N+f.da, úoHdj - edupub.gov.lk

N+f.da, úoHdj

08 fY%aKsh

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ii

2020

Published by : Educational Publications DepartmentPrinted by : Happy Solutions (pvt) Ltd, kelaniya.

iii

Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d

iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/`os w;s fidanudk ,xld

OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd

wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d

ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd

kfuda kfuda ud;d


Tn fõ wm úoHd - Tn u h wm i;Hd

Tn fõ wm Yla;s - wm yo ;=< Nla;s

Tn wm wdf,dafla - wmf.a wkqm%dfKa

Tn wm Ôjk fõ - wm uqla;sh Tn fõ

kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d

{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd

tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd

huq huq ù fkdmud

fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d


iv

wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda

tl ksjfiys fjfikd

tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ

wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd

Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia

fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS

rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d

lsis l, fkdu Èrkd

wdkkao iurfldaka

ixix

mgqk

fi!r.%y uKAv,h

Ôúkaf.a jdiN+ñhla f,i mDÓúfha iqúfYaI;ajh

Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shïj, uQ,sl

,laIK

ol=Kq wdishdj

11

17

29

49

2

4

3

ix

1fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

1 fi!r.%y uKAv,h

fi!r.%y uKAv,fha ixhq;sh yd tys

l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd

.ekSu fuu tAllh wOHhkh lsÍfuka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'


wyfia meyeÈ,s j olsk ysre" i÷ iy wfkl=;a wNHjldY jia;+ka ms<sn| Tn

úuis,su;a j ksÍlaIKh lr ;sfí o@ b;d wE; w;S;fha isg u ñksid fuu jia;+ka

ms<sn| j Wkkaÿjla oela jQ njg idlaIs we;' j¾;udkfha § úoHd;aul ÈhqKqj ksid

wyi ksÍlaIKh lsÍug wjYH kùk WmlrK ksmojd we;' tneúka ñksidg mshú

weig fmfkk foag jvd fndfyda foa .fõIKh lsÍug yelshdj ,eî ;sfí'

iQ¾hhd hkqfjka y÷kajk úYd, ;drldj jgd mßN%uKh jk .%yf,dal wgla o

.%yl f,i y÷kajk ksYaÑ; yevhla fkdue;s .%yf,dal len,s o jduk .%yhka iy

Wm .%yhka jeks úúO wNHjldY jia;+ka /ila o we;s nj oekg fidhdf.k we;'

iQ¾hhd jgd .uka lrñka mj;sk fuu ish¨ foa tla j .;aúg th moaO;shla f,i

ye¢kaúh yels h' fi!r.%y uKav,h f,i ye¢kafjkafka fuu moaO;shhs' fi!r.%y

uKav,h oekg j¾I ñ,shk 4600lg muK fmr úYajfha mej;s ¥ú,s iy jdhq wxY=

tAldnoaO ùfuka ks¾udKh jkakg we;ehs úYajdi flf¾'

rd;%S wyi ksÍlaIKh lrk úg ;drld úYd,

ixLHdjla mshú weiska oel .; yels h' ;drld

f,i ye¢kafjkafka wdf,dalh yd ;dmh ksl=;a

lrk Yla;s m%Njhla iys; wNHjldY jia;+ka h'

tAjd Èÿ,k fyj;a nenf<k iajNdjhla olajhs'

wfkla .%y jia;+ka ^.%yf,dal" Wm.%yhka" .%yl& wdf,dalh ksl=;a fkdlrk kuq;a

iQ¾hhdf.ka ,efnk wdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh lrhs' tu ksid .%y jia;+ka nen<Sula

fkdue;s j tAldldÍ wdf,dalhla iys; j wyfia o¾Ykh fõ'

j<dl=¿j,ska f;dr" wyi meyeÈ,s j fmfkk Èkj, § rd;%S wyi ksÍlaIKh lr

fuu f;dr;=re ;yjqre lr .kak'

wdf,dalh yd Yla;sh

ksl=;a lrk iQ¾hhd o

;drldjls'


fi!r.%y uKav,fha ixhq;sh

iQ¾hhd iy tys .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h ksid tA yd ne£ mj;sk wfkl=;a wNHjldY

jia;+ka (Celestial objects) fi!r.%y uKav,hg wh;a h'

fi!r.%y uKav,hg wh;a wNHjldY jia;+ka my;ska oelafõ'

