

Consultation with fishing communities when implementing fishery co-management as follows:

Specific principles for co-management establishment (based on consultation with potentially affected households).

The project will promote the establishment of fishery co-management on a trial basis, and would be rolled out gradually over the course of the project. In rolling out, the following principles would be observed:

The establishment of a co-management scheme would be demand driven by both local government and local fishermen.

First co-management schemes in a province would be determined on the basis of species abundance survey in relation to the catch demand.

Fishery co-managements would be far away geographically – at least in a distance sufficient to avoid an overlap in boundaries of to-be-established co-management schemes.

Types of restriction (to fishing) in a co-management would be selective – driven by the resource abundance and the demand for the resources by members from within a co-management. This aims to ensure restricted fishing activities should be trialed first – for a defined period of time, on the basis of consensus among all resource users within a co-management, to allows adjustment.

Each and every of interventions (e.g. change of fishing gear, fishing pattern/methods, registration of licensing…) will be studied and proposed by the concerned fishing authorizes/ department at provincial and national level. A close coordination between national, provincial, district and communal level will be maintained to ensure all activities/intervention


under the project are expedited in accordance with national and international fishing regulations/ practices.

Each project province will develop their own interventions plans (under the guidance of national and provincial fishing departments) to assure their plan fits well to their socioeconomic and cultural conditions in an agreed period of time. When interventions required regional or national commitments, project management board (central level) will undertake the coordination role to ensure there is no conflicts arising out of the lack of coordination over the trans-province or trans-region territorial waters.

General principles for consultations with members within a proposed co-management scheme:

To make sure potential adverse impact on the members of a proposed co-management scheme, particularly the vulnerable households, are minimized/mitigated, the following approach would be adopted:

All members of a proposed co-management scheme can take an active part in analyzing a) the need for a co-management and b) the potential impact of such a co-management on their fishing activities, their income-generation activities, and their livelihoods.

They play an active role in designing the rules/institutional arrangements for the proposed co-management.

They can participate in designing, implementing, and monitoring of the implementation of mitigation measures to effectively manage the potential adverse impact on their incomes, and/or conflicts that might arise during the implementation of a co-management.Local governments as well as fishery authorities, fishery associations should play a facilitation role in the design of rules/institutional arrangements for a proposed co-management scheme.

Rules/institutional arrangements that are designed and agreed upon by members from a proposed co-management scheme (with the facilitation of local governments/relevant agencies) should be adopted on a trial basis and allow adjustment of rules.

The following activities should be undertaken at the early stage of the planning of a co-management scheme:

Stakeholder analysis: to be done to understand the socioeconomic profiles of all members within in a proposed co-management scheme. At the minimum, the following factors need to be understood: the level of dependence on the coastal resources on the part of the members of a proposed co-management scheme, their well-being, culture and traditions, including the potential roles of local governments and fishery authorities in facilitating the establishment of a proposed co-management scheme.

Criteria for potential adversely affected households: to be developed on the basis of stakeholder analysis and on the basis of additional support that the project would provide (as mitigation measures) to ensure potentially affected households would not be adversely affected as a result of a proposed co-management scheme.


Grievance redress mechanism: Conflict settlement mechanisms need to be established at two levels. At the first level, potential conflicts should be identified through the participatory approach, such as community consultation, to seek for preventive measures. At the second level, when conflicts happen, relevant parties that are in charge of conflict settlement need to be involved in solving the conflicts – to the satisfaction of affected members in a co-management.


ANNEX 1: PROJECT PROCESS FRAMEWORK

Preface

This process framework describes the project requirements to deal with social impacts caused by limited access to near-shore natural resources of coastal communities according to the WB’s involuntary resettlement policy (OP4.12). Objectives of this Framework are to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts caused by limited access to near-shore natural resources and to ensure that affected communities are consulted and participated in the project activities that affect them.

This Framework is prepared on the basis of social assessment conducted by the WB’s specialists in May 2011 in 3 project provinces – Thanh Hoa, Khanh Hoa, and Soc Trang, Vietnam compensation and resettlement policies, and the WB’s involuntary resettlement policy (OP4.12). This Frame describes process of participation in project preparation and implementation by the stakeholders, concentrating on Component 3 which will limit access to near-shore natural resources of coastal communities. Main contents include: (a) how the project components have been prepared and will be implemented; (b) how the affected people’s (APs) eligibility will be determined; (c) which allowances and assistances will be provided for the APs can, by their own efforts, improve or restore their living standards and livelihoods yet still maintain sustainability of resources or the protected areas; (d) how potential conflicts relating to the APs/ the affected communities will be resolved; and (e) arrangement, implementation, and implementation monitoring.

Free, prior and informed consultations with potentially affected ethnic minority peoples indicated that there is a broad support from these communities for the project implementation. Over the course of project implementation, if there is any activities that restrict access of ethnic minority communities to coastal resources, consultation with them will be hold in accordance with the project' Process Framework to ensure potentially affected communities can participate in designing, implementing, and monitoring activities that may affect their access to coastal resources. Also, the project, based on consultation with them, will ensure ethnic minorities present in project area will benefit from project activities in a way that is culturally appropriate to them. Consultation with ethnic minority peoples has been conducted/will be conducted in a way that is appropriate to their social and cultural values, as well as their local conditions


I. Introduction

1.1. General information of the project

Vietnam possesses diversified and abundant marine and coastal resources. However, these resources are under over exploitation that results in increasingly serious depletion and and deterioration of the coastal eco-environment. There is growing recognition within the Government, local authorities, various levels, and various sectors that important changes need to be made to protect ans sustainably use the natural capital on the coast as a means to secure the long-term viability and competitiveness of the fishery sector and to sustain the coastal economy and related livelihoods. A good foundation of legal, policy and regulatory measures has already been established, partly with the support of international development partners. The major gap now lies in implementation of these measures.

Therefore, the Government has proposed the World Bank to finance a project on “Coastal resources for sustainable development” in order to improve sustainable management of fisheries in 8 coastal provinces of 3 regions, including Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, and Ha Tinh provinces in the central northern region, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, and Khanh Hoa provinces in the central southern region, and Ca Mau and Soc Trang provinces in the Mekong delta region. The project objectives will be achieved through 3 main project components: (i) institutional capacity strengthening for sustainable coastal resources management in support of fisheries; (ii) promotion of good practices of sustainable aquaculture; and (iii) implementation of good practices for sustainable near-shore capture fisheries.

It is estimated that the project main outcome indicators will be as follows: Improved planning for the fisheries sector’s development in the project provinces through

integrated spatial planning, integrated risk management assessments, and improved data collection and dissemination systems;

Enhanced shrimp disease control through promoting the use of certified seed and monitoring seed quality; introducing and scaling up good aquaculture practices; and improving disease and risk management in the culture areas supported by the project;

Improved management of near-shore capture fisheries through piloting co-management models, limiting new registration of small fishing boats, and reducing destructive fishing gear in selected areas of the project provinces;

Improved livelihoods of coastal communities through designing and implementing

suitable alternative or supplemental livelihood programs for local fishermen who volunteer to exit the near shore capture fisheries in the selected areas of the project provinces;

Reduced losses in volume and in value of the catch through improving hygienic conditions and facilities on fishing boats and at landing sites supported by the project;

Among the above-mentioned three components of the project, Component 3 will limit access and use of near-shore resources by the coastal communities whose livelihoods depend entirely on near-shore fishing in the project areas. Therefore, in accordance with the WB’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy (OP4.12), a Process Framework needs to be prepared to ensure the APs’ participation in project preparation and implementation.

1.2. Information on Component 3: Support in sustainable near-shore fisheries

a) Reasons for design of Component 3


In comparison with offshore fishing, near-shore fishing contributes less to export yet plays an important roale in providing either direct or indirect employment to millions of poor people in the coastal region. Moreover, coastal water bodies are productivity and growing grounds of various fishery species which will recreate resources for offshore fishing. According to a MARD’s report, near-shore fishery resources in many areas have been over-exploited by at leats 10% - 20%. The consultation results with coastal communities also show a dramatic decline in both catch volume and sizes of fishes. Many fishery species are in danger of extinction. The main factors affecting sustainability of near-shore fishery include:

Lack of effective management mechanisms and plans: Fishing areas are still considered as “open-access” to everyone, therefore most fishermen want to catch as much as possible. Despite the approval of the fisheries law in 2003, its implementation is largely ineffective. In 2009, the government issued Decree 25/2009/ND-CP adopting integrated coastal zone management measures for protection and sustainably use of marine and coastal resources. In 2010, another government Decree No. 33/2010/ND-CP was issued to manage fishing activities through allocating near-shore fishing areas among provinces to implement co-management models for coastal resources. This is the first time near-shore “open access” fishing areas (with 6 miles from the coastline) have legal “owners” and the owners are responsible for the planning of the fishing structure as well as protection and management of the areas which are assigned to them. A good foundation of legal, policy and regulatory measures has already been established. The major gap now lies in implementation of these measures. To date, local authorities are still reluctant to enforce the regulations until alternative livelihoods are offered to poor fishing communities.

Overcapitalization and poor fishing practices: By 2010, there were more than 100,000 small fishing boats (< 90 CV) operating in near shore waters. This has been imposing a serious pressure to near-shore fisheries and causing hardship for coastal communities. With increased price of petrol and the Government’s cancellation its subsidy on petrol for near-shore capture fisheries, near-shore fishing activities are no longer economically viable. A lot of fishermen now are facing difficulties and have temporarily suspended their fishing near shore. Hence, many of them would like to exit the capture fisheries sector if they were provided with alternative livelihood opportunities.

Lack of alternative livelihoods for fishermen: To find out alternative livelihoods for local fishermen is a difficult question for local governments. Opportunities for alternative livelihoods for local fishermen depend on their resources as well as the local resources available which can be provided to them, for example, natural capital (land, forests, etc.), financial capital (savings, credits, etc.), human resources capital (education attainment, health, etc.), social capital (social relationships, social networks, etc.).

Poor supporting infrastructure causing high losses along the supply chains: There are over 80 landing places in the country, most of them serve offshore fishing vessels while smaller near-shore fishing boats continue using traditional landing sites that generally have no support services. It is estimated that due to poor handling and preservation in fishing boats, at land sites, and transportation, losses in value of the catches are often up to 20-30%. This is resulting in considerable economic losses for fishermen, a huge waste of resources for the fisheries sector, and serious local pollutions around landing sites and fish wholesale markets.

b) Objectives of Component 3

Component 3 is designed to support the sustainable management of near-shore capture fisheries, protect and upgrade fishery infrastructure, improve product quality in order to render livelihoods more resilient to use coastal resources more sustainably, and assit the Government to implement the Comprehensive management plan for marine and island resources and environment protection successfully.


c) Scope of Component 3

The scope of component 3 is determined based on the aforesaid objectives. Accordingly, the areas covered by this component need to satisfy conditions to a protected area (as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.

In the project context, the areas covered by Component 3 are natural areas along Vietnam coastlines where biodiversity conservation is associated closely with sustainable use and exploitation of natural resources as stipulated by the Government and the localities. Because of extremely long coastlines of eight project provinces and a large number of coastal communities, and the project approach is implementation by selected sub-projects for various phases in the project cycle, establishment of criteria for selection of project areas is vital. The methods of selecting project areas for Component 3 are biodiversity surveys and social assessment studies in the project provinces. The criteria are: (i) areas of high biodiversity values and of residence and reproductivity of fishery species; (ii) areas where the communities live mainly on near-shore capture; and (iii) areas where fishery infrastructure degrades, not ensuring product quality and food safety.

II. Preparation and Implementation of Component 3

2.1. Design of Component 3

Component 3 is designed to support the sustainable management of near-shore capture fisheries, upgrade fishery infrastructure assets, improve catching product quality, render livelihoods more resilient to reduce exploitation pressure on near-shore resources. The design of this component is based on consultation results with the stakeholders, including the authorities at the provincial, district, and communal levels, relevant provincial/ district/ commune agencies, and potentially affected fishing communities.

It is envisaged that Component 3 of the project will be designed with following activities: a) Assisting preparation and implementation of co-management plans for coastal districts:

To prepare co-management plans for coastal districts, the provinces need to implement the following activities:

Activity 1: Conducting biodiversity surveys with participation of coastal communities to identify residence and reproductivity areas of valuable fishery species. These surveys should be designed to allow participation by the people, particularly the potential affected people, such as through community consultation, and representatives of affected households. On the basis of results of biodiversity sruveys and consultation with coastal communities, the provinces determine restricted areas for preservation.

Activity 2: Benchmarking selected areas and installing signboards. Organizing community meetings to introduce the marked areas for protection to them, also, signing commitments on environment and coastal natural resources preservation with coastal communities, and assigning capture rights to fishermen.

Activity 3: Carrying out social assessment and consulting fishery communities at selected areas to develop co-management plans that suit economic, social, and cultural conditions of the localities. Affected communities will propose co-management models and procedures that fit


their conditions as well as local conditions, and propose support needed from the project and authorities of various levels to ensure effective and sustainable implementation of co-management models.

b) Supporting reduction in small fishing boats and enforcing regulations to control illegal/bad fishing practices:

To implement this, the project will support to upgrade small boats (of capacity less than 20CV) to big boats for offshore fishing or provide vocational training for young men so that they do not have to go fishing as their parents. Following activities need to be implemented during project preparation and implementation:

Activity 1: Conducting education and awareness campaigns for the communities, targeting the high risk groups (i.e. trawlers, fishermen of dynamite and chemical fishing), on negative impacts and risks of destructive or unselective fishing, and the Government’s policies and regulations of exploitation and protection of coastal resources. Education and communications should be carried out in various forms, for instance, leaflets, the media, social networks in the communities, etc. and throughout the whole project process.

Activity 2: Enforcing regulations on new small boat registration to gradually reduce the number of near shore fishing boats, for example, prohibiting manufacturing and limiting registration of new small boats (i.e. below 90 CV). To inform these regulations widely to fishery communities and agitate them for complying with the regulations voluntarily (in combination with information dissemination).

Activity 3: Upgrading fishing boats and gear in accordance with regulations. The project executing agency, in co-operation with local authorities, will organize consultation with fishing communities at the project selected areas to identify criteria of selecting households for the project, of which compulsory criteria are: (i) households with boats of less than 20 CV; (ii) households that want upgrade their boats; (iii) captains and machine managers meet technical requirements as stipulated by laws. Since support from the project is limited, apart from the aforesaid compulsory criteria, fishing communities can add other criteria for selecting households for the project. Each province will choose not more than 400 households to participate in the project.

Activity 4: Providing financial support and vocational training so that fishermen can change their occupations. The project executing agency, in co-operation with local authorities, to assess fishermen’s demands of vocational training, especially those of young men. Such assessment must be based on liberal consultation and dissemination of sufficient information to the communities so that they can make choices that suit their capacities and conditions as well as suit the local conditions.

c) Support for alternative livelihood development:

Reduction in small fishing boats and benchmarking restricted, conservative areas will affect livelihoods of many households, particularly poor HHs whose livelihoods depend entirely on fishing. Therefore, alternative livelihoods need to be sought for. The project will assit fishing communities implementing alternative livelihood models proposed by them. To develop livelihood models that suit capacities of the communities and local conditions, following activities need to be done:


Activity 1: Conducting social assessment and community consultation to understand existing livelihoods and available capacities of each community and locality. Reviewing alternative livelihood models that have been carried out successfully in the localities to scale those up.

Activity 2: Selecting households that voluntarily drop off fishing to non-fishing activities. Organizing consultation sessions with these households to design alternative livelihood models that suit their capacities and local conditions. Livelihoods should be diversified for all labourers of affected HHs. AHs propose support needed for successful implementation of the proposed alternative livelihood movelds. Selecting several of the most pragmatic models to implement in the first year of the project.

