NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010 Design solutions for water ...
Transcript of NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010 Design solutions for water ...
NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010
Design solutions for water mist in
tunnels fire protection
Fernando Díaz
B&C, Tunnels Manager
Marioff Hi-Fog S.A.
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Tunnels Fire Protection
Fire in tunnels
FFFS in tunnels standards
Water mist systems in tunnels
Conclusions
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Tunnels Fire Protection
Fires in tunnels
FFFS in tunnels standards
Water mist systems in tunnels
Conclusions
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Tunnels in the world
• ¿Why?
Communications
Economic development
Environmental impact
LONGEST TUNNELS YEAR LENGTH
Lärdal – Norway 2000 25.510 m
Zhongnanshan - China 2007 18.040 m
S. Gotthard - Switzerland 1980 16.918 m
Somport –Huesca (Spain) 2003 8.608 m
Vielha – Lérida (Spain) 1948 5.240 m
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Fire origin in trucks
61%14%
9%
16%
Engine, tires Driver place
Load Others
Fires in tunnels
• Catastrophic road tunnels fire
• Difficulties of fire in tunnels
Not confined + smoke = Spread
Higher temperatures & Heat Release Rates (HRR)
Egress difficulty
Human behavior
• Causes
Crashes
Technical failures
• Origin
• Involved combustibles
¿Hazardous goods? = WOOD!
GREAT FIRES YR. DEATHS DAMAGES
Fréjus – France 2005 2 10 km facilities
Flöfjell – Norway 2003 1 N/A
S. Gotthard- Switzerland 2001 11Severe in 930 m.
Closed for 2 months
Seljestad – Norway 2000 0 N/A
Tauern – Austria 1999 12 Closed for 3 months
Mont Blanc – France/Italy 1999 39Severes in 900 m.
Closed for 3 years
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Tunnels Fire Protection
Fires in tunnels
FFFS in tunnels standards
Water mist systems in tunnels
Conclusions
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
FFFS in tunnels standards
PIARC past decade misconceptions
1. Water can cause explosion in petrol fires
2. There is a risk that the fire is extinguished but flammable
gases are still produced and may cause an explosion
3. Vaporized steam can hurt people
4. The efficiency is low for fires inside vehicles
5. Smoke layer destratification
6. Maintenance can be costly
7. Sprinklers are difficult to handle manually
8. Visibility is reduced
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
FFFS in tunnels standards
Further comments from WM point of view
1. Petrol isn’t a material which WM is not a suitable agent
2. WM+ventilation helping to tenable conditions vs. let it burn
3. Steam is created locally. Compensated by surroundings cooling
4. Purpose: Reduce HRR, fire spreading, radiation-shielding
5. WM may increase ventilation capacity reducing the smoke
generated
6. High quality materials (ss, brass,..) -> increase lifetime
7. Development of deluge, sprinklers and hybrid systems
8. Operating procedures
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
FFFS in tunnels standards
PIARC and NFPA 502 nowadays
Both permitted water-based FFFS in road tunnels recognizing them
suitable to:
Slow down fire development
Reverse the rate of fire growth
Prevent spreading
Mitigate the impact of fire:
Improving safety for occupants
Protecting structure and installations elements
Ease fire brigades intervention
Limit environmental pollution.
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Tunnels Fire Protection
Fires in tunnels
FFFS in tunnels standards
Water mist systems in tunnels
Conclusions
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Water mist systems fundamentals
Mechanisms
Cooling (LH2O = 2 MJ/kg)
Locally inertization
Radiant heat blocking
Theoretical dimensional analysis
“Absorbing 30 to 60% of the heat may be enough to cause burning to
stop. […] The concurrent effect of oxygen reduction could mean the fire
could be extinguished with only a fraction of the theoretical minimum
required for flame cooling”
It had better real-scale test
Objectives in tunnels (motorist, fire brigades and infrastructure
protection)
Temperature and HRR control and limit the spreading
Facilitate egress ↓T, ↓ HRR
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Previous Remarks
Real flow needing
Most part of water is wasted
Accuracy (location) vs. efficacy (flow)
Sprinkler application
No generic guidance. Evaluate the fulfillment of
performance criteria in tunnels
Operation
Release mode. Automatic?