² fi!r.%y uKav,fha m%Odkshd jk iQ¾hhd (Sun)

² úYd,;u .%y jia;+ka jk .%yf,dal (Planets)

² m%udKfhka l=vd .%yf,dal fyj;a jduk .%yhka (Dwarf Planets)

² .%yf,dalj,g wh;a Wm .%yhska (Natural satellites)

² ñ,shk .Kkla jk fjk;a mdIdK len,s;s (Debris)

» .%yl (Asteroids)

» j,a.d;re fyj;a OQu fla;= (Comets)

» W,ald (Meteoroids)

nQ O

isl

=re

mDÓ

úh

wÕyre

.%yl j

<,a,

n%yiam;

s

fik

iQre

hQf¾k

ia

fk

mapQ k

a

j,a.d ;re

udfla udfla

maÆfgda

tAßia

firia

iQ¾hhd

rEmh 1'1 - fi!r.%y uKAv,h

uQ,dY%h ( http://www.retecool.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/solarsystem-21.jpg 21/02/2016


iQ¾hhd (The Sun)

mdÓúfha Ôjh meje;aug wjYH Yla;sh ,nd fok m%Odk; u uQ,h jkafka iQ¾hhd

h' mDÓúhg jvd;a wdikak j msysá ;drldj jk iQ¾hhd msysgd we;af;a fi!r.%y

uKAv,h uOHfha h' iQ¾hhdf.a wNHka;rfha isÿjk úúO m%;sl%shd ksid wêl

;dmhla ksl=;a fjhs' iQ¾hhdf.a uOHfha WIaK;ajh 15"000"000 oC la (fi,aishia

wxYl ñ,shk 15) muK jk w;r u;=msg WIaK;ajh 6000 oC la muK fõ'

iQ¾hhd .ek jeo.;ajk f;dr;=re lsysmhla my;ska oelafõ'

² fi!r.%y uKAv,fha uq¿ ialkaOh fyj;a iuia; uKav,hg wh;a øjHj,ska

99'86]la u iQ¾hhdg wh;a h'

² mDÓúh fuka 109 .=Khla muK úYd, h" úIalïNh ls'ó' ñ,shk 1'4la

muK fõ'

² iQ¾hhd Yla;s m%Njhla jk w;r fi!r.%y uKav,hg wh;a ish¨ u

.%yf,dal i|yd Yla;sh yd ;dmh ,nd fohs'

² iQ¾hhdf.a u;=msg iQ¾h l=Kdgq we;sjk w;r tu wjia:djkays § .sks o¿

úys§ula isÿ fõ'

² iQ¾hhd ;u wlaIh jgd N%uKh fõ' tys N%uK ld,h mDÓú Èk 25'4 ls'

rEmh 1'2 - iQ¾hhd

uQ,dY%h ( http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.21/02/2016rEmh 1'3 - iQ¾hhdf.a mDIaGh u; ;dmh ksl=;a

flfrk iQ¾h fldfrdakd (coronal loops)

01' fi!r.%y uKav,hg wh;a wNHjldY jia;+ka j¾. kï lrkak'

02' .%yf,dal iy ;re tlsfklska fjkia jkafka flfia ±hs meyeÈ,s lrkak'

03' iQ¾hhdf.a úfYaI ,laIK y;rla ,shd olajkak'

04' iQ¾hhd ms<sn| j fmd;a" mqj;am;a" iÕrd iy wka;¾cd,h weiqfrka

f;dr;=re tla /ialr ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,smshla ilia lrkak'