Activity 3: The project executing agence prepares implementation plans for alternative livelihoods that are proposed by affected communities. The plans should detail specific conditions for implementing those livelihoods, for example, inputs, outputs, and support from the project and authorities of various levels as well as stakeholders’ responsibilities, forecasting factors that can cause negative impacts and remedial solutions.

d) Support for infrastructure upgrading:

Improvement and upgrading of landing sites, fish ports, and fish markets can cause land acquisition impacts (at small scale) and cancellation of business by some households. To avoid or mitigate land acquisition impacts, following activities need to be implemented:

Activity 1: Organizing consultative meetings with the APs to discuss about design options in order to avoid land acquisition. The Consultant present various design options for the APs to discuss and choose the optimal ones. In the case that land acquisition or other negative impacts are unavoidable, activities 2 and 3 must be implemented.

Activitiy 2: Conducting inventory of losses of the AHs and developing compensation plans in compliance with the Government’s compensation policy and the WB’s involuntary resettlement policy (OP 4.12).

Activity 3: Paying compensation and providing allowances/ assistance for the AHs. Implementing livelihood and income restoration measures for the AHs, for instance, creating job opportunities for children of the AHs during project implementation, prioritizing employment of the AHs’ children for service sites after finishing infrastructure improvement and upgrading.

During the project preparation stage, the mentioned-above activities have been carried out in 3 provinces of Thanh Hoa, Khanh Hoa, and Soc Trang. These procedures will be applied in the remaining provinces.

2.2 Negative impacts of Component 3

Some activities of Component 3 can cause negative impacts on livelihoods and assets of coastal communities, for example, restricted access to and use of coastal resources, acquisition of some households’ land, postponement of production and business activities. Potential impacts can be summarized in the table below:

The project’s potentially negative impactsNo. Project activity Potential impact Mitigation measure1 Benchmarking selected Affecting fishermen’s Upgrading small boats to big


areas and installing signboards, signing commitments on environment and coastal natural resources preservation with fishermen, and assigning capture rights to fishermen

livelihoods and incomes due to restricted access to and use of coastal resources.

Changing jobs due to lack or loss of occupuations.

boats for offshore fishing. Changing to aquaculture,

cultivation, and breeding. Training non-agricultural

jobs. Resettlement and cultivation

settlement for poor HHs that have no land.

2 Reducing small-capacity boats (encouraging fishermen to drop off fishing voluntarily and transfer to non-fishing activities)

Lossing or lacking jobs, resulting in loss of or reduction in earnings of HHs that have small boats.

Changing livelihoods

Changing to aquaculture, cultivation, and breeding (for HHs that have productive land).

Training non-agricultural jobs for AHs’ children.

Resettlement and cultivation settlement for poor HHs that have no land.

Creating jobs under the project

3 Upgrading fishery infrastructure (improving landing sites, fish ports, fish markets, etc.)

Acquiring land Postponing business and

services provision

Avoiding land acquisition through reviewing possible design options

Paying compenstation for acquired land and affected assets.

Paying compensation for incomes lost during postponement of business activities.

All negative impacts on the people and communities need to be avoided or mitigated. In unavoidable cases, compensation must be provided in compliance with the project Resettlement Framework and the WB’s involuntary resettlement policy (OP4.14).

III. Eligibility Criteria for Affected People

3.1 Socio-Economic Information of Affected Households Population featuresAccording to social assessment results, the average numbers of people and labourers of the AHs (the near-shore fishing group) are 4.79 and 2.94 respectively. In the survey samples, the proportion of HHs with 5 members or more counts for 60.5%. This means that fishing HHs usually have many children that leads to high rate of dependents. This is also a common feature of fishing HHs at coastal communes because fisheries normally requires many labourers and the human risk rate is high, hence, high birth rate.

EducationEducation attainment of HHs’ members over 15 years old is very low: 31.9% finish primary education, 38.0% finish intermediate education, and only 17.2% finish secondary education. Low education attainment is a big obstacle to vocational training for livelihood conversion.


According to consultation results with the communes’ leaders, primary vocational training usually does not promote its roles after completion. Therefore, on one hand, education development should be implemented for coastal communities; on the other hand, education should be integrated with technical secondary training to enhance the workforce quality in order to ensure sustainable livelihood conversion.

Occupational featuresIn the survey samples, fishing is the main occupation of more than one half (52.4%) of labourers. Other fishery occupations such as aquaculture, fishery processing, and fishery services count for 10.3% of labourers. Cultivation and breeding are main occupations of 11.2% of labourers. Industrial workers – 4.8%, construction and handicraft/ small-scaled industries – 1.0%, the State’s staff – 3.9%. As such, fisheries count for most of labourers in the surveyed HHs.

The female-headed HH group has a lower rate of fishermen than that of the male-headed HH group (40.0% against 53.5%). The lowest income group has the highest rate of fishermen (69.2%) compared to other groups of which these rates are from 40.0% to 56.7%. The ethnic minority group has a higher rate of fishermen than that of the Kinh group (55.6% compared to 51.8%). The fisheries group has 99.2% members working as fishermen. This means that the children usually succeed their parents’ occupations. Hence, to limit and gradually erase near-shore fishing, due attention should be paid to vocational training for targeting groups that are fishermen’s children so that they can find non-fishing occupations, not following their parents’ ones.

IncomesThe near-shore fishing group is the group that has limited or no productive land. Particularly, there are communes such as Ngu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa province where fishermen has no productive land and very limited residential land (about 30-40m2/HH averagely). Therefore, their income sources reply entirely on fisheries and they usually belong to the lowest income group. In the survey samples, the average monthly income per capita of this group is VND 275,000 per capita per month, equivalent to 79.8% of the new poverty line (2010) (< VND 400,000 per capita per month).

3.2 Criteria for Determination of Eligible Affected People

Protection and sustainable development of coastal resources will constrain exploitation and use of these resources by the coastal communities, especially by households whose livelihood depend entirely on near-shore fishing. Depending on impact levels of exploitation restriction, consultation with affected groups need to be carried out at both household and community levels to identify solutions accepted by the affected groups to mitigate adverse impacts and help them to restore pre-project livelihoods. Criteria of determining eligible affected people are indicated in the following table:

Criteria for eligible affected people No. Project impact Criteria Method of selection1 Restricted exploitation and use of

coastal resources due to benchmarking areas of management and coastal fishing among provinces or selected areas.

HHs that have boats of less than 20CV and are willing to change their fishing activities to non-fishing jobs.

Social assessment and community consultation

2 Losing or reducing jobs due to reduction in small boats through

HHs that have boats of less than 20CV and are willing



prohibiting building new boats and restricting registration of small boats.

to participate in. The number of selected HHs is not more than 400 HHs per province. If this number is exceeded, other criteria need to be considered.

3 Supporting fishermen to change livelihoods to non-fishing jobs (vocational training, job creation, allocation of productive land, providing jobs of fishery services, etc.)

Fishing HHs that are willing to change to non-fishing jobs, prioritizing poor HHs and localities that do not have productive land funds.


4 Assiting in improvement of infrastructure of ports, landing sites, and fish markets that can lead to land acquisition and business postponement to several households.

Multi-purpose landing sites (landing, small-scale repair, logistics, preliminary processing, markets, etc.) can provide more jobs for near-shore fishing HHs during and after the project.


During the project implementation stage, the above-mentioned criteria will be consulted with specific communities to adjust to actual conditions of each community. Basing on established criteria, communities will assess by themselves and select eligible HHs for support. The implementation steps will be as follows:

Project excuting agencies co-operate with the CPCs to carry out social assessment and consultation of communities that are determined as being affected by the project.

Basing on social assessment and consultation results, developing criteria of eligibility for support in mitigating the project impacts.

Making lists of HHs that will be affected by the project, meeting criteria set up by communities.

Consulting eligible AHs to discuss about their proposed alternative livelihoods and prepare investment plans as well as implementation plans for those livelihoods.

Discussing alternative livelihoods and implementation plans with the local authorities

Consultation requires participation of HHs from the vulnerable group. They must be prioritized the first in all project activities. Therefore, developed livelihood plans must be consulted and participated in by them. To the affected ethnic minority group, liberal consultation, pre-consultation, and fully informative consultation should be organized with their participation, special procedures and measures need to be applied so that they can join in and get benefits from the project.

During the project preparation stage, in three provinces of Thanh Hoa, Khanh Hoa and Soc Trang, consultation was made with relevant agencies at the provincial, district, and communal levels as well as with coastal communities to determine groups of people who would be affected by the project, of which there were two separate consultation sessions with the Kh’mer in Au Tho B village, Vinh Hai commune, Vinh Chau district, and in Mo O village, Trung Binh commune, Tran De district, Soc Trang. Groups of identified objects are groups of HHs whose livelihoods rely exclusively on near-shore fishing (within 6 miles from shores). However,


because most of ethnic minority HHs in the coastal communities operate in fisheries, mainly in near-shore fisheries, and because the project budget is limited, it is necessary to establish criteria of eligibility for support in mitigating the project impacts and finding alternative livelihoods. Results of consultation in three survey provinces lead to the criteria for selection of entitled AHs as follows:

HHs who have small boats and whose livelihoods depend entirely on near-shore fishing, voluntarily want to change from near-shore fishing to inshore fishing or offshore fishing, or other alternative livelihoods such as aquaculture, cultivation, and non-agricultural occupations.

HHs that does not have or have limited productive land

HHs belonging to the vulnerable group, including poor HHs, ethnic minority HHs, female-headed HHs.

IV. Supporting Measures for the APs’ Livelihood Recovery and Improvement

4.1 Methods and Procedures for the APs to Choose Mitigation Measures for the Project Impacts

Component 3 activities will cause negative impacts to the local people, including: (i) affecting directly livelihoods and incomes of near-shore fishing HHs (within 6 miles from shores) because of constrain on fisheries and use of near-shore resources; (ii) acquiring land and postpone business activities of some HHs to improve fisheries infrastructure such as building new and improving landing sites that can serve as shelters against typhoons, fishing ports that can serve as fish markets, and facilities for fishery support services.

To determine and select mitigation measures or compensation for the project adverse impacts, a social assessments need to be conducted in which consultation with the affected communities should be so that the APs can recognize negative impacts caused by the project activities and propose mitigation measures. The procedures are as follows:

Community meetings with the APs. The project executing agencies, in co-operation with local authorities, organize meetings for the affected communities to deliver project information and activities that migh cause adverse impacts to the communities. On the basis of recognized negative impacts and actual capacity of the communities and affected households, concerning natural capital (land, forests, etc.), financial capital (savings, loans, etc.), human resources capital (health, workforce, education attainment, labour skills, etc.), social capital (social relationships, social networks, etc.), the APs propose suitable alternative livelihood models.

Preparing implementation plans for mitigation measures: Under guidance of the project executing agencies, the affected communities develop implementation plans for alternative livelihoods, which should state clearly input/ output factors, responsibilities of relevant parties (authorities, the project, APs), and necessary conditions (land, assets, capital, agricultural promotion, etc.) to ensure successful and sustainable implementation of the proposed alternative livelihoods.

For impacts caused by building new or improving landing sites, fish markets, and facilities for fishery support services, mitigation measures should also be discussed with the project preparation agencies and the affected communities in community meetings, for example, avoiding land acquisition through sensible selection of construction sites and design, improving


and expanding existing landing sites, fish markets, and facilities for fishery support services, limiting new construction that required land acquisition. If new construction was needed, attention should be paid to public land or vacant land, and water bodies, avoiding acquiring productive or residential land of the local people. In cases of unavoidability, a Resettlement Plan must be prepared to ensure that all project negative impacts on the local peole will be compensated for and assisted in pursuance with the project Resettlement Framework and the WB’s involuntary resettlement policy (OP4.12).

During the project preparation stage, the project executing agencies, with assistance from the WB’s consultants, organized community consultation so that the APs can participate in discussions and propose mitigation measures or compensation for adverse impacts that suit their conditions and ensure sustainable development of coastal resources. Mitigation measures and alternative livelihoods were proposed and agreed for implementation by the APs as presented in the Annex.

4.2 Some Alternative Livelihood Models

Social assessment results show that three livelihood models can be applied separately or in combination at the project areas, subject to conditions and capacities of each community and the APs.

(1) The livelihood model of transferring occupations to occupations (converting near-shore fishing to in-shore anf offshore fishing through improving or changing small boats (<20CV) to big boats (60CV and 90CV), and selective provision of fishing gear). To implement this model, the project needs to provide funds to improve boats and buy fishing gear.

(2) Land-based livelihood models: aquaculture, cultivation, breeding. However, this livelihood model depends on land funds of HHs or the localities to assign land to HHs under contracts. Most of fishing HHs have limited or no productive land. Hence, although this livelihood model is considered as sustainable the most, it is not feasible in localities where the people and the authorities do not have any available land fund.

(3) Non-land-based livelihood model: trading, services, and processing of aquatic or agricultural products and other goods; handicraft, small-scale industries, working in industrial zones or big cities; and labour export. This model requires the project to provide fund assistance and vocational training for children of the AHs.

V. Conflict Settlement and Grievance Mechanism

5.1 Potential Conflicts

The project activities can cause conflicts among people within one affected community, among various affected communities at the project areas, and among the affected people with the project executing agencies or coastal resources preservation and management agencies.

a) Conflicts among affected people within one community

Implementation of co-management models can lead to conflict of interests among affected people within one community, for example, among participants and non-participants of co-management models, among beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the project.

b) Conflicts among communities


Benchmarking for exploitation, fishing, and preservation of coastal resources among provinces can cuase conflicts among communities at bordering areas during fishing and exploitation because of violation to the defined areas.

c) Conflicts among affected people and the project executing agencies or coastal resources management agencies

Constraint of small, near-shore fishing boats under the circumstance of inadequate resources for livelihood changes for affected households will result in a fact that the AHs will continue near-shore fishing for daily living, or the AHs do not agree with mitigation measures. This will cause conflicts among the people with exploitation management agencies, the project executing agencies, and the local authorities.

5.2 Grievance and Conflict Settlement Mechanism

Conflict settlement mechanisms need to be established at two different levels for preventive purpose (to avoid occurence of any conflicts) and settlement purpose (when conflicts happen). At the first level, potential conflicts should be identified through the participatory approach, such as community consultation, to seek for preventive measures. It is extremely essential to have effective means of media, clear regulations, and the people’s acceptance for coastal resources management to avoid potential conflicts. At the second level, when conflicts happen, relevant parties that are in charge of conflict settlement need to be determined. Therefore, a grievance and conflict settlement mechanism is essential to ensure that all of the APs’ conflicts, complaints, and grievances are recorded and dealt with timely and satisfactorily. According to Vietnam Law on Accusation and the WB’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy (OP4.12), a grievance and conflict settlement mechanism, including 4 steps, are proposed as follows:

Fist Stage, at the commune level: An affected household may bring his/her complaint or conflicts before any member of the Commune People’s Committee, either through the Villasge Chief or directly to the CPC, in writing or verbally. The CPC will meet personally with the aggrieved affected household and will have 5 days following the lodging of the complaint to resolve it. The CPC is responsible for documenting and keeping file of all complaints that it handles.

Upon issuance of decision of CPC, the complainants can make an appeal within 30 days. If the second decision has been issued and the household is still not satisfied with the decision, the household can elevate his/her complaint to the DPC.

Second Stage, at the district level: Upon receipt of complaint from the household, the DPC will have 15 days following the lodging of the complaint to resolve the case. The DPC is responsible for documenting and keeping file of all complaints that it handles.