Is extinguishing the main objective? NO
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Previous Remarks
E.g. Release procedure in Japanese tunnels
(MOLIT)
Detect
Select the zones to be released
Start the pump station
Check the situation with CCTV
Open zone valves
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Initial design parameters
Length, cross section, max width and height
Slopes (longitudinal section)
Ventilation level
Fire load. Light traffic, HGVs
Zones length and simultaneity
Flux density (lpm/m3)
Total flow
Piping sections and layout
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Performance Based Design I
GOAL
Protecting people
OBJECTIVE
Minimize casualties
Self-rescue
DESIGN OBJECTIVE
T < 65ºC
Radiation< 2,5 kW/m2
Visibility > 30m
[CO] < 1000 ppm, [CO2]< 3%
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Performance Based Design II
GOAL
Protecting goods/infrastructure
OBJECTIVE
Minimize fire spreading to adjacent vehicles
Minimize structural damages
DESIGN OBJECTIVE
T < 300ºC (spalling)
T < 400ºC minimize damages in facilities
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Performance Based Design III
GOAL
Mission
OBJECTIVE
Max shut down period < 24h
DESIGN OBJECTIVE
Max affected zone length < 100 m
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Performance Based Design IV
GOAL
Environment
OBJECTIVE
Minimize contaminant emission
DESIGN OBJECTIVE
Water-soluble particles scrubbing
Minimize of total water amount
Black water containtment
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Real scale fire scenarios
Tunnel: geometry, concrete
Fire load
Fire origin
Spill
Multiple crash
Overheating failure
Location
Ventilation
Vehicle Max HRR (MW) Energy(GJ)
Car 5-8 2-8
Bus 20 41
Truck 20-30 10-244
Tanker 30-300 1000
Runehamar 2003: 202 MW
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Tentative WM designs. Deluge
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Tentative WM designs. Hybrid
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
WM systems tests I
PRELIMINARY SYSTEM CONCEPT
UPTUN. Pool fires
HRR < 28 MW
Flux density 0.4-0.7 lpm/m3
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
WM systems tests II
A86 SYSTEM DESIGN TEST
Hagerbach tunnel test. Light traffic
HRR < 24 MW
Flux density 0.4-0.5 lpm/m3
Deluge
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
WM systems tests III
M30 SYSTEM DESIGN TEST
San Pedro tunnel test. Light and HGVs
HRR < 100 MW
Flux density 0,7 lpm/m3
Deluge, hybrid and sprinklers
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Tunnels Fire Protection
Fires in tunnels
FFFS in tunnels standards
Water mist systems in tunnels
Conclusions
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Conclusions
• More and more, longer and deeper tunnels are being
constructed. There is a necessity to increase the safety
• Higher HRR than expected. Low likelihood but severe
consequences -> Considerable risk
• State clear and realistic design objectives
• Real-scale fire tests must be carried out
• Tested WM systems have an excellent performance being able
to suppress the fire, avoiding fire spreading, protecting people
involved, preventing tunnel to collapse and making fire brigade
intervention possible and easier
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Otis
Ascensores y
escaleras
mecánicas
Carrier
Calefacción y aire
acondicionado
Pratt & Whitney
Motores de aviación
Sikorsky
Helicópteros
Hamilton Sundstrand
Sistemas industriales y
aeroespaciales
UTC Fire & Security
Seguridad y protección contra
incendios
UTC Power
Células de combustible y
producción de energía
Marioff Group
Part of United Technologies Corporation
USD 54.8 billion sales
225,600 Employees
Operating in 4,000 locations of 70 countries
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Part of United Technologies Corporation
Part of UTC Fire & Security business unit
USD 5.74 billion sales
43,000 employees
Operating in 250 locations in 43 countries
Marioff Group
Otis
Elevators, scalators
Carrier
Heating, air -conditioning
Pratt & Whitney
Aircraft engines
Sikorsky
Helicopters
Hamilton Sundstrand
Aerospace, industrial
systems
UTC Fire & Security
Fire safety, security solutions
UTC Power
Power systems, fuel
cells
Design solutions for water mist in tunnels fire protection
Marioff – NFPA-APSEI Fire & Security 2010. 20/10/2010
Thank you!
Marioff Hi-Fog, S.A.
Tlf: +34 91 641 84 00