1'1 l%shdldrlu


.%yf,dal (Planets)

fi!r.%y uKav,fha m%Odk .%yf,dal wgls'

nqO" isl=re" mDÓúh" wÕyre" n%yiam;s"

fikiqre" hqf¾kia iy fkmapQka tu .%yf,dal

fõ' wÕyre yd n%yiam;s w;r .%yxY=j,ska

iukaú; .%yl j<,a,la msysgd we;' fuu

.%yf,dal wNHka;r .%yf,dal iy ndysr

.%yf,dal f,i fldgia follg fnod we;'

² wNHka;r .%yf,dal (Inner Planets)

iQ¾hhd iy .%yl j<,a, w;r msysá .%yf,dal wNHka;r .%yf,dal f,i ye¢kafõ'

^rEmh 1'1 n,kak&' wNHka;r .%yf,dal mdIdKuh ixhq;shlska hqla; h' tAjd

is,sflaÜ yd f,dayuh øjHj,ska ilia ù we;' nqO" isl=re" mDÓúh iy wÕyre

wNHka;r .%yf,dal ldKAvhg wh;a fõ'

² ndysr .%yf,dal (Outer Planets)

.%yl j<,af,ka msg; msysá .%yf,dal ndysr .%yf,dal f,i ye¢kafõ' n%yiam;s"

fikiqre" hqf¾kia" fkmapQka ndysr .%yf,dal ldKavhg wh;a .%yf,dal fõ' tAjd

uQ,sl jYfhka jdhquh ixhq;shlska hqla; h ^yhsv%cka yd yS,shï&'

nqO (Mercury)

² nqO iQ¾hhdg wdikakj u msysá .%yf,dj fõ'

² fi!r.%y uKav,fha l=vd u idudðlhd

h' th mDÓúfha Wm .%yhd jk pkaøhdg

jvd ;rula úYd, h'

² iQ¾hhdg wdikakj u msysàu;a" fifuka

N%uKh ùu;a ksid WIaK;ajh b;d wêl

h' u;=msg WIaK;ajh 167 oCla muK fõ'

² u;=msg .sksl÷ msmsÍfuka ks¾udKh jQ

wdjdgj,ska (craters) hqla; h'

² jdhq f.da,hla fkdue;' tneúka .%yl iy

W,aldmd; lvd jeàfï wjodku jeä h'

² Wm .%yhka fkdue;'

rEmh 1'4 - nqO .%yhd

uQ,dY%h ( www.windows2universe.org/ 13.02.2016

iQ¾hhd jgd llaI (orbit) ;, Tiafia .uka lrk

f.da,dldr jia;+ka

.%yf,dal f,i ye¢kafõ'


isl=re (Venus)

² iQ¾hhdf.a isg ÿr wkqj fojk

.%yf,dalh fõ'

² fuh mDÓúhg wdikak; u .%yf,dalh hs'

² fi!r.%y uKav,fha msysá u;=msg

WIaK;ajh wêl; u .%yf,dalh fõ

^464 oC&'

² m%Odk jdhqj ldnkavfhdlaihsâ fõ 96]&'

² úYd,;ajfhka mDÓúhg jvd ;rula

l=vd h'

² wNHjldYfha wmg fyd¢ka u o¾Ykh jk .%yf,dalh fõ'

² isl=re .%yhd u; b;d >k j,d mg,hla msysgd we;s neúka tys u;=msg

mDIAGh oel .ekSug wmyiq h' fuu j,d mg,h u.ska mrdj¾;kh jk

iQ¾h lsrK ksid th wNHjldYfha § §ma;su;a j o¾Ykh fjhs'

² fuu .%yhd N%uKh jkafka kef.kysr isg ngysr foig ùu o úfYaI;ajhls'

² isl=re .%yf,dalh jif¾ tla ld,hl § ysre Wodùug fmr kef.kysr wyfia

§ma;su;a j o¾Ykh jk neúka rƒpˆly¥{ f,i;a" tla ld,hl § ysre nei

.sh miq niakdysr wyfia meyeÈ,s j o¾Ykh jk neúka Sytf§ly¥{ f,i;a

ye¢kafjhs'

² Wm .%yhka fkdue;'

mDÓúh (Earth) ² mDÓúh wm jdih lrk .%yf,dalhhs'