Upon issuance of decision of DPC, the complainants can make an appeal within 30 days. If the second decision has been issued and the household is still not satisfied with the decision, the household can elevate his/her complaint to the PPC.

Third Stage, at the provincial level: Upon receipt of complaint from the household, the PPC will have 30 days following the lodging of the complaint to resolve the case. The PPC is responsible for documenting and keeping file of all complaints that reaches the same. Upon issuance of decision of PPC, the household can make an appeal within 30 days. If the second decision has


been issued and the household is still not satisfied with the decision, the household can elevate his/her complaint to the court within 45 days.

Fourth Stage, the Court of Law Arbitrates: Should the complainant file his/her case to the court and the court rule in favor of the complainant, then Provincial government agency will have to increase the compensation at a level to be decided by the court. In case the court will rule in favor of PPC, then the complainant will have to obey the court’s decision.

This grievance settlement mechanism will be included in the project Resettlement Policy Framework and the Resettlement Plan. Also, it will be announced publicly to the APs during community consultation during the project implementation stage.

VI. Legal Procedures and Management

6.1 Management and Implementation of this Process Framework

To implement mitigation measures for the project negative impacts on affected people and communities, participation of various levels and sectors from the central to the local levels and of the people. The organization, management, and implementation structure and the stakeholders’ responsibilities are agreed as follows:

At the Central level:

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is assigned by the Government to be the steering and executing agency of this project. The Central Fishery Project Management Unit (CFPMU) in the MARD has overall responsibility for co-ordinating implementation of proposed mitigation measures as well as for the project compensation, assistance, and resettlement within the project. On the other hand, the CFPMU is responsible for training for the project provincies on the WB’s social safeguard policy and monitoring implementation of mitigation measures by the project provinces through an external monitoring agency recruited by the CFPMU.

People’s Committees (PCs):

The People’s Committees, in the role of the highest management authority at each level, is responsible for the State management at the localities. Provincial Resettlement Committees are only established for special projects. District Resettlement Committees are established for all projects implemented in the district and led by one Vice Chairman of the DPCs.

Provincial People’s Committees (PPCs):

Issuing the policies of relocation and compensation rates and other directives and instructions of resettlement and compensation applied to the project.

Approving compensation, allowance, and resettlement plans submitted by District Resettlement Committees. Under this project, since works to be improved and upgraded belong to only one district, the PPCs can assign the DPCs to approve compensation plans.

Issuing decisions on land acquisition and assignment for the project

Approving allocation of land plots to relocated families who use affected land without land title.


Directing relevant provincial Departments and sectors to implement the project activites within their functions and authorities.

Assigning tasks to the project districts in province and directing implementation.

District People’s Committees (DPCs):

DPCs are responsible for:

Establishing District Resettlement Committees and directing implementation of compensation and mitigation activities in the districts.

Appointing chairmen of Commune Resettlement Committes.

Certifying land use right applications of the APs.

Approving compensation plants (if being authorized).

Directing district Departments and sectors and village people’s committees of the project communes to implement the project activities within their authorities and responsibilities.

Village People’s Committees (VPCs):

VPCs are responsible fore:

Establishing village resettlement teams to work with the DRCs

Co-operating with DRCs to implement information dissemination and community consultation.

Signing compensation documents of the APs

Assisting the stakeholders to implement the project activities in the village areas

6.2 Responsibilities of the Stakeholders in Implementing this Process Framework

Provincial Project Management Units (PPMUs):

PPMUs in the DARDs are responsible for co-operating with the CFPMU, the provincial stakeholders, the DPCs, the DRCs, and the VPCs to implement mitigation activities in order to minimize the project impacts and compensate. The PPMUs are responsible for monitoring implementation of such activities within the provinces, also, advising the PPCs to settle conflicts and grievances of affected people and communities.

District Resettlement Committees (DRCs):

DRCs are responsible for implementing mitigation measures and compensation within the districts. DRCs co-operate with vocational training centers, continueing education centers, and VPCs of the project communes to organize short-term and long-term vocational training courses for the APs. DRCs also take responsibilities for advising the DPCs to settle conflicts and grievances of affected people and communities.

At the commune levels:

Establishing project implementation teams to co-operate with DRCs to implement mitigation measures and compensation within the communes. Verifying conflicts and grievances of the APs and the affected communities to advise the VPCs’ chairmen for settlement.


Affected people and communities:

Participating in monitoring implementation of the project activities

Implementing impact mitigation measures of the project

Handing over sites for the project (if needed)

6.3 Implementation Budgets and Budget Sources

The budget for the project impact mitigation measures such as assistance in occupational conversion, vocational training, and implementing alternative livelihood models will be calculated in details during project implementation. This budget will be covered by the WB’s loan. The PPMUs are responsible for management and disbursement of allocated funds to implement the project. Implementation steps are as follows:

(i) On the basis of alternative livelihood plans developed by affected communities, the PPMUs prepare plans and cost estimates to implement these plans and consult the APs prior to submission of plans and costs for approval.

(ii) Submitting plans and cost estimates to the authorities for approval.(iii) After cost estimates are approved, the PPMUs provide funds for HHs, groups of HHs, or

individuals to implement their plans.

Regarding to compensation and allowances for the APs affected through land acquisition or business postponement, the DRCs are responsible to conduct inventory of affected assets and prepare compensation plans as well as cost estimates to submit to the authorities for approval. Compensation prices for affected assets will be replacement prices. The budget for compensation and allowances will be covered by the provincial budgets. The PPCs of the project provinces are responsible for providing timely and sufficiently funds for the DRCs for payment and allowances for the AHs. Specific implementation steps are as follows:

(i) Basing on results of detailed measurement surveys on affected assets of each household, the DRC prepare compensation plans and cost estimates and consult the APs before submitting these documents to the authorities for approval;

(ii) After the compensation plans and cost estimates are approved, the DRC make payment and provide allowances for the APs.

VII. Implementation Monitoring

7.1 Community Monitoring

Negative and positive impacts of the project on the communities and local people in the project areas as well as implementation efficiency of measures that aims at improving (or at least recovering) the APs’ incomes and living standards need to be monitored closely during project implementation. At the community level, a Monitoring Team should be established elected by households in the community, including representative of both affected and non-affected HHs. The team needs to appoint one representative to join in the Compensation Team of the commune. Tasks of the Monitoring Team are to check and supervise implementation of the project activities at their community, including: implementation of co-management models; determination of the project negative impacts; selection of eligible HHs for compensation and


allowances; implementation of alternative livelihood models; compensation plans, allowances, and recovery of AHs livelihoods. Monitoring needs to be carried out right fronm the project commencement to completion. All dections and findings need to be reported timely to the project executing agencies and the local authority for remedial actions. Key indicators for monitoring are as follows:

(i) Are project activities designed to fit capacities and conditions of the people and the localities?

(ii) Positive and negative impacts of the project on the people and the communities (iii) Mitigation measures for the project adverse impacts and implementation of

mitigation measures(iv) Unanimity and satisfaction levels of the APs on implementation of mitigation

measures (v) Satisfication of the APs and communities on conflict and grievance settlement(vi) Leveles of openness and transparence during project implementation(vii) Levels of income and livelihood improvement of the APs

7.2 Internal and External Monitoring

a) Internal Monitoring

The PPMUs are responsible for internal monitoring of implementation of this Process Framework. Internal monitoring reports need to be prepared monthly and submitted to the central PMU and the WB. The reports must state clearly gaps between actual implementation and provisions in the Process Framework, the Resettlement Policy Framework, and the WB’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy (OP4.12). Remedial actions should be also recommended in the reports. Key monitoring indicators are:

(i) Arranging staff and organization for project implementation (ii) Consulting affected communities(iii) Allocating timely and sufficiently budgets for impelementatino of mitigation

measures (iv) Paying costs to the APs to implement mitigation measures and livelihood changing (v) Preventing and settleing conflicts and grievances of the affected people/ communities (vi) Co-operation of relevant agencies regarding to implementation of mitigation

measures (vii) How are changes of the APs’ livelihoods (viii) Levels of livelihood improvement of the APs compared to those before the project (ix) Impacts occurred during the project implementation and remedial actions

b) External Monitoring

The central PMU needs to recruit an independent agency that has proper capacity and experiences in monitoring implementation of the WB’s social safeguard policy to monitor compliance with the project provisions and social safeguard policy as well as implementation of this PF. Monitoring will be conducted every six (06) months or at mobilization of the central PMU. Monitoring reports must state clearly gaps between actual implementation and provisions in the project Resettlement Policy Framework and the WB’s social safeguard policy. Remedial actions for those gaps should be also recommended in the reports. Key indicators for which monitoring is required are as follows:


(i) Internal work (organization structure for implementation, internal monitoring and reporting, updating and recording data)

(ii) Information dissemination and community consultation (numbers of meetings, contents of information disseminated and consultation, consultation results, etc.)

(iii) Implementation of mitigation measures and alternative livelihoods (proposed mitigation measures; preparing plans and providing funds for implementation of alternative livelihoods; levels of compliance with the WB’s involuntary resettlement policy (OP4.12), the project Resetetlement Framework, the Ethnicity Development Framework, and this Process Framework; the communities’ participation in implementing mitigation measures and the project)

(iv) Special policies applicable for vulnerable groups (v) Grivenace and conflict settlement mechanism (implementation mechanism,

settlement time and results. etc.)(vi) Satisfiaction levels of the affected people/ community for conflict and grievance

settlement (vii) Levels of achievement of targets of mitigating and livelihood changing (viii) Levels of achievement of conservation and limitation of coastal resources (ix) Outstanding issues, and newly occurred issues during project implementation and

remedial actions.

7.3 Dissemination of the Process Framework

The draft PF will be disseminated to affected communities to inform them about the project and obtain their comments. When the PF is approved, the official version will be disseminated to local communities and posted in the WB’s website.


ANNEX 2. Summary of Community Consultation Results

Consultation contents:

- Information on the project activities (focusing on Components 2 and 3),

- The project potential impacts (Components 2 and 3),

- Impact mitigation measures such as assistance and alternative livelihoods proposed by the local people.

Consultation methods:

- Group discussion with groups of fisherwomen, poor fishermen, ethnic minority fishermen, aquaculture, aquatic product processing, fishery support services, non-agriculture, agriculture, fishermen-aquaculture, and young people with the above contents.

- SWOT and priority selection methods are applied in selecting action proposals for the CRSD project. Some communes select the project activities through priority ranking, some communes select the activities through marking each project activity from 1 to 10.

Province/ district/ commune

Consulting group

No. of participants

Consulting date

Participants’ comments

Ninh Van commune, Khanh Hoa

Group discussion of Ninh Van commune’s officials

6 10/5/2011 The key economic sources are agriculture and industry, remaining sources are small trading/ business, Ninh Vam commune has forest land, cultivative land, and also sea, favorable for tourism. Some tourism projects have been operating, yet unable to settle the local labouring issue because local labourers’s skills are low and do not meet requirements.

Sea land and mountain land count for a majority of Ninh Van, flat land is limited, the economy is shifting from agriculture to industry, agricultural land is shifting to service land, hence, land for cultivation and breeding development is restricted, developing tourism, real estates, and services. Coastal areas are prioritized for tourism and services.

Difficulties lie in low labour skills and levels. Fisheries are by seasons, near-shore resources are exhausted, there is not enough money for investment in offshore fishing, hence, difficulties. Cultivation is changing to industrial cultivation, breeding is developing towards group breeding and farms because of limited natural food.

Project proposals – priority ranking:


1. Vocational training for fishermen’s children. 2. Offshore fishing boats. 3. Medical insurance for the old and the people with chronic illnesses. 4. Shrimpstock production and verification center

Group discussion with Ninh Van fishermen

6 10/5/2011 In recent years, the local fishery resources have been depleted, no intake/ material sources, it is too expensive to take intake/ materials in other provinces, prices have increased by three times, hence, business has experienced difficulties.

Catches of this year compared to previous years: Fuel prices raise, catch volume is less, product prices increase. Goods prices increase much higher than those in previous years, thus, the fishermen’s living standards reduce.

As fishery resources are getting exhausted, some people change to aquaculture, culturing stocks of tiger shrimp. Some people intended to catch young tiger shrimp for aquaculture, yet, due to capital difficulties (a farming cage requires several hundreds of million of Vietnam Dong), people failed.

Local people’s comments on contributing their labour and funds to establish fishery/ trading teams: This idea is very good, but to implement successfully, two factors of funds and the people’s awareness are needed. Previously, I led farmers, I convinced them to improve their boats for offshore fishing that would be more effective, however, finally, people did not agree. Their reason was that who would lead the group of 5 people. Responding to that, I told them “by capacity”, yet, they still did not accept because they did not want to be directed by the others.

There are many deficiencies in the Government’s supporting policies, loans for the poor for production and business are so limited and not enough for investments. Therefore, fishermen have to borrow money from individuals or magnates. The


magnates do not take interests, yet, they will buy products at cheap prices, because marine fishery resources are getting exhausted, fishermen get more and more debts.

In the locality, concerning occupation changes that fit local conditions, maybe aquaculture is the best choice. However, this requires funds. Therefore, it is proposed that funds are provided for fishermen with long-term interests for production. Loans should be of 3-5 years long, 1-2 years is not long enough for production. Aquaculture can be tiger shrimp and fish farming in cages. There can be lots of types of fishes to culture.

At present, land in the commune is very limited, land is not enough to develop onion and garlic planting, also not enough for grass planting for cattle breeding. Therefore, aquaculture might be the best option for the locality.

People’s difficulties: lack of fund, land, and techniques. Moreover, there might be lack of labourers, there are no local collectors, hence, traders often squeeze prices. Hoping that there will be a road connecting to main land so that transaction can get better prices. Expensive input, unstable output.

Project proposals – priority ranking: 1. Culturing tiger shrimp in cages. 2. Offshore fishing boats. 3. Vocational training for fishermen’s children. 4. Medical insurance for the old and the people with chronic illnesses. 5. Shrimpstock production and verification center.

Group discussion with agricultural HHs, Ninh Van

8 12/5/2011 In the village, there is much land that can be improved to plant garlic and onion, yet, no funds available. Establishing co-operatives team to improve land, expand garlic and onion planting. There is not enough land for an planting area for many people but can establish one group with separate land. Consumption sources for garlic and onion. Stable intake sources. When the intake is stable, people will


feel more secured.

Voluntary medical insurance is not available here because there are no agencies. Many people want to buy.

Want to raise pigs, fencing hills and raise several tens of pigs. Sources of breed: many in Cam Ranh. A team can include 4 – 5 people (fathers and sons), capital needed can be about VND 150 – 200 million, crop land can be used to plant crops and sweet potatoes to feed pigs.

Want to raise deer for young antlers, want to pilot in the locality, sources of food are abundant, it is easier to raise deer than cows. If successful, can scale up. Raising 4 deer, 1 male deer stock prices VND 25 million, 1 female deer stock prices VND 10 million, male deer will provide young antlers, hence, more expensive, 4 deer will need VND 100 million in total, breeding facilities require VND 200 million, areas: 40m2 per facility

Want to have flooding relief drains, road designers came from other places and did not know gulch. Hence, water is obstructed by the road. Previously, the commune has a drainage ditch that operated quite well, yet, the new road now cut the ditch.