² ÿr wkqj iQ¾hhdf.a isg ;=kajeks j

msysgd we;s w;r wNHka;r .%yf,dal

w;ßka úYd,;u .%yf,dalh fõ'

² wNHjldYfha isg n,k úg o¾YkSh .%y

jia;=jla f,i ks,a meyefhka Èia fõ' tu

ksid mDÓúh pz [±ƒx£ f,i o ye¢kafõ'

² oekg fidhdf.k we;s f;dr;=re wkqj

Ôùka jdih lrk tl u .%yf,dalhhs'

rEmh 1'5 - isl=re .%yhd

uQ,dY%h ( www.windows2unverse. 13.02.2016

rEmh 1'6 - mDÓúh ^wemf,da 17 hdkh

u.ska .kakd ,o PdhdrEmhls&

uQ,dY%h ( www.windows2universe.13/02/16


² mDÓúh u; c,h" ys;lr jdhqf.da,Sh ixhq;sh iy .=re;ajdl¾IK Yla;sh

;sîu Ôjh we;s ùug;a mej;aug;a fya;= ù we;'

² mDÓúhg tla Wm.%yfhla we;' th pkaøhd kñka ye¢kafõ'

wÕyre (Mars) ² iQ¾hhdf.a isg ÿr wkqj y;rjk

.%yf,dalh wÕyre h'

² wNHjldYfha r;= meyefhka Èiajk

ksid r;= .%yhd kñka o y÷kajkq ,nhs'

² mDÓúhg fojk wdikak u .%yf,dalh

wÕyre jk neúka wmg mshú weiska

oel .; yels h'

² ;=kS jdhq f.da,hlska hq;= jk w;r

m%Odk jdhqj ldnkavfhdlaihsâ h'

² f*dfndia iy vhsfudia f,i kï lr we;s

Wm .%yhka fofofkla wÕyreg we;'

n%yiam;s (Jupiter)

rEmh 1'8 - n%yiam;s .%yhd

uQ,dY%h ( http://nssdc.gsfc.13/02/16rEmh 1'9 - n%yiam;s .%yhd u;=msg ióm Pdhd

rEmhla

uQ,dY%h ( www.windows2universe.orgso13/02/16

² ndysr .%yf,dal wdrïN jkafka n%yiam;s .%yf,dalfhks'

² iQ¾hhdf.a isg ÿr wkqj miajk ia:dkfha msysgd we;s w;r .%yf,dal w;ßka

úYd,;u .%yf,dalh fõ'

rEmh 1'7 - wÕyre .%yhd

uQ,dY%h ( www.windows2universe. org/13.02.2016


² tys úIAlïNh mDÓúfha úIalïNh fuka oi .=Khlg wdikak h'

² n%yiam;s u; ;o w÷re meye;s má (Belt) jeks m%foaY fuka u §ma;su;a m%foaY

o oel .; yels h ^1'8 rEmh n,kak&'

² .%yf,dal w;ßka wêl;u .=re;ajdl¾IK n,hla n%yiam;sg we;'

² Wm .%yhska jeä u ixLHdjla wh;a .%yf,dj n%yiam;s jk w;r oekg

ksÍlaIKh lr we;s mßÈ thg wh;a Wm .%yhska .Kk 67ls'

fikiqre (Saturn)

² iQ¾hhdf.a isg ÿr wkqj yhjk

ia:dkfha msysgd we;'

² fi!r.%y uKav,fha fojk úYd,;

u .%yf,dalh fõ' mDÓúh fuka kj

.=Khla muK úYd, h'

² fikiqre jgd o¾YkSh j<¨

moaO;shla msysgd ;sfí' fuu j<¨

úúO m%udKfha whsia wxY=j,ska ie§

we;ehs ie,fla'

² fikiqre .%yhdg wh;a Wm

.%yhka .Kk 62la nj fï jkúg

fidhdf.k we;'

hqf¾kia (Uranus)

² iQ¾hhdf.a isg y;ajk ia:dkfha

msysgd we;'

² fi!r.%y uKav,fha ;=kajk úYd,; u

.%yf,dalh fõ'

² hqf¾kia jgd o b;d ;=kS j<¨

moaO;shla we;s nj fidhd f.k we;'

² Wm .%yhka .Kk 27ls'

rEmh 1'10 - fikiqre .%yhd

uQ,dY%h ( Image courtesy of NASA, ESA, J. Clarke (Boston University), and Z. Levay (STScI

rEmh 1'11 - hqf¾kia .%yhd

uQ,dY%h ( http://s3.amazonaws.com/kidz-world_photo


fkmapQka (Neptune) ² iQ¾hhdg ÿßka u msysá .%yf,dalh

fkmapQka h'

² ks,a meyefhka Èia fõ'

² mDÓúh fuka isjq .=Khla muK úYd, h'

² iQ¾hhdf.a isg b;d wE; ÿrlska msysgd

we;s ksid wêl YS;,lska hq;= h'

² Wm .%yhka .Kk 14ls'

.%yf,dal ms<sn| o;a; ixlaIsma; j my; j.=fõ olajd we;'

1'1 j.=j ( .%yf,dal ms<sn| o;a;

Wm .%yhska

.Kk

uOH

WIaK;ajh

mßN%uK

ld,h

N%uK ld,húIalïNh.%yf,dalh

fi,aishiaÈkmehls'ó'

0 167 881407.64879nqO

0 464 224.705832.512104isl=re

1 15365.2523.912756mDÓúh

2 -65 68724.66792wÕyre

67 -110 43319.9142984n%yiam;s

62 -1401074715.7120536fikiqre

27 -1953058917.251118hqf¾kia

14 -2005980016.149528fkmapQka

uQ,dY%h ( http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet 21/02/2016

kef.kysr isg ngysr foig N%uKh fõ'

01' fi!r.%y uKav,hg wh;a .%yf,dal iQ¾hhdf.a isg ms<sfj,ska kï lrkak'

02' tu .%yf,dal wNHka;r yd ndysr .%yf,dal f,i fjka lr olajkak'

03' fi!r.%y uKav,fha ixhq;sh rEm igykla u.ska bÈßm;a lrkak'

1'2 l%shdldrlu

rEmh 1'12 - fkmapQka .%yhd


01' .%yf,dal ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a lrñka yel=¨ïm;la ks¾udKh lrkak'

02' .=re;=ud$.=re;=ñh f.a Wmfoia o ,ndf.k myiqfjka imhd .; yels

øjH fhdod .ksñka fi!r.%y uKav,fha wdlD;shla ks¾udKh lrkak'

mejreï

jduk .%yhka ^Dwarf Planets&

ksYaÑ; llaI ;,hla y÷kd.; fkdyels iy m%udKfhka l=vd .%yf,dal jduk

.%yf,dal f,i kï lr we; ^wka;¾cd;sl ;drld úoHd ix.uh 2006&' oekg

y÷kdf.k we;s jduk .%yhska .Kk myls' kuq;a fuu .Kk óg fndfyda fihska

jeä úh yels hehs úoHd{hska úYajdi lrkq ,nhs' oekg kï lr we;s jduk .%yhska

my; oelafõ'

rEmh 1'13 - jduk .%yhka

uQ,dY%h ( http://www.the-dialogue.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ensystem

maÆfgda (Pluto)

tßia (Eris)

fißia (Ceres)

udfla udfla (Makemake)

fydañhd (Haumea)

Wm .%yhka (Natural satellites&

.%yf,dalhla jgd llaI.; j mßN%uKh jk l=vd mßjdr .%yf,dal Wm .%yhka

f,i ye¢kafõ' m%Odk .%yf,dalj,g wh;a Wm .%yhska 173la o jduk .%yhskag wh;a

Wm .%yhska 8la o oekg y÷kdf.k we;'