Project proposals – priority ranking: 1. Vocational training for fishermen’s children 2. Shrimpstock production and verification center. 3. National grid for Bai Truong pass. 4. Improving land at Bai Truong pass to plant garlic and onion. 5. Flooding relief

Group discussion with the female group, Ninh Van

5 11/5/2011 Can establish breeding teams and groups. The issue is solidarity is needed to work together. It is advantageous that women usually establish affection women’s unions including about 10-20 women and these are a basis to form breeding teams easily. Up to now, in breeding and cultivation, women base on their experiences, not having participated in any training courses. Pigpens: 5 pigs in a pen of area 4x5m. Pigpens must be made of concrete with heat-resistant roofs and water systems. Pigpens must be clean to reduce


diseases and food must be safe. To raise 10 pigs, 2 cells are needed at a constructicon cost of VND 60 million. Can change construction materials to reduce construction costs. Advantages: Having land to plant vegetables, clean water, available labourers, having fishes after going sea to make mash.

Can establish teams with about 10 HHs per team, breeding capacity depends on land area of each HH; if make it like a model, 10 HHs should raise 200 pigs to earn profits. Need the project to support breeds and food. Good breeds are important to raise quickly and gain high economic efficiency. If develop a model, women only have enough money for breeds, do not have sufficient money for foods and improvement of pigpens.

To process aquatic products, 5-6 HHs are needed to establish a team. Consuming fishes of the commune. When having gained experiences, people can advise each other and agree on working methods. Funds are needed to implement.

A chicken raising model can be implemented among about 10 HHs, funds are needed, coops are not so high. Will gather some HHs that have large land, each HH can raise 300 chicken. The breed price is VND 30,000 per chick, the capital for 10 HHs with 300 chicken is approximately VND 90 million.

If teams are established, it will take about at least 3 years for these teams to support other teams and groups. Can support other teams with 50% of funds of the funded teams.

Project proposals – priority ranking: 1. Shrimpstock production and verification center. 2. Clean water. 3. Support for poor HHs in breeding. 4. Culturing tiger shrimp in cages. 5. Offshore fishing boats. 6. Vocational training for fishermen’s children.

Ninh Loc commune, Khanh Hoa

Group discussion with fishermen, Tan Thuy

11 15/5/2011 Mr. Ho Minh Son, born in 1969, have junks but sold the 9CV junk because the revenue was not enough to cover the costs. Now he is unemployed, but works as hire-labour in the commune (deputy


village, Ninh Loc, Khanh Hoa

header of the village) and gains VND 400,000 per month. Selling the fishing ship 9CV for VND 5 million, his wife sells noodles to earn a living for the whole family, gains about VND 70-80,000 per day in profitable days đồng. Do not have enough money for vocational training for his children. Wanted to get his children learn to repair mobile phones and this costs about VND 10 million.

The village has about 70 fishing boats of which 5-6 are just sold because of inability to afford fuel. After selling fishing ships, people purchased small boats and continued go marine fishing. Previously they gained VND 100,000, having sold the ships, they have to use boats so the income now reduces to VND 50,000 - 60,000 per day. The sea water is now polluted, fishes and shrimps die. In the past husbands did fishing and got profits, but now, some gain some loss, last month gained VND 500,000 - 600,000. Do not have fishing boats, use junks.

Many young men in the village are unemployed, doing various of small work, working in freezing aquatic products, etc. working as hired labourers in other places, e.g. harvesting coffee in Dak Lak – about 50 people, working in freezing aquatic products (in Nha Trang) – about 100 people

Ms. Pham Thi Thanh Van, 32 years old, education attainment: 4/12, having 3 children, assisting people in selling fish and shrimp for VND 1 million per month, her husband goes fishing in sea with D9 junks and earns VND 3 million per month. This is less than earings in the last year (VND 4 million per month)

Concerning occupation coversion, difficulties lie in no funds. People wish to have an industrial zone in the village to work there, yet, if there is an industrial zone, vocational training will be in need.

Changing to oyster culture, some households are culturing oysters 3km far from here (Tan Doa, Ninh Ich), their incomes are quite good. Having known farming techniques already. However, if


oyster farming is allowed, a traning course was still asked for to ensure precise techniques. Can establish groups of 5-10 people to establish farms. About VND 200 million should be provided as an investment for 5 people

Le Van Hai: In addition, if land is available, will raise chicken and cows. In 2003, raised more than 10 cows but failed, cows died of diseases though vaccination had been done. If funds are available, will raise chicken because there is nobody to take care of cows. If building chicken farm, the scope will be more than 1,000 chickens that requires lots of money.

Ho Minh Son: if having VND 15-20 million, will raise frogs at home, land is available for about several tens of frog ponds. Many people raised frog in the district, can learn them. Food for frog is trash fish and vegetables at very cheap price of VND 5,000 per kilogram. Little fund, quick recovery. We can build pilot models in the firsth 2 years, if successful, will scale up in next 3 years.

If plant mangroves to recover the environment, it takes about 5-7 years. Every body know planting techniques, if assistance is available, many people will join in. If implementing, land, people who take care, and seedlings (VND 10,000 – 15,000 per kilogram) are needed. When there are many mangrove trees, fish and shrimp will come back.

Oyster farming: need to organize training courses on culturing techniques and provide funds. Advantages: available workforce, local seed, can establish teams, first should pilot 3 HHs then scaling up, pilot duration: 1 year. Assessing for lessons learnt.

Project proposals: Mangrove forests: 10/10; oyster farming: 9.8; clam farming: 3.6; assistance for poor HHs in extensive aquaculture farming: 5.7; vocational training for children from poor HHs: 8.3/10; communications to change fishing practice: 10/10; raising frogs - 8.3/10, cows – 3.1/10, amd chickens – 5.9/10


Group discussion with the aquaculture group, Tam Ich village, Ninh Loc

10 16/5/2011 Nguyen Quoc Hau, 45 years old, education attainment 5/12, culturing shrimp semi-industrially in an area of 35,000m2. All assets are in pledge, owing the bank VND 180 million which is over payment due since 2003. At present, do extensive farming, the wife sell noodles that cannot ensure basic demands, 2 sons are workers, 1 son is soldier, and 2 children going to schools.

All get overdue debts and cannot get more. The smallest debt is VND 40 million, the highest debt is VND 180 million. Now they have only land left, most of which is farmed extensively. Some people hired ponds, yet having given back.

It is difficult to establish teams and group, each person has his/ her own ideas, used to have a group model yet failed. Establish groups of 10 HHs at the clean water area (Hon Dung). This area is not polluted, the HHs need support for breeds, seedlings, and funds.

At present, there are many companies but salaries are too low, insufficient for basic living, therefore, people do not want to work there

Ho Minh Son, Ninh Loc commune, Khanh Hoa, born 1969, have 2 children who dropped off schools at grade 9 and grade 10, many children in the village dropped off schools because of insufficient money for tuition fees. Do not have enough money for them to gain vocational training. Intend to get his children to learn to repair mobile phones that costs about VND 10 million

Children are assisted with tuition and training fees but no one go to schools because they are afraid that there will be no jobs for them (learning to be tailors, welders, cooks, poor HHs are assisted with VND 15,000, and VND 200,000 for petrol costs for three months, quasi-poor HHs are assisted with VND 70,000, yet they have to pay for food and petrol themselves

Project proposals: Establishing Hon Vung aquaculture group: 8.8/10; Vocational training for poor HHs’ children: 6/10; Supporting poor HHs


with extensive aquaculture farming: 10/10; prohibiting production and sale of bamboo traps: 10/10; communications for changes of fishing practices: 9/10; collecting wastes in 3 coastal villages: 10/10.

Group discussion with young men, Ninh Loc

4 17/5/2011 Project proposals: Vocational training for poor HHs’ children: 9.6/10; Job introduction: 8.8/10; Cash support to poor HHs’ children to obtain education universalization: 9.4/10

Group discussion with the officials of Ninh Loc commune

5 17/5/2011 Project proposal: Mangroves: 8.75/10; Prohibiting production and sale of bamboo traps: 9.25/10; Job introduction: 8.75/10; Collecting wastes at 3 coastal villages: 10/10; Cash support to poor HHs’ children to obtain education universalization: 9.75/10; Raising lobsters in cages: 8.0/10, grouper: 8.0/10, green clam: 9.0/10, sweet snails: 6.0/10

Hai Ninh commune, Tinh Gia, Thanh Hoa

Group discussion with the fishermen group in Hai Ninh

10 27/5/2011 Mr. Vu Huy Hong said that: “Earnings in recent years have reduced in terms of yields and incomes. Last year, the average output was 330 - 350 kg per month, yet this year the average output is only 300kg per month. Fishes of high value are getting rare, main catched fishes are flat fish, flounder, …”

Mr. Le Trung Tuyen who has a 18CV ship said that in the last 2 years, the production has reduced 30%, trash fish make up 2/3 of total production. Previously not many losses in fishing they’d ever to suffer as presently.

Mr. Le Van Hung, 30 years old, who has one guffa equipped with motor D6 gained about VND 3 million per month in 2010, so far, only VND 2 million per month.

Fishery is not viable anymore, do not want to do fishery as well. Hope that the children can go to schools to have stable jobs. Want to change livelihoods to aquatic product processing and trading, and selling fishing gear. Yet, do not have funds. Have taken bank loans and borrowed money from relatives for children to go to schools. Do not dare to borrow more because earning money is difficult now, hence, it is hard to pay


debts.

Le Cong Tuan, Hai Ninh commune, 30 years old, education attainment 3/12, his father went marine fishing and died, hence, he had to drop off shool. Education attainment of his wife is 6-7/12, have two small children. “Do not want my children to succeed my occupation, want the children to learn completely”. His wife does small trade at home for an earning of VND 400,000 – 500,000 per month. Going marine fishing, boat 22CV, fishing within 5-6 miles from the shore. Income is VND 25-26 miilion per month, after excluding operation costs, the net earnings is VND 17 – 20 million, and his actual income is VND 4 – 5 million after dividing the net earnings to other fishermen, stay in a one-storeyed house with his parent. His mother does housework and unravels fishing nets.

Vu Huy Chuc 51 years old, education attainment 7/10, have 3 children, the eldest who is 22 years old is a river transport worker for a private transport company in the province. Learning two years at a technical secondary school. The second child, 18 years old, has the education attainment 11/12, goes marine fishing with the father, he also like to obtain vocational training to repair machines, learn about mechanics, if the project supports vocational training, I will ask whether he wants or not, then decide. The HH belongs to the poor group. Have a boat of 18CV for marine fishing, use catgut nets. Fishery is underdeveloped in the locality, mostly near-shore fishing, wish to go offshore fishing. Go fishing with children and nephews. Total income of the family is VND 25 million per month, and the net profit is VND 17 million.

Later, if fishery cannot ensure basic living, will work for other people, develop aquaculture and services, yet, there has been no investment projects.

Females: if having funds, will change occupations to polishing junks and shells, doing near shore, incomes can be VND 8 million per month, the average income in a year is VND 3.5-4 million


per month.

Management of fishing boats is not completely strict, have not been able to control various types of fishing boats, and fishing zones. As a result, small fishing boats cannot operate.

Young men do not want to do marine fishery anymore, want to do something more stably, e.g. gill net, shellfish cages. Boats have to be improved if want to do gill net or shellfish cages. A shellfish cage prices VND 60,000 -70,000 per unit, a crab cage prices VND 120,000 per unit. At least VND 700 – 800 million is needed for investment in fishing boats with crab cages. Providing jobs for abot 10 labourers.

For women who have coracles, the incomes are too low, can change occupations to providing ice for boats, about VND 300 – 400 million is needed for an ice machine.

Catches with shellfish and crab cages, piloting 2 boats, each boat includes 5-7 HHs, the project finances VND 40-60 million, there are around 500 cages.

Though boats are old, when lift nets are provided, catches are feasible, will go offshore fishing because only by that, fishes are caught. However, need to consider conditions of boats whether they can go offshore. In Ben Tra, it costs VND 250 – 300 million for a trawler, VND 20 – 30 million for boats with nets. On boats, 2 to 3 nets are often used. It costs VND 40 – 60 million for boats with shellfish cages.

Project proposal: Clam farming: 7.6/10; Improved traps and cages: 6.4/10; Complex trawl: 6.7/10; shellfish/ crab lift nets: 7.9/10; Vocational training: 8.6/10; Education universalization for poor HHs’ children: 9.4; Aquatic product processing: 7.6/10; Fishery services: 7.4/10, Job introduction: 9.3; Aquaculture in combination with mangroves: 7.7/10; Pig raising: 8.0/10; poultry raising: 6.7/10.

Group discussion with aquaculture,

9 27/5/2011 Project proposal: Clam farming: 10/10; Improved traps and cages: 10/10; Complex trawl: 9,4/10; shellfish/ crab lift nets: 9.7/10; Vocational training:


processing, and services groups in Hai Ninh

10/10; Education universalization for poor HHs’ children: 10/10; Aquatic product processing: 9.9/10; Fishery services: 7.4/10, Job introduction: 9.9/10; Aquaculture in combination with mangroves: 10/10; Pig raising: 8.7/10; poultry raising: 8.8/10

GD with the female group, Hai Ninh

8 26/5/2011 Project proposal: Clam farming: 8.0/10; Improving boats/ ships, large nets: 8.0/10; Vocational training: 9.1/10; Education universalization for poor HHs’ children: 10/10; Aquatic product processing: 8.9/10; Job introduction: 9.0/10; Pig raising: 8.6/10; poultry raising: 6.0/10

GD with poor fishermen, Hai Ninh

8 26/5/2011 Project proposal: Clam farming: 9.8/10; Aquaculture in combination with mangroves: 10/10; Vocational training: 10/10; Education universalization for poor HHs’ children: 10/10; Aquatic product processing: 10/10; Fishery services: 9.4/10; Job introduction: 10/10; Pig raising: 10/10; poultry raising: 10/10

GD with the commune officials, Hai Ninh

9 26/5/2011 Project proposal: Clam farming in Thanh Binh bay: 10/10; Improved traps and cages: 7.7/10; Complex trawl: 7.2/10; Shellfish/ crab lift nets: 9.4/10; Vocational training:10/10; Education universalization for poor HHs’ children: 10/10; Aquatic product processing: 9.8/10; Fishery services: 7.9/10, Job introduction: 9.7/10; Aquaculture in combination with mangroves: 10/10; Pig raising: 7.8/10; poultry raising: 7.3/10

Ngu Loc commune, Hau Loc, Thanh Hoa

Group discussion with the aquaculture, processing, and services group, Ngu Loc

20 24/5/2011 Project proposals: Clam farming: 7.7/10; Improving boats: 8.3/10; Improved traps and cages: 7.5/10; Complex trawl: 7.1/10; squid fishing cum 4-tagged net: 8.7/10; Vocational training: 8.4/10; aquatic product processing: 8.0/10; fishery services: 7.6/10; job introduction: 7.8/10; education universalization for poor HHs’ children: 9.0/10; short-term technical training for project activities: 8.7/10

GD with the fishermen group, Ngu Loc

11 24/5/2011 Male, 1982, has a boat of 82CV, has been catching for 3 years, yet no savings, tends to quit fishing for labour export but does not have fund. Need to borrow VND 100 million.


Male, 54 years old, 3 brothers share a boat of 82CV, tends to change to clam farming for long-term reliability because catching depends on weather that is not favorable. Tend to hire Da Loc land owned by the State - 3 ha, capital for land and seeds is more than VND 1 billion, owing VND 230 million for catching equipment, now will have around VND 450 million if selling the boat. Young men understand that they need vocational training

The most difficulty of occupation changes is lack of fund. Want to change to catching with improved traps and cages or change from “giã nhặt” to “giã thưa (giã xưa)”, but have to increase boat capacity to over 90CV, costing about VND 300 million. One pair of boats needs 5 labourers.