1'2 j.=j ( fi!r.%y uKav,fha Wm .%yhka ixLHdj

fkmapQka

Neptunehqf¾kia

Uranusfikiqre

Saturnn%yiam;s

JupiterwÕyre

MarsmDÓúh

Earthisl=re

VenusnqO

Mercury.%y

f,dal

142762672100

Wm .%yhka

.Kk

tßia

Erisudfla udfla

Make makefydañhd

HaumeamaÆfgda

Plutofißia

Ceresjduk

.%yf,dal

10250

Wm .%yhka

.Kk


.%yl$ .%ydxY= (Asteroids)

.%yl fi!r.%y uKav,h ks¾udKh

ùfï § fYaI jQ len,s f,i ie,fla'

fïjd >k mdIdKj,ska ks¾udKh ù

we;s w;r ksYaÑ; yevhla fkdue;s úúO

úYd,;ajhkaf.ka hq;a wNHjldY jia;+ka h'

wÕyre iy n%yiam;s .%yf,dal w;r .%yl

ñ,shkhlg wêl ixLHdjla j<,a,la f,i

msysgd we; ^rEmh 1'1 n,kak&'

01' oekg fidhdf.k we;s f;dr;=re wkqj fi!r.%y uKav,fha .%yf,dalj,g

wh;a Wm .%yhka .Kk .%yf,dalh wkqj ,shd olajkak'

02' jduk .%yf,dal hkq ljrlaoehs y÷kajd oekg fidhdf.k we;s jduk

.%yhka kï lrkak'

1'3 l%shdldrlu

rEmh 1'14 - .%yl lene,a,la


.%y uKav,h yd ne£ mj;sk úYAjdi

mDÓú jdiSka jk wmf.a ck Ôú;h flfrys ysre iy i÷ fuka u

wfkl=;a .%yf,dalj, n,mEï we;s njg fkdfhl=;a úYAjdi ck

iudch ;=< mj;S'

fi!r.%y uKav,h ms<sn| ne£ mj;sk úYajdi lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

² ysre yd i÷ foaj;ajfha ,d i,ld jkaokdudk lsÍu'

² yssre" i÷ iy .%yhska mokï lrf.k fcHda;s¾ úoHdj ks¾udKh ù ;sîu'

² .%y n,mEfuka wm, Wmøj isÿfõ hk úYajdih u; we;eï wh .%y Ydka;s

l¾u meje;aùu'

² Wmka fõ,dfõ .%y mssyssàu i,ld ckau m;%h ieliSu iy .%y n,mEï u;

Ôú;fha fndfyda lghq;= ;SrKh jk njg ck iudch ;=< mj;sk úYAjdi'

² ysre yd i÷ mokï lr.;a úúO W;aij ck iudch ;=< olakg ,eîu'

WodyrK ( ff;fmdx.,a W;aijh" isxy, yd fou< w¨;a wjqreÿ W;aijh"

rdu,dka W;aijh&

rEmh 1'15 - isxy, yd fou< w¨;a wjqreÿ W;aijh

ksrEmKh jk Ñ;%hla

rEmh 1'16 - ff;fmdx.,a W;aijh ksrEmKh lrk

Ñ;%hla

² YS% ,xldfõ idïm%odhssl f.dú;eka lghq;= yssref.a yd i÷f.a n,mEu mokï

lrf.k ixúOdk ù ;sîu iy ta wkqj ksis l,g jeis ,eî lDñ Wjÿre wvq

ù wiajkq ireidr jk njg mj;sk úYAjdi'

² wdhq¾fõo m%;sldr i|yd fhdod.kakd Ydl fldgia ,nd.ekSfï § ÈYdj

ie,lSu yd i÷f.a n,mEï we;ehs mj;sk úYAjdi'


fuu úYAjdij, i;H wi;H;dj mss<sn| ksYAÑ; ks.ukhkag t<öu wiSre h' tfy;a

tAjdfha m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alula mj;S'

fi!r.%y uKav,h ms<sn| kj oekqu

² úoHdj t;rï ÈhqKq fkdjQ b;d wE; w;S;fha isg u ñksid fkdfmfkk úYajh

ms<sn| .fõIKh lsÍug fhduq ù isáfha h' tod isg wo olajd u lrkq ,nk

m¾fhaIK yd .fõIK u.ska fi!r.%y uKav,h ms<sn|j;a úYajh ms<sn|j;a

kj f;dr;=re ksrka;rfhka u tl;= fjñka mj;S'