Project proposals: Clam farming: 8.3/10; Improving boats: 7.6/10; Improved traps and cages: 5.0/10; Complex trawl: 5.0/10; squid fishing cum 4-tagged net: 8.0/10; Vocational training: 9.1/10; aquatic product processing: 7.5/10; fishery services: 7.3/10; job introduction: 9.2/10.

Group discussion with Ngu Loc commune’s officials

8 24/5/2011 In the past five years, there have been about 2000 migrants, 200 HHs earn their incomes in other places of which some HHs bring their children with them, some leave their children at home. It is estimated that 400-500 people work as house-workers in Hanoi and other provinces. If people do not work in other places, they have nothing to do here; hence, they have to go. Changing from one fishery operations to other operations: hooking and lining is highly appreciated by the local people, catches with improved cages is more appreciated by the commune’s leaders.

Vocational training for poor HHs’ children is extremely appreciated. The HHs are often poor becuase they do not have labourers (passing away, illnesses).

Trap catching highly depends on weather, trawlers require investment of VND 230-330 million, and VND 150 million for small trawls. Boats are of


60-90CV, do not have to go near-shore fishing within 12-18 miles from shores, do not depend on materials.

Project proposals: Clam farming: 8.9/10; Improved traps and cages: 8.6/10; Complex trawls: 8.1/10; squid fishing cum 4-tagged net: 8.0/10; vocational training: 9.8/10; aquatic product processing: 8.3/10; fishery services: 8.0/10.

Group discussion with young men, Ngu Loc

13 25/5/2011 I finished high school and passed the entrance exam of falcuty of Technology and Informatics – National University – with mark 22 out of 30 in total, but I did not go to university because my family is poor. My father is a wounded soldier, I did not reserve my registration at the university, tend to obtain vocational training.

Male, 29 years old, dropped off school at grade 9, father died long time ago, has many brothers and sisters. Hope to get assistance in finding occupations: aquaculture, raising gecko, need VND 200 million. Married, has children, is not going to learn at any training facilities, only looks for job.

25 years old, education attainment 11/12, unemployed, the family goes marine fishing, do not go fishing with the family because it is so strenuous. Wish to find some job, have not thought of working far away from the living places.

In the children’s circumstances, cash support of VND 1.5 million is not enough to learn at universities or junior colleges. The locality depends on the sea, land is for housing only, not for breeding. Most of young men go to work oversea. Wish to have a vocational training at the commune and jobs at the locality.

3 concerning issues: 1. Experiences, encountering many difficulties when apply for jobs since experiences are required in many places. 2. Working environment: at schools, only learning theories, how can work it out smoothy in practice. 3. Capacity. Hence, assistance is needed so that young men can select good jobs. Some people who do not go to schools want to be


provided with information and vocational training to find jobs. People who go to schools want to be provided with information for career orientation and selection of study fields.

An Thach 3 commune, Soc Trang

Group discussion with the fishermen of An Quoi village, An Thach

The fishing HHs discussed and said that if being allocated with land, HHs would quit fishing and start aquaculture, cultivation, or breeding. Because the commune’s fund of productive land is currently not available, purchasing land of households who had much land is the sole solution to establish land fund. At present, the average price of productive land in the commune is about VND 40 million per 1,000 square meters. Each HH needs 2,000 m2 to 3,000 m2 to develop production. Therefore, to change livelihoods for about 30% of fishing HHs (32 HHs) to cultivation or aquaculture (culturing snake-head fish, African carp) in combination with rice cultivation, 100,000 m2 of land is needed, equivalent to VND 4 billion. In addition, the households should be assisted for technical training, stocks, funds, and subsistence allowances during conversion time (for at least 6 months).

An Thach 3 commune, Soc Trang

Group discussion with the fishermen, An Thach 3 commune

Several HHs asked for support to change their fishing boats to transport boats to provide transport services of sugar canes, construction materials, and other goods. A service co-operatives model was discussed. Accordingly, changing of fishing boats (if possible) or build some new transport boats and establish a co-operatives of transport services. The co-operatives will manage and coordinate activities of the co-operatives. Because of limited road transport, waterway transportation plays an important role in Cu Lao Dung. There are great demands of transporting sugar canes from Cu Lao Dung and other localities to the sugar company in Soc Trang, and construction materials as well as other goods in the district. This co-operatives model will attract many experienced labourers of fishing households. The project should provide funds for changing existing boats or building new boats and purchasing


operating equipment for the co-operatives.

Since most of fishing households have large garden land, they can build breeding facilities to develop breeding cattles and poultry such as cows, pigs, chicken, ducks, etc. The project will provide breeds, funds, and training on breeding techniques. Cows for breeds and cows for beef can be raised. In the first year, several HHs who have favorable conditions and experiences will implement this model first, then, after calves are born, they will be delivered to other HHs for breeding.

The project provides assistance in training of making false eye lashes and fine art products from coconut trees. The local authorities (at the district and commune levels) provide assistance for output, for instance, signing contracts for consumption of such products.

Vinh Hai commune, Soc Trang

Group discussion with fishermen, My Thanh village, Vinh Hai

Households in My Thanh commune request the project to support them in upgrading their ships from small capacity (<30 CV) to higher capacity (>60CV) so they can do fishing offshore. However, the cost of upgrading is quite expensive because it requires reforming ship-body and installing more machines or replacing machine with higher capacity. It is unlikely feasible if support is delivered to individual households. Therefore, we propose a model on ship management board by setting up a group of 3-5 households to contribute their shares and receive partially fund support from the project to build a new ship with 60-90 CV. The group households shall select a group leader and build up the operation rule of the group. However, the HHs in the discussion considered that this model was difficult to implement and unsustainable because the co-ownership might result in the responsibility taken from no one. They said: “siblings in one family need to divide assets among themselves why the joint-ownership can be maintained amongst the non-farmily people”.

Vinh Hai commune, Soc Trang

Group discussion with fishermen,

The fishermen group in Au Tho B villages discussed about an assumption that if being assigned with land in the coconut plantation for cultivation


Au Tho B villages, Vinh Hai commune

whether they agreed to receive. All households in discussion agreed and said they would be ready to move to that land for making a living even to resettle, if possible. The model on land management in group of interest was discussed together with the consultant and was agreed by the people and considered feasible. Accordingly, the group of interest would be set up in the voluntary manner and vote the group leader/head who then regulates the operation of the group. Cultivated land would be assigned to individual households in the group in the contract with commitment of the household not to transferring or mortaging, and if violated, it would be appropriated. On this base, the group leader and group members shall manage and supervise themselvesThe establishment of the group of the same interst shall formulate specialized cultivation zones so it facilitates investing in productive infrastructures, applying advanced science and technology in production, avoiding transmittal of dieases and reducing interest conflicts between households. If the model on land assignment is implemented, the project should support in building up infrastructures in the productive areas such as access roads, irrigation and drainage canals, cultivation techniques training, fund to implement pilot models. The model on land-based livelihood would be sustainable and suitable with the capacity as well as the education of the people in Vinh Hai. However, to near-shore fishing HHs, changing to cultivation and breeding is not easy. Therefore, the project needs to provide support of vocational training and training on cultivation skills. Experiences of resettlement and cultivation settlement gained in the mangrove project should be scaled up.

With the advantage of a clam stock grounds spreading over 18 km, at present, Vinh Hai commune – Soc Trang has established a clam co-operatives with about 510 member households. The co-operatives has a Management Board elected by its members to run and manage clam


exploitation. During the harvest time, the members are allowed to access to the clam grounds managed by the co-operative to exploit. Caught clam must be checked by the Security Team to ensure that all caught clam are selective. Clam that do not meet exploitation standards will have to taken back to the sea. All caught clam are given to the co-operatives for consumption. The members are paid for their labour and 70% value of caught clam, 30% is kept for affair fund, management fees, and salaries for the co-operative members. The clam co-operatives model has been operating very effectively. On one hand, it provides jobs and incomes for member households, on the other hand, it ensures selective and organized exploitation of, also, it protects the clam ground from arbitrary exploitation by fishermen from other places. At present, Vinh Hai CPC is requesting the DPC and the PPC to allow exploitation of another clam grounds at the commune with a length of about 15km. Accordingly, two more clam co-operatives will be established with more than 1,000 members. This is an advantage for near-shore fishing HHs to participate in co-operatives and lessen pressure on near-shore fishery. The clam co-operatives can operate in combination with planting, caring, and protecting mangroves because Vinh Hai commune has great potentials of mangrove development. The CPC asks for the project’s assistance in building a community house and operating equipment and facilities for the Management Board of the co-operatives, buying canoes for patrolling, protecting sentry boxes, and setting up landmarks to protect the clam grounds. The households suggest the project to buy their boats (for destruction) and provide them with subsistence allowances for the first year when they change their occupations.


ANNEX 3. Socio-Economic Information of the Surveyed Provinces

3.1.1 Thanh Hoa Province

a) Natural conditions

Thanh Hoa province locates at the north pole of the Central Region, and is 150km from Hanoi Capital in the south and about 1,560km from Ho Chi Minh city. The province borders three provinces of Son La, Hoa Binh and Ninh Binh in the North, Nghe An province in the South, Hua Phan province of the Republic Democratic of Laos in the West, and the Tonkin Bay in the East. Thanh Hoa locates in an area under impacts from important economic zones of the North of Vietnam as well as from the northern provinces of Laos, and is an important economic zone of the Central Region. Thanh Hoa is the gateway which connects the North and the Central Regions of Vietnam. It has very favorable traffic systems, such as the national railway, Ho Chi Minh highway, the national highways No. 1A, 10, 45, 47, and 217; Nghi Son deep-water sea port and favorable river systems for transportation between the North and the South, among the provincial areas, and to foreign countries.

Thanh Hoa has a natural area of 1,112,033 ha of which there is 245,367 ha of agriculture land; 553,999 ha of forestry land; 10,157 ha of aquaculture land; and 153,520 ha of unused for fruit treew. Thanh Hoa has 102 km of coastline and 17,000 km2 of territorial water area with fishing and shrimp grounds of large reserves. There are five large bays along the coastline which are favorable for travelling of fishing ships. This is also the fishery center of the province. At the bays, there are mud and sand alluvial grounds of thousands of hectares which provide wonderful conditions for aquaculture, planting of sedges and wave-block plants and for salt production. Brine water areas in Me and Bien Son sea islands are suitable for garrupa, pearl oysters, lobsters and thousands of hectares of inshore sea water are suitable for breeding of mollusks such as oysters, arc, etc. Thanh Hoa sea has a reserve of 100,000 to 120,000 tons of marine products with a lot of species of high economic values.

b) Social demography

In total, Thanh Hoa province has a population of 3.43 million of people (2009); contributing to 4.2 % of the country’s population. Unemployment rate in rural areas reduced from 8% to 7.2%. Rate of labouring time in rural areas increased from 77.0% to 85.0%, rate of poor HHs declined rapidly from 34.7% in 2005 to 15.0% in 2010 (According to the draft socio-economic and defence – security development plan 2011-2015 of Thanh Hoa province by Thanh Hoa PPC).

c) Infrastructure

Industrial zones

Thanh Hoa aims to develop 8 economic zones, centralized industrial zones. At present, 5 economic and industrial zones have been established, namely: Nghi Son economic zone, Le Mon industrial zone, Dinh Huong – Tay Ga industrial zone, Bim Son industrial zone, and Lam Son industrial zone with orientation of developing the petrochemical and petro refinement industry, electricity, cement, construction materials, steel refinement, automobile assembly, manufacturing mechanics, electronics, sugar, paper, fertilizers, etc.

Education

All education levels, from pre-primary to secondary education experience positive changes, comprehensive education quality is raised and gaps among various areas are being narrowed. Universalizaton of primary education at right school ages is maintained; universalization of intermediate eduction achieved its aims ahead the plans. 99.3% of kindergarten teachers, 98.7% of primary school teachers, 96.8% of secondary school teachers, and 98.9% of high school teachres meet and/or exceed the required standards. Due attention is made to investments in school infrastructure; it


is estimated that the rate of reinforced classrooms by 2010 is 83%, two times higher than that of 2005; the rate of national standard schools in 2010 is estimated to be 32%, 1.8 times higher than that of 2005.

Training scope and professions trained at universities, colleges, and technical secondary schools develop rapidly; the annual number of new students entering universities and colleges increases by 25% each year, the scope of recruitment in 2010 was 2.2 times higher than that of 2005. Education and training quality has been being enhanced step by step. Vocational training centers starts to pay attention to renovation of training contents and methods to aim at meeting the labour market’s demands. The estimated rate of trained labourers in 2010 was 40%, increasing by 13% compared to 2005.

Health

The rate of clinic units that meet national standards was 83%; the number of children under one year old injected with 7 types of vaccines was 3,690 out of 3,716 children, making a rate of 99,3%; the number of pregnant women who were injected two times against tetanus was 3,775 out of 3,0856, reaching a rate of 97.8 %; the proportion of ill-nourished children unde five years old declined to 14.2% (reducing by 0.6% compared to the same period). Population and family planning was promoted, the crude birth rate was 11.37‰ (reducing by 0.3‰ compared to the same period); the natural population growth rate was 0.67%,... The total turns of non-resident health check and treatment was 84,867 turns of people, the total days of resident treatment was 64,513 days; the utilization capacity of hospital beds reached 121%; the total turns of health check and treatment at traditional medicine units were 45,800 turns, the total number of people taking treatment against smoking habits was 4,200 people, and the total number of people receiving charitable health check was 360 people, in 2010.

d) Economic features

Estimatedly, the average annual economic growth rate in the period 2006-2010 was 11.3%, higher than that of the previous period - 9.1%. The GDP scale at comperative prices in 2010 was 1.7 times higher than that of 2005. The average GDP per capita in 2010 reached approximately US$ 810. The province’s economic structure by agriculture-forestry-fishery, industry-construction, and services was 24.3% - 41.3% - 34.4% respectively. Fishery proportion in the agriculture-forestry-fishery sector increased from 11.7% to14.1% in five years from 2006 to 2010.

Fishery potential

The province has potential for developing fishery exploitation, aquaculture, support services, and aquatic product processing comprehensively with 102 km of coastlines and 7 large as well as small estuaries, of which there are three large estuaries of Lach Truong, Lach Hoi, and Lach Bang, that are being constructed to be big fishery centers of the province.

The coastal area, with coastlines of 102 km long, has 6 districts and towns in an area of more than 1,230.6 km2, counting for 11.1% of the province’s natural area. The area mobilized 35% investment funds from the society in five years from 2006 to 2010. Together with the establishment of Nghi Son economic zone, new economic sectors such as petrochemical and refinement industries, cast iron and steel refining, thermal electricity. The coastal area consists of 183 communes and wards, of which there are 27 communes locating in an estuary, 26 estuary communes with a total population of 1,072,464 people, contributing 31.5% to the province’s population. 53 coastal communes and wards where fishing gears are available has a population of 524,321 people and 106,882 HHs, of which there are 28,279 poor HHs, making up 26.5% of the total number of coastal HHs. Fishery HHs – 17,901 HHs, of which: exploitation – 16,833 HHs, counting for 94%, aquaculture – 1,068 HHs, counting for 6%. Total labourers working in the fishery sector is 53,590 people, counting for 10.2% of the coastal population. The number of labourers involving directly in marine exploitation is 28,500 people,


making up 53.2% of fishery labourers and 5.4% of total population of coastal, fishing communes. Of these 28,500 people, there are 1,200 captains, counting for 4.2%, 1,100 engine managers, counting for 3.9 %. Most of exploiting fishery labourers are untrained or only trained for working certificates without basic and systematic training; most of them work by production experiences. This imposes many difficulties for occupation change and sustainable development of capture fishery.

Capture fishery

By 31/12/2010, Thanh Hoa had 8,611 fishing boats and ships in total with total capacity of 268,404CV, the average capacity was 31.2CV per boat/ ship, of which : type < 20CV – 6,740 nrs., counting for 78.3%; type 20 -< 50CV - 601 nrs., counting for 7%; type 50-< 90CV - 510 nrs., counting for 5.9%; type 90CV or higher – 760 nrs., counting for 8.8%. The average capacity of 31.2CV per boat/ ship is lower than the country’s average capacity (65CV per ship/ boat). The catch output in 2010 reached 74,049 tons, of which marine catch contributed 71,136 tons, (near-shore catch – 51,632 tons, counting for 72.6%, off-shore catch – 19,504 tons, counting for 27.4% of the total output), the inland catch volume was 2,913 tons.

Single trawl operation (1,234 boats, making up 14.3%), gill net operation (catgut nets with mesh size a=30 - 60m, 2,530 boats, making up 29.4%), operation with hooks and lines in combination with stick held falling nets (1,308 boats, counting for 15.2%), lift net operation (872 boats, counting for 10.1%), other catching operations: scoop nets, levering, catching small shrimp,... (2,293 ships, counting for 26.6% of the total fishing boats) are main fishery operations in Thanh Hoa.

The total reserve is 165,000 tons, of which: offshore – 100,000 tons and near-shore – 65,000 tons. The catching capacity is 56,000 tons, of which: offshore – 39,000 tons and near-shore – 17,000 tons. Marine sources in Thanh Hoa seas are diversified in terms of species, yet, the volume of each species is limited and scattered by small schools.

Aquaculture

It was estimated that the aquaculture area in 2010 was 17,800 ha, increasing 2,300 ha compared to 2005. In 2010, aquaculture volumes reached around 101,400 tons, the production value was about VND 994 billion, raising by 8.0% in average each year.

The five-year socio-economic development plan 2011-2015 by Thanh Hoa PPC emphasizes: "Developing both capture fishery and aquaculture towards enhanced efficiency and environment protection, creating stable sources of input for export processing. Developing aquaculture strongly, by 2015, aquaculture areas should reach over 19,000 ha. Combining harmoniously investments for improved offshore catching capacity with rational near-shore catching, increasing catching volumes to around 74,000 tons in 2015; fishery production value increases by about 9% per year, in average. Developing the coastal areas to be an active economic zone, a leading source of growth and shifting of the economic structure of the province and the central-northern region. Speeding up construction progress of Nghi Son economic zone and big industrial projects such as : petrochemical and oil refinement, thermo-electricity, steel refining, cement, ship repairing and manufacture, processing industries for agricultural, fishery, and forestry products, etc. Completing harbour facilities, landing areas for boats and ships in integration with fishery urban areas in Lach Hoi, Lach Bang, Lach Truong, and Lach Ghep, constructing Nghi Son deep-water sea port and coastal roads, etc. ”

3.1.2 Khanh Hoa Province


Geographic location

Khanh Hoa is a coastal province in the central-southern region, bordering Phu Yen province to the nother, Ninh Thuan province to the south, Dak Lack and Lam Dong provinces to the west, and the


East Sea to the east. Hon Doi cliff on the Hon Gom peninsula in Van Ninh district is the easternmost tip of Vietnam’s main land. The natural land area of Khanh Hoa province, including inland area and more than 200 islands and archipelagos, is 5,197 km2. The coastline is 385 km long with bays, lagoons, islands, and a large sea area. Khanh Hoa has 36 coastal communes and wards belong to 3 districts, 1 town, and 1 city.


Population:

By 2010, the population of Khanh Hoa province was 1,170,300 people, the percentage of rural population was 60.3%. The provincial population density was 222 persons/km2. The female rate in Khanh Hoa is 50.5%. There are 32 ethnicities living in the province, of which the Kinh constitues 95.5%.

c) Infrastructure

Transportation

Khanh Hoa province has a diversified transport network with all four types of transport: air lines, railways, roads, and water ways. Particularly, the province has Van Phong international port which is very favorable condition for cooperation and exchanges with other localities in the country as well as in the region.

Industry

The industry sector of Khanh Hoa province develops quite comprehensively with high economic efficiency. Khanh Hoa is one of 10 provinces/ cities that have rapid growth rate in terms of industry in the country. Construction – industry production value in 2010 was VND 22,008 billion, increasing by 15%, of which the industry production value only reached VND 15,398 billion, increasing by 10% and estimatedly, the foreign-invested industry gained VND 3,500 billion, increasing by 14.2%.

Education

In the whole province, there are 161 kindergartens, 188 primary schools, 101 secondary schools, 32 high schools, 9 continueing education centers, and 5 colleges and technical secondary schools.

Health

In the whole province, there are 169 health centers, 13 hospitals, 16 regional surgeries, and 140 clinic stations at communes, wards, and towns. The doctor proportion is 6.4 doctors per ten thousand of people, 75% clinic stations have doctors.

Water

Currently, the province has 5 water treatment plants with the total capacity of 66.500m3 per day providing water for Nha Trang and Cam Ranh cities, Ninh Hoa and Van Gia towns, etc. In the past years, the Center of Domestic Water and Rural Environmental Sanitation, together with the local people and several organizations, has constructed around 50 centralized water treatment stations, supplied water to 77% of rural population with a norm of 50-70 litres per person.

Telecommunications

In the past years, the telecommunications system of Khanh Hoa province has developed dramatically in terms of both quantity and quality, meeting well demands for local and international communications. The province has 1 center post office, 9 district post offices, 53 zone post offices, 87 communal post offices and cultural sites. Telephone density reaches 67.1 phones per 100 people. The percentage of people using internet services is 29.4%.

c) Economic features


The province’s GDP in 2009 was VND 11,099 billion, at the comparison costs of the year 1994, contributing 22.68% to the GDP of the central-southern coastal area. The province’s GDP growth rate was 10.85% in five years 2006-2010, of which the growth rate of the agriculture, fishery, and forestry sector was 3.5%. The province’s economic structures by zones I, II, and III in 2010 were 13.58% - 42.23% - 44.19% respectively.

Capture fishery

Fish catching is strength of Khanh Hoa province. In the whole province, there are more than 10,100 ships and motorized boats; of which nearly 600 ships and boats have capacities of 100CV or stronger that can operate for a long time in seas. Khanh Hoa province ranks fourth in the country with the export turnover in 2010 reached US$ 327 million. To marine fishery, most of boats have small capacities; fishing gears are simple, marine facilities in ships and boats are inadequate, incomprehensive, mechanization skill is low. The catch volume in 2010 was 76,400 tons. Although investments have been provided for many new facilities, the average yield has reduced from 0.6 ton per CV to 0.44 ton per CV because the marine resources are exhausting and the catch limit has been exceeded. Catch seasons: 02 catch seasons in one year, including the South fish season and the North fish season.

Catching structures always change in line with fluctuation of marine resources. Most of boats operate with the main gear which has more than one function, for example: luring lift net in charge of lighting lift net, guard net in charge of lighting lift net, trawl in charge of screen net or gill guard net, etc.

Table 20: Categorization of boats (2009)

No. Fishing boats by capacity

Total no. of boats

Fishing boats by main operationsRemark

Gilling Pursuing Trawling Lining Others

1 <90CV 9306 1063 948 883 645 5767 Other operations: massive catching with extremely high-capacity lights, light fishing, fishery services

2 From 90 to <250CV 563 128 26 106 263 40

3 From 250 to < 400CV 134 20 8 41 60 5

4 >=400CV 27 27

Total

8721 1211 982 1030 995 5812

Source: The province’s statistic data

Aquaculture

Khanh Hoa is the center of aquatic seed production in the central region. Seed production remains dominant for tiger shrimp and white leg shrimp. In addition, other seeds are also provided such as sweet snails, sea fish, geoduck clam, crabs, holothurians, etc. Khanh Hoa meets demands for aquatic seeds in the province and western as well as northen provinces, for example: Ca Mau, Ben Tre, Kien Giang, Quang Binh, Nam Dinh, Quang Ninh, etc.

Khanh Hoa has five aquaculture areas for commercial production, namely: Van Ninh, Ninh Hoa, Nha Trang, Cam Lam, and Cam Ranh. White-leg shrimp and tiger shrimp are the main culture species. The total commercial shrimp farming area in the whole province is around 3,176 ha, of which white-


leg shrimp farming areas count for approximately 80 – 90%, there are only limited tiger shrimp farming areas in Ninh Hoa. Khanh Hoa has more than 300 fishing ponds farming groupers and seabass, and hundreds of hectares of mollusk farming (sweet snails, geoduck clams), etc. Concerning marine aquaculture: tiger shrimp and sea fish are the main culture species, focusing in four main farming areas: Van Ninh, Ninh Hoa, Nha Trang, and Cam Ranh. In the recent years, sweet shellfish cultured in cages has also developed strongly in terms of farming density and areas. Moreover, there are some commercial marine species cultured, such as: green clams, geoduck clams, pearl oysters, crabs, holothurians, sea weed, etc. The aquaculture production was 14,900 tons in 2010.

The consolidated report on socio-economic development master plan for Khanh Hoa province to 2020 by the PPC highlights: “Developing the fishery sector to become a strong economic sector of the province, aiming at commodity production, and becoming the leading sector in the industry sector. Promoting capture fishery, aquaculture, processing fishery, and fishery services, increasing export of marine and aquatic products that will contribute significantly to changing agricultural and rural economic structure. Developing fishery in close relation with poverty reduction, increase in earnings of the near-shore population, the agriculture sector, as well as in rural areas, maintaining sea and island security, protecting sea ecoenvironment.”

3.1.3 Soc Trang Province


Geographic location

Soc Trang is a coastal province belonging to the Mekong delta, locating along the right bank of the Hau river and in the transport axis that connects Ca Mau and Bac Lieu with Ho Chi Minh city, 240 km far from Ho Chi Minh city. Soc Trang has a relatively flat terrain. Most of the province’s territory is inland. The small part between two branches of the Hau river is an isle with an area of hundreds of square kilometers. The province’s terrain is hollow with the average level from 0.5 to 1.0 compared to the sea level. The slope comes from three directions, including the Hau river, the East Sea, and Quan Lo canal, then the terrain lowers towards the center. Because of the hollow terrain, drainage is difficult in the lowest area in the south of My Tu and Thanh Tri districts, hence, long-lasting flooding. Soc Trang locates in the tropical region which is under impact of monsoons. Every year, there are two clearly different seasons with the rainy season from May to October, and the dry season from November to April. The average annual temperature is 26.80C, and there are few storms and floods.


According to results of the overall population survey conducted on 1 April 2009, Soc Trang province has 1,289,441 people. The total number of labourers is 793,979 people, counting for 61.6% of the population, of which the number of untrained labourers and technical workers with certificates is 605,727 people, counting for 76.3%; the number of trained labourers is 188,252 people, counting for 23.71%, including:

Labourers with short-term vocational certificates: 149,271 people, making up 18.8%

Labourers with long-term vocational certificates: 396 people, making up 0.1%

Technical secondary schools: 21,913 people, making up 2.8%

Colleges: 5,160 people, making up 0.7%

University or higher education: 11,512 people, making up 1.5%

Minor ethnicity and gender


In the province, there are three main peoples with the Kinh people as the most crowded people, constituting 64.83% of the population; the Khmer constitutes 29.21%; the Hoa constitutes 5.93%; and other ethnic minorities constitute 0.02%. The Khmer people live mainly in Vinh Chau district with 86.571 people, counting for 21.0%; My Xuyen: 83,692 people, counting for 21.0%; and the remaining live spreadly in Long Phu district, Chau Thanh district, Soc Trang city, Thanh Tri, and My Tu.

The proportion of female labourers increased absolutely, but only constituted 44.0% of the workforce in the period 2005-2009. In comparison with male workforce, female laboureres equal to 77.0% in agriculture and aquaculture, 117.0% in processing industry, 119.0% in wholesale and retail, 296.0% in accommodation and food services, 98.0% in education, 123.0% in health, 34.0% in unions, the Party, and various authorities, 718.0% of hired labourers for housework, and 6.0% in construction (Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Soc Trang province, 2009).

c) Infrastructure

Education

The education sector in Soc Trang province has been paid attention to. Although the number of schools in the period 2006-2009 declined from 169 to 145 schools but the scope and quality have been strengthened considerably. The number of classes in this period increased from 1190 to 1339 classes, and the number of teachers also raised drastically from 906 to 1337 people. Besides, the number of pupils and students rose stably every year in the period 2006-2009 with increases from 30.4 to 35.9 thousand of pupils and from 1470 to 2989 students respectively (Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Soc Trang province, 2009).

Health

Material facilities for health services of Soc Trang have been improved remarkably, the number of hospitals and health stations have raised significantly, from 1846 to 2561 units in the period 2006-2009. In addition, the number as well as quality of health staff also increase. In the period 2006-2009, the number of doctors rose from 461 to 505 doctors, the number of physicians with intermediate certificates increased from 511 to 589 physicians, and the number of nurses rose by 20% in this period, from 447 to 534 nurses (Source: YSB of Soc Trang province, 2009).

Transportation

Main transportation structure of Soc Trang province includes roads and waterways. Soc Trang has a quite convenient road system with some important roads passing through, such as the national highway 1A, and the national road 60. Waterways: Soc Trang has 72 km long coastline that borders the East sea and the downstream of the Hau river (the section from Can Tho province to Dinh An and Tran De seaports), and channels and canals that connect to the Hau river and create a favorable waterway network. Soc Trang has three large estuaries, namely Dinh An, Tran De, and My Thanh, that form a large catchment that is very convenient for transportation. The province also has Tran De port with a loading capacity of 240,000 tons of goods per year.

Power supply

Since 2000, 100% rural communes in Soc Trang province has had access to medium voltage power lines. At residential centers, the grid provides sufficient electricity for industrial - small-scale industrial production demands. The percentage of households that use the grid power increased rapidly from 64.6% in 2002 to 95.8% in 2008, and the percentage of households that use oil lamps reduced respectively from 31.1% to 3.8%. (Source: Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2008).

Water supply

The water supply system in Soc Trang city has a capacity of approximately 20,000 m3/d. District towns have improved the water supply networks that meet productive and daily demands. In recent


years, many water supply projects have been invested in remote communes of the province with tens of households as the project beneficiaries.

Telecommunications

Soc Trang provincial post office has 146 branch post offices and agents, of which 44 branch post offices that meet required standards. Such services as sending flowers, EMS, and express services of money transfer are also exploited at post offices. The provincial communication systems have integrated into national and international networks. All communes have post officies and culture houses.

Industrial zones

Soc Trang has An Nghiep industrial zone with a total area of 251 ha. This industrial zone borders the National highway 1A at the west, the by-pass of the National highway 60, the The 25 channel at the north, the 30/4 channel at the east, and is 4 km far from the provincial center.


Soc Trang province has a relatively high economic growth rate, over 10% in the period 2006-2010. GDP per capital increased 187% in these years. Development of industry and construction has been recovered and raised 14.2% in 2010 after the year 2009 when the whole country suffered from economic recession. Service weighting has risen considerably from 24.7% to 31.4% and agriculture weighting has declined from 54.4% to 50.8% over five years (2006-2010). With the total area of 334.6 thousand of hectares, rice yield raised from 1,602 thousand of tons in 2006 to 1,780 thousands of tons in 2009. Aquaculture yield value in 2009 was VND 8,548 billion, of which 87.8% came from aquaculture, and 12.12 % came from exploitation. (Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Soc Trang province, 2009)

Table 21: Some macro-economic targets in the period 2006-2010

Target2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1. GDP growth rate (%) 12.86 13.46 10.23 10.14 10.00

2. Average GDP per capita (USD): 532 674 850 881 1000

3. Growth rate of the construction – industry sector (%)

14.51 23.80 10.32 7.88 14.19

4. Economic structure:Industry - Construction (%)Agriculture – Forestry – Fishery (%)Services (%)

20.8954.4224.69

19.8754.2825.85

17.556.4726.38

16.9154.5028.59

17.8350.7731.40

5. Total export turnover (US$ million) 333.08 362.77 336.04 338.67 370.00

Source: The province’s statistic data

The province’s fishery potential

Soc Trang province has a great potential of aquaculture, for example, culturing brackish shrimp, catfish, near-shore mollusk (clam, artemia), and capture fishery, including near-shore and offshore catching. The province has three coastal districts, namely: Tran De, Vinh Chau, and Cu Lao Dung with 72km long coastline and 52,238 ha of near-shore alluvial grounds that are important aquaculture and catching areas of the province. Fishery is the key sector of the province with the total fishing and


aquaculture output of 164,000 tons, and the fishery export value reaches US$ 382 million out of US$ 421 million of the province’s total export turnover.

Aquaculture

The aquaculture area in the whole province in 2010:

- Area of brackish shrimp farming: 48,300 ha, including tiger shrimp and white-leg shrimp, of which 22,300ha was for improved extensive cultivation and 25.600ha for industry – semi-industry farming.

- Catfish farming area: 1,200 ha

- Mollusk (clam, artimia) farming area: 15,000 ha

- A clam ground of 18km in length along the coastline in Vinh Chau district

Capture fishery

According to the province’s statistic data, at the moment, in the whole province there are 1,054 fishing boats of various types, of which there are 248 offshore fishing boats (constituting 23.5%) (capacity > 90CV) and 488 near-shore fishing boats (46.3%) (capacity <90CV), the remaining is river fishing boats. Most of offshore fishing boats come from Tran De district. Capture fishery activities in Soc Trang province concentrate on 3 water areas: the sea, estuary tidal areas, and inland water bodies. The fishing output in 2009 of the province was 38,247 tons.

Poverty

Income differences between 20% of the richest group and 20% of the poorest group is increasing slightly: 7.2 times in 2006 and 7.3 times in 2008, equal to the average level of the Mekong delta - 7.3 times in 2008. Among various ethnicities living in Soc Trang, the Kh’mer has the highest poverty rate. According to the survey result, the number of quite rich and rich Kh’mer HHs was 7,379 HHs, constituting 10.82%; average HHs: 31,534 HHs, counting for 46.26%; poor HHs: 29,625 HHs, constituting 42.92%. The rate of Kh’mer poor HHs was 42.9%, of which many households could not meet their basic demands. The poorest district is Vinh Chau (52.09%), then My Tu (36.95%). Main reasons of poverty are: lack of production capital (79.86%), lack of productive land (11.27%), lack of jobs (1.91%), abilities of acquiring and practising tehniques and sciences are still limited, and land transaction still occurs. The Hoa concentrates in Vinh Chau district with 29,068 people (44.0%), Soc Trang city 17,276 people (26.0%) (Source: Yearly Statistic Book of Soc Trang province, 2009).

3.2 Socio-Economic Information of the Surveyed Project Communes

3.2.1 Ngu Loc commune, Hau Loc district, Thanh Hoa province


Geographic location: Ngu Loc is a poor coastal commune, bordering Da Loc commune to the north, Hung Loc commune to the west, and Minh Loc commune to the south. The natural area of Ngu Loc is 93.4 ha of which there is no agricultural land. The residential land area is 37.6 ha.


Population and population features: The population is 16,828 people, the total number of HHs in the commune is 3,179 HHs, the number of labourers is 8,490 people, of which there are more female labourers than male labourers : 4,330 vs. 4,160. Main occupations in this commune are aquatic exploitation, logistic services, and processing.

c) Infrastructure

Transportation: Provincial roads to the commune and car roads to the commune center.


Electricity: 100% of HHs access to the national grids

Schools: The commune has reinforced multi-storeyed schools from kindergarten to secondary-school levels, yet, 14 classrooms in some schools are one-storeyed, brick rooms.

Health stations: The commune’s health station is a one-storeyed house with 20 rooms and 12 beds.

Communications: 1,537 telephones, 3,445 mobile phones, and 309 walkie-talkies for offshore fishing.

Markets: reinforced built, open everyday.


The total product value in 2010 was VND 12.5 billion. Fishing made up 68% of the total product value and commerce, services, and small-scaled industries made up 32.0%.

Fishing: At present, there are 309 fishing boats in the whole commune, of which: type < 20CV – 11 nrs., counting for 3.6%; type 20 - < 90CV - 188 nrs., counting for 60.8%; type > 90CV - 110 nrs., counting for 35.6% of the total fishing boats; with the capture structure as follows: hooking in combination with cast net with 4 booms - 109 boats, shrimp trawls - 189 boats, and near-shore gill net – 11 boats. There are 2,250 fishermen none of them are females. The catching volume in 2010 was 6,730 tons, of which near-shore catching contributed 75.0%. The near-shore catching volume raised by 120% from 2008 to 2010, meanwhile the offshore catching volume increased respectively. The number of boats increased 117.0% in these years. The catching value in 2010 was VND 85 billion. The main fishing ground is the near-shore sea area surrounding Hon Ne island to Lach Ghep estuary for trawlers, and other fishing boats operate mainly in fishing grounds of the Tonkin Gulf and the surrounding provinces. The commune’s shrimp trawling usually stealthy use small-mesh nets, together with electrical impulse, that exploits destructively fishing resources and make these sources getting exhausted. There are 200 boats operating near shores, providing unstable earnings of VND 1 – 2 million per month per person. Near-shore fishing attracts 1,150 labourers most of that have limited education attainment, of which : 76 people have high-school certificates, counting for 6.6%, 435 people have secondary-school certificates, counting for 37.8%, 639 people have primary-school certificates, counting for 55.6%. Almost all of them do not know what to do apart from marine catching, most of households do not have productive land, therefore, they do such things as flaying shrimps in harvest time, fishery processing for small premises, trading, freelancers, etc. with wages of VND 20,000 – 70,000 per day.

Poverty: There were 934 poor HHs in total, counting for 29.4% of the total households (2010).

3.2.2 Hai Ninh commune, Tinh Gia district, Thanh Hoa province


This is a coastal commune, bordering Hai Chau commune to the north, Hai An commune to the west, and Thanh Thuy commune to the south. The natural land area is 614. ha; the commune locates in an estuary, very poor. The land area for annual plants and crops is 155.8 ha, including 67.5 ha of rice and the remaining area is for crops. The area of aquaculture land is 41.5 ha and the area of coastal water bodies, including lagoons, is 60.0 ha. Vacant and wild land: 51.4 ha. There are 9 villages: 3 agricultural villages, and 6 fishery villages.


There are 3,117 HHs in total with a population of 12,151 people, 8,506 peopel are in working age. Female labourers count for 46.0%. The total number of poor HHs is 1,436 HHs, counting for 44.9% of the total HHs in the commune, of which 955 poor HHs live in fishery villages and their livelihood


activities depend on aquatic exploitation. Hai Ninh commune has 340 widows as single mothers. There are no ethnic minority people living in the commune.

c) Infrastructure

Transport: The provincial road runs through the commune.

Electricity: 99.6% HHs have access to the national grid

Schools: 30 classrooms of primary and secondary schools are at reinforced, multi-storeyed schools. There are 12 brick, one-storeyed classrooms for kindergarten.

Health station: 12 reinforced, multi-storeyed rooms.

Communications: 1,620 telephones, 1,250 mobile phonds, and 16 walkie-talkies for fishing boats.

Market: Temporary markets, open everyday


There are 1,225 agricultural households with 2,818 labourers, of which female labourers contribute 54.0%. Annual rice yield : 486 tons per 135 ha of cultivating land, peanuts yield : 207 tons per 115 ha, and potato and sweet potato yield: 610 tons per 61 ha. The raising outputs in 2010 were 820 cows and buffalos, 7,860 pigs, and 20,000 poultry.

At present, there are 586 fishing boats in the whole commune, of which: type < 20CV - 459 nrs., making up 78.3%; type from 20CV - < 90CV : 124 nrs., making up 21.2%; type > 90CV - 3 nrs., making up 0.5% of the total number of fishing boats; and the fishing structure as follows: lift net catching of shellfish and crabs - 33 boats, trawl fishing - 89 boats, and gill net fishing (catgut nets and latch nets) - 464 boats. Fishing activities occur mainly in near-shore areas of the district and the adjacent districts. The capture output in 2010 was 3,256 tons, of which 37.2% came from near-shore fishing and 60.1 in-shore lines, and 89 tons – not a significant amount - derived from offshore fishing. 99.5% fishing boats operate near-shore, marine fishing attracts 1,850 labourers and provides an earning of VND 0.8 – 1.5 million per month per person. Fishing labourers have limited education attainment, of which: 120 people have high-school certificates, counting for 6.5%, 647 people have secondary-school certificates, counting for 35%, 1,083 people have primary-school certificates, counting for 58.5% of the total of near-shore fishing labourers. Apart from marine catching, the households do other work such as animal and poutry raising, fish sauce processing, etc. to increase their incomes. Only five households operate in aquaculture with 8 ha of extensive famring and the outputs of 16 tons per year. With more than 4.5 km coastal lines and beautiful beaches that have great potential of tourism development, the near-shore fishermen can sell fresh products to tourists. This is an advantage that should be taken. The potential areas of more than 100 ha of water bodies in Thanh Binh bay and along coastal land can be improved for clam famring, meeting fishermen’s demands for occupation changes.

3.2.3 Ninh Loc commune, Ninh Hoa town, Khanh Hoa province


Geographic location

Ninh Loc commune has a flat terrain that is intermigled with hills and mountains. The commune’s total area is 2,945 ha, counting for about 2.46% of Ninh Hoa town’s area. Ninh Loc locates at the south-eastern part of Ninh Hoa town, 7km far from the center of Ninh Hoa town by the national highway No. 1A. Ninh Loc is a coastal, flat commune, 6km far from the center of Ninh Hoa town towards the south. Ninh Loc enjoys all three land features: forests, flat land, and sea; has the provincial road No. 5, the national highway No. 1A, and the country North-South railway passing the


commune for 3km; therefore, it is very favorable for developing agriculture – forestry – fishery and expanding services.


The commune’s population is 9,931 people, corresponding to 1,949 households. Most of the population is the Kinh. The commune’s average population density in 2010 was 317.98 persons per square kilimeter. Ninh Loc has a relatively high population density. The population allocates quite even in the commune, yet, people live more densely at the commune centers and transport axis. There are no ethnic minority people living in the commune.

c) Infrastructure

Education

By end 2009, the commune met the national target of univerlization of primary education for children at the right age, univerilsation of intermediate and secondary education reached only about 90%. At present, the education system in the commune includes only 01 kindergarten with 6 branches, 01 primary school with 5 branches, 01 secondary school, and 1 high school. Because of inconvenient travelling due to unfavorable terrain, many school branches have to be established to facilite education and training. The number of primary-school pupils is 807 pupils.

Health

The commune’s health station locating in the national road No. 1A has been recognized as a national standard one. The health station has 10 beds and the staff include 01 doctor, 01 physician, 01 pharmacist, and 02 mid-wives. The rate of people registed various types of medical insurance reaches 35.4%.

Transportation

The main road of the transport system of Ninh Loc commune is the national road 1A. The North-South railway passes and the provincial road runs through Ninh Tan commune. In addition, the system has inter-commune and inter-village roads that are under completion.

Electricity

The electricity system for domestic and production purposes is managed, operated and maintained by Ninh Hoa power sector. At present, in the commune, there are 10 transformer stations of which all meet the required standards. 1,854 households get direct access to the national grid. Electricity demands for production are fully met (100%).


The natural area is 2,945ha, of which agricultural land - 497ha, aquaculture area - 457ha, and forestry - 763ha. This locality mainly cultivates rice and culture aquaculture, some households orient towards house garden, hill gardens, and small trade for their economic development. In 2009, the cultivation area was 686 ha. The average annual total food yield is more than 2,593 tons per year. The average food per capita is 350kg/person/year.

Fishery potential

Ninh Loc has 3 coastal communes with near-shore capture fishery and aquaculture as main occupations. Near-sea water bodies in Ninh Loc provide many favorable conditions for fishing and culturing valuable fishery resources such as: codfish, grouper, seabass, lobster, tiger shrimp, etc. Most of near-sea water bodies is brine and brackish water that is suitable for aquaculture.

Aquaculture

Ninh Loc commune has a relatively large area of brine aquaculture, the whole commune has 493.33 ha of aquaculture with high economic efficiency. The average productivity is 70kg per


hectare, the average output is around 327 tons, and the average earnings is about VND 197 billion. Hence, the average aquaculture production value is VND 40 million per year.

Capture fishery

In the recent years, the commune’s catch has been low because the near-shore fishery resources have been exhausted since fishermen have used dynamite devices and drag-nets in fishing, not improved fishing facilities, sources of investments in improving high-capacity boats encounter many difficulties, and occupation changes remain slow. There are 141 boats in the whole commune. The catch reached 405 tons in 2010. Aquaculture also does not reach high efficiency because water is polluted, disease outbreaks happen frequently in shrimp farming that cause losses to the local people, and the ability of re-investment is low. Averagely, the culture area is 300 ha and the average output is 300 tons. In 2010, shrimp culture seemed to be better than previous years, shrimp prices increased, hence, farmers got quite high earnings, the aquaculture yield was 455 tons. The total output of capture fishery and aquaculture in 2010 was 860 tons. (According to socio-economic report 2010 by Ninh Loc CPC).

Tam Ich village – the key fishing village of the commune – has nearly 200 boats, 48 petrol boats, and 2 D8 junks. 100 households catch fish with bamboo traps - destructive gear that catch even small shrimp and crab.

Poverty

At present, 35% households of the commune are rich or quite rich HHs; the number of poor HHs (according to the former poverty line) has reduced by 30%, there is no hungry households; 98% HHs have televisons and/ or radios, 100% HHs use electricity, 95% HHs use clean water. The commune has completed erasion of bamboo houses. According to results of poor and quasi-poor household survey 2011-2015, the commune has 168 poor HHs (based on the new standard poverty line), counting for 8.62% HHs of the whole commune, and 331 quasi-poor HHs.

3.2.4 Ninh Van commune, Ninh Hoa town, Khanh Hoa province


Geographic location

Ninh Van is an island commune of Ninh Hoa town, it is approximately 80 km by roads and 12 sea miles by seaway towards the southern-east from the center of the town to this commune. Ninh Van borders the East Sea to the east, Nha Phu lagoon to the southern-west, the East Sea to the south, and Ninh Phuoc commune to the west. Ninh Van is a peninsula commune with mountains as the main feature of its terrain. Ninh Van is divided by mountains lowering from the west to the south, bordering high mountains is low mountains that lower to the northern-east.


Ninh Van is a small commune in population terms with only 405 HHs and 1,785 people, 912 labourers that make up 50.53% of the commune’s total population. Ninh Van is a poor commune with extreme difficulties. There are no ethnic minority people living in the commune.

c) Infrastructure

Education

The commune has been recognized for its success in illiteracy erasion, universalization of primary and intermediate education at right ages, the percentage of pupils graduating secondary schools and entering high schools and continueing education centers of the province as well as of Ninh Hoa town is around 70%. The percentage of trained labourers is quite low, only about 10%. Most of labourers get training on agriculture, forestry, and breeding with short, simple, and pratice-oriented training


courses. In the commune, there is one kindergarten with 125 children, one primary school with 170 pupils, and one secondary school with 121 pupils. Generally, the commune’s schools have not met local demands. Therefore, in the coming time, Ninh Van needs to provide more investments in schools so that their schools can meet the required standards.

Health

The commune’s health station has 10 beds and 12 rooms, including both treatment and function rooms. The health staff include 1 physician, 1 nurse, 1 pharmacist, and 2 mid-wives. The rate of people registed various types of medical insurance reaches 60%, however, according to the local people, the efficiency of medical insurance is not high.

Transportation

Since the commune locates in an island, roads leading to the commune are quite difficult and transport density is not so high, hence, not much maintenance cost. What costs most is capital for new construction. Ninh Van commune is connected to Ninh Phuoc and Ninh Tinh communes by the provincial road No. 1B of 37km length. Apart from the commune main road, there are inter-village and inter-hamlet roads.

Electricity

The commune use the national grid managed by Ninh Hoa power sector. At present, 94.97% HHs have access to electricity (still missing 3.03% compared to the target). At present, in the commune, there are 3km of low voltage line and 2 transformer stations in the West and the East hamlets. The current electricity source does not meet local demands for agricultural production, the people usually have to use generators in production. Therefore, to meet the criterion No. 4, Ninh Van commune needs to supplement 6km of low voltage line and 1 transformer station to ensure power supply for domestic and production activities.


The commune’s natural land area: 4,521 ha. Land of perennial – 53.4ha, forests – 801.9ha, and unused land – 3,407.5 ha. The cultivative land area is 100.70ha, of which: annual plants – 47.26 ha; perennial – 53.44ha, aquaculture land – 73.8ha. Most of cultivated plants are short-day crops such as onions, garlics, fragant khotweed, etc. Garlic cultivation is started by the Quang Ngai people who come to purchase/ hire land for production, then, the local people follow. The garlic and onion output is 160 tons per year. Most of perennial is mango and coconut trees. Cashew trees are planted in mixing in mountain fields. The commune has 230 agricultural HHs, 830 agricultural labourers. 25-30% HHs do not have productive land. Breeding is quite developed in Ninh Van with 1,464 cows and 76 goats because of large forest areas, unbridled breeding is popular.

The commune has about 100 out of 912 labourers work in other localities, 205 people working in the service and trading sector. Female farmers usually drop off schools after intermediate education. There are more than 100 young people of that more than 50% work in other localities, about 20 people have high-school certificates, females have lower education attainment. Pupils have to rent houses during learning when they enter high schools, hence, some poor pupils have to drop off schools.

The commune’s fishery potential

Like all other island communes in Khanh Hoa province, Ninh Van possesses abundant brine resources. Aquaculture of high economic value can be cultured in these brine sources.

Capture fishery

The commune has 72 boats, of which there are 4-5 offshore fishing boats of which there is only 1 boat operating, 40 licienced junks. The commune has 160 fishing households, of which 147 near-shore fishing HHs, 426 fishermen, more than 200 divers – sea urchin, squid, marine specises – with nets.


The catch output was 400 tons in 2010, of which there were 7,000 young tiger shrimp, 1,700 tons of sargassum of which the value was VND 6.8 billion. About 30 - 40 good divers come to Quang Ngai to work oversea under contracts. Diving for sargassum provides an earning of about VND 100,000 per day.

Poverty

Poor households make up 9.14% (37 HHs with 128 people). Quasi-poor households make up 8.4% with 34 HHs and 137 people.

3.2.5 Vinh Hai commune, Vinh Chau district, Soc Trang province


Vinh Hai is a coastal commune (to be a district town in the coming time) of Vinh Chau district with more than 18 km long coastline and My Thanh estuary. The natural land area is 7,844ha, of which the agricultural land area is approximately 6,226ha.

Table 22: Land use status in the past 3 years

Type of land Area 2008 2009 2010ha ha ha

1 Total natural land 7.844,8 7.844,8 7.844,8Of which:

2 Land for annual crops 1.185,49 rice 770 975 1.012 crops (all year round) 3.000 3.025 3.179

3 Land for perennial trees 63,054 Forestry land (forests) 2.365,745 Aquaculture land 2.590 2.612 2.5656 Near-sea water bodies (including lagoons) Coastline - 18km in length7 Rural (urban) land na na na8 Specialized land na na na9 Vacant land, wild land na na na10 Others (indicate clearly) na na na

Source: The commune’s statistic data

According to the commune’s statistics, at present, there are more than 1,000 Kh’mer households without productive land. The commune’s land fund has run out of productive land. In the commune, there are nearly 600ha productive land of two plantations that has been dissolved. As being reported by the commune’s leaders, this land area is being hired by many companies but used ineffectively because of no investments in infrastructure and invasion by many households. If the DPC reclaims this land and invests in irrigation infrastructure to assign, by contracts, to households that do not have productive land to use, the difficulties in productive land of more than 1,000 Kh’mer households will be resolved.


There are 4,545 HHs with 20,925 people, of which 3,345 HHs work in agriculture with 13,380 labourers. There are three ethnicities living in this commune of which the Kh’mer is dominant with


2,141 HHs (9,917 people), then the Hoa with 1,222 HHs (5,692 people) and the Kinh with 1,181 HHs (5,315 people). Buddhism is the main religion of the people in Vinh Hai commune, followed by 1,862 HHs. There are more female labourers than male.

Table 23: Population and labourers (2009)

Male Female1 Total HHs in the commune 4.5452 Total population in the commune (people) 20.925 10.418 10.5073 Total people in the working age (15-60) can work 13.754 6.808 6.946


d) Socio-economic development

Main economic activities of the local people in this commune are cultivation, breeding, aquaculture, and fish catching. Main plants include rice (one crop), purple onions, and water melons. Land factor is 3 crops per year, 1 rice crop per year, and 1 shrimp crop per year.

Cultivation

Because of inavailability of fresh water, rice can be only planted in the rainy season with the average yield of 5 tons per hectare. Cultivation areas (ha) and yields of the main plants in 2010 were as follows.

Table 24: Cultivation area 2010

Type of plant Area (ha)

Yield (ton)

Rice 1,000 5,000Purple onions 3,800


Breeding

Breeding is not strength of Vinh Hai commune because of lack of land and fresh water. This is also a difficulty in livelihoood change for households whose earnings derive from near-shore catch. The breeding output of the commune in 2010 with three main domestic animals:

Table 25: Breeding output of the commune 2010

Type QuantityCows and buffalos 300 nrs.Pigs 1,500 nrs.Chicken, ducks, wild geese, geese 24,000 nrs.


Aquaculture

Aquaculture is strength of Vinh Hai commune with more than 4,000ha and more than 1,950 labourers (of which 975 people are female labourers). In the whole commune in 2010, the industrial farming area was 1,600ha and the extensive farming area was 800ha. The aquaculture output in 2010 was 3,912 tons. Apart from brine (brackish) shrimp culture, the model of fresh-water shrimp – crop is being piloted in Vinh Hai. According to some households that are culturing fresh water shrimp,


because shrimp seeds are selected thoroughly and provided with time for adaptation, the existence rate and anti-disease ability are higher than brine shrimp. The breeding duration is about 4 months. However, this model relies entirely on the annual rainfall. After harvesting shrimp, the people improve land to plant crops, meanwhile, crops cannot be planted on land on which brine (brackish) shrimp is cultured because land is saline. Therefore, fresh water shrimp farming will increase land use frequency compared to brackish water shrimp culture.

Capture fishery

Vinh Hai has 6 villages operating in capture fishery with about 3,500 labourers, half of which is female. Fishing means are small boats of less than 30CV with about 90 boats, of which 14 boats have capacities less than 20CV, and the smallest boat is 9CV. Main fishing grounds are near-shore grounds, main fishing gear is traditional gear such as large nets covering beds of water bodies, trawls, hooks and lines. Hence, fishing is not selective.

The average catch volume is about 400 tons per year (2009). Vinh Hai has an abundant source of sea-slug with a catch volume of 100 tons of dried sea-slug per year. In addition, Vinh Hai has a clam ground spreading along 18km of coastline and 2,365ha of mangroves which provide goby stock. This is huge natural resources of Vinh Hai, yet, being over-exploited and over control because many people from other localities also come here for fishing.

Most of near-shore fishing households are poor ones without productive land and limited residential land and most of them are the Kh’mer. The average net earnings of households derived from catching is about VND 100,000 per day. Fish catch is viable for only four months in a year, in the rest of the year, people work as hired labourers in the commune or other communes at a wage of VND 100,000 per day per person. However, these jobs are unstable and hard to find because all laboureres do not have other skills except traditional fishing.

Aquatic product processing

There is not processing units in the commune, even for preliminary processing. All catches are collected by fishery traders upon boat landing.

Forestry

Vinh Hai has large mangrove areas which are residences and reproductive land of many sea species such as clam, crab, goby, and holothurian. Thanks to mangrove planting, the raise of land levels and sea encroachment happen rapidly, averagely 20-50m per year. This is an extremely favorable condition of Vinh Hai to develop mangroves and provide jobs for the local people. The community-based forest management model of the GIZ project funded by Germany is being piloted in Au Tho B village should be scaled up. In the first phase (2007-2010), five management teams were established, each team was led by one monitor. Their tasks are to propagandize and persuade the people to protect forests and prevent forest exploitation by strangers. The local people join these teams voluntarily and each member is granted with a “blue card” that allows him to exploit marine species and other forest products in compliance with exploitation regulations. Review meetings are held periodically. The project supports the households to build furnaces for cooking with woods taken from forests and provides team leaders with mobile phones.

3.2.6 An Thach 3 commune, Cu Lao Dung, Soc Trang province



This is a poor coastal commune, being entitled to the Program 135 of the Government. The commune’s natural land area is 3,795 ha. There is a car road to the commune center. 94.6% HHs used electricity from the national grid, the remaining has not had access to electricity because of living far from the main road. The commune’s land use status is presented in the followingi table.

Table 26: Land use status

Type of land Area2008 2009 2010ha ha ha

Total natural land 3795 3795 3795Of which:Land for annual crops 2610 2610 2610 rice 15 15 15 crops 2595 2595 2595Land for perennial trees 100 100 100Forestry land (forests) 219 219 219Aquaculture land 285 285 285Near-sea water bodies (including lagoons) 122 122 122Rural (urban) land 120 120 120Specialized land 160 160 160Vacant land, wild land 75 75 75Others (indicate clearly) 4 4 4


b) Population and labourers

The commune’s population in 2009 was 10,735 people with 2,163 HHs, of which 5,904 were in working age. Two ethnicities live in the commune, including the Kinh and the Kh’mer, of which the Kinh is dominant. Religions followed by the local people are Catholicism and Cao Đài religion.

Table 27: Population and labourers

2009 CurrentTotal HHs in the commune 2.163 2.704Total population in the commune (people) 10.735 12.426Of which: Males 5.367 6.220 Females 5.368 6.206Total people in the working age (15-60) can work 5.904 6.834Of which: Males 2.952 3.417 Females 2.952 3.417


Table 28: Ethnicity pattern of the commune’s population

Ethnicity No. of HHs No. of people2009 Current 2009

The Kinh 1887 2428 The Kinh 1887The Kh’mer 276 276 The Kh’mer 276



Table 29: Religion

Religion No. of HHs No.of people2009 Current 2009 Current

Catholicism 112 112 368 368Cao Đài religion 69 69 457 457


c) Infrastructure

Education

The commune has one kindergarten, 4 primary schools, one secondary school, and one high school. Numbers of pupils at all levels remain quite stable every school year. School infrastructure is relatively good thanks to the Government’s Program 135. The average education attainment of the local people is 9/12. This is an advantage for vocational training for young people.

Table 30: The commune’s schools and classrooms

No. of school No. of classroom No. of pupils

2009 Current 2009 Current 2009 CurrentKindergarten 1 1 17 17 380 388Primary education 4 4 49 49 942 940Intermediate education 1 1 17 17 554 562Secondary education 1 1 11 11 589 599


Table 31: Numbers of pupils in school years 2009-2010 and 2010-2011

No. of pupils2009-2010 2010-2011

NurseryKindergarten 380 388Primary education 942 940Intermediate education 554 562Secondary education 589 599


Health

The commune has one health station with 12 rooms and 4 beds. The health station meets the national standards. Every year, the health station implements satisfactorily extended vaccination programs and community health care.

d) Economic activities

Cultivation

The number of labourers whose work mainly in agriculture is 2,428 people, of which the number of female labourers is 1,365 people. The main plants are sugar canes, derris, and rice. Rice is planted for one crop in the rainy season. Cultivation areas and yields of the main plants in 2010 are as below.


Table 32: Main plants

Type of plant Area (ha)

Yield (ton/year)

Rice 15 75Sugar cane 1,600 178,500Derris 105 6,020


Breeding

Table 33: Breeding output of the commune in 2010

Type Quantity (nr)Cows and buffalos 545 Pigs 2,636 Chicken, ducks, wild geese, geese 10,042

Source: The district’s statistic data

Aquaculture

Cultured aquatic species include shrimp, catfish, snakehead fish, African carp, and clam. The number of labourers who work mainly in aquaculture in 2010 was 388 people, of which 89 people were females.

Table 34: Aquaculture areas in the commune in 2010

No. of HHs Aquaculture area (ha) Output (ton/year)Industrial farming

Extensive farming

Industrial farming

Extensive farming

Fish of various types

85 85

Shrimp of various types

81 13 175 15 6 tón/ha

Other aquatic species

10 10

Total 81 108 175 110


Capture fishery

In the whole commune, there are 97 HHs operating in near-shore catching, of which about 30% HHs specialized in catching….The number of labourers who mainly work in capture fishery was 487 people 2010, of which there were 98 females. Fishing facilities are small boats of less than 20CV and fishing gear such as hooks and lines, rake, large nets covering beds of water bodies, weir, and nets. The average earnings from capture fishery is approximately VND 100,000 per labourer. Catch is viable in only 7 months per year with about 12-13 days per month. Because of small boats and handicraft fishing gear, catch is not selective. According to the local people, catch volume reduces year by year.

Forestry


In the commune, there is 219 ha of mangroves managed by the forest management board. No HHs work in forestry as their main occupation. If this forest area is assigned to near-shore fishing HHs for management under the co-management model, management efficient will be improved and pressure on near-shore fishing will be reduced.

Non-agricultural occupations

In the whole commune there are 240 HHs working in the business and service sector, most of them do small business at the commune’s markets, sell drinks, or have groceries. Handicraft is underdeveloped, there are only two private, small carpenter’s shops for local demands in the commune.

Table 35: Numbers of HHs and labourers working in non-agricultural sector

Occupation No. of HHs No. of labourersTotal Males Females

Carpentry, wood processing 2 10 8 2Garment 20 86 86Services (food, fishery support services, etc.)

30 80 80 80

Trading 179 673 673 673Fixing of electric and electronic devices 3 3 3 3Repairing of motorbikes 12 29 29 29


Poverty

The percentage of poor HHs of the commune in 2010 was 22.5%, quasi-poor: 16.9%.

Table 36: Percentage of poor HHs of the commune in 2010

Type of HHs No. of HHs (% of HHs)Assessed by the commune

By the national poverty standards (incomes < VND 200,000/ person/month in rural areas; < VND 260,000/person/month in urban areas)

Quasi-poor 459 459Poor 608 608Average 1300Quite rich 300Rich 37



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