² ls%'j 1610 § úYajh ksÍlaIKh i|yd ÿrolakh uq,ska u Ndú; lrk ,oafoa

.e,S,sfhda .e,s,s úisks' Tyq ;u ÿrolakh weiqfrka l< ksÍlaIK u.ska úYajh

ms<sn| tf;la fkdo;a f;dr;=re /ila f,dalhg wkdjrKh lsÍug iu;a úh'

rEmh 1'17 - .e,S,sfhda .e,s,s rEmh 1'18 - .e,S,sfhda ÿrolakh

laf,daähia fgd,ñ" ksfld,ia fldm¾kslia" fcdyekakia flma,¾ iy whsfila

ksõgka jeks wh o w;S;fha § wNHjldY f;dr;=re fy<slr .ekSug Wkkaÿjla

oelajQ wh fj;s'

ls%'j' 1957 § fidaúhÜ foaYh úYajfha f;dr;=re .fõIKh i|yd lD;s%u pkaøsldjla

wNHjldY.; lsÍu jeo.;a wjia:djlss' bka wk;=re j weußld tlai;a ckmoh

o kdid wdh;kh msysgqjd pkaøsld lsyssmhla u wNHjldY.; lf<a h' fuu

pkaøsld u.ska .kq ,enQ pkaøsld m%;sìïnj,ska úYAjh ms<sn| oekqu fndfyda

fihska mq¿,a úh'


wm fjfik mDÓúh we;=`: j nqO" issl=re" w`.yre" n%yiam;s" fikiqre" hqf¾kia

fkmapQka iy maÆfgda hk .%yf,dal kjhlska wmf.a fi!r.%y uKav,h iukaú;

jk nj ls%'j' 2006 g fmr ie,ls‚' tfy;a ls%'j' 2006 § wka;¾ cd;sl ;drld

úoHd ix.uh úiska ma¨fgda jduk .%yfhl= f,i kï lrk ,o w;r bka miq wm

fi!r.%y uKav,fha .%yf,dal ixLHdj wgla f,i i,lk ,§' fi!r.%y uKav,hg

wh;a .%y jia;+ka w;rg jduk .%yf,dal o wh;a nj ms<s.ekqfka bka wk;=rej h'

uE;l§ weußld tlai;a ckmofha le,afgla (Caltech) ;drld úoHd wdh;kh úiska

mDÓúh fuka oi .=Khla muK úYd, ;j;a .%yf,dalhla o we;ehs wkdjrKh lr

we;' th "Planet 9" f,i kï lr we;s w;r fi!r.%y uKav,fha idudðlfhl=

f,i ;ju;a iaÓrj u ikd: lr ke;'

wNHjldYh ms<sn| .fõIKh lsÍï ksrka;rfhka isÿ flfrk neúka ta ms<sn| kj

oekqu Èfkka Èk u w¨;a fjñka mj;S'

rEmh 1'19 - kS,a wdïiafg%dka

i|u; md ;eîu

rEmh 1'20 - wNHjldY .; flfrk frdlÜgqjla

01' fi!r.%y uKav,h ms<sn| kQ;k fidhd.ekSï we;=<;a f,aLkhla

ilikak'

02' ^w&' ysre yd i÷ mokï lrf.k Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudch ;=< f.dvke.S

we;s úYajdi y;rla ,shkak'

^wd&' fm<fmdf;a we;=<;a fkdjk kuq;a Tn okakd fyda jeäysáhkaf.ka

wid oek.;a fjk;a tjeks úYajdi ,shd olajkak'

1'4 l%shdldrlu


wdY%s; .%ka: iy uQ,dY%

² https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LWMHIkIFwEQ/maxresdefault.jpg

² www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/solar_system.html 13.02.2016

² http://s3.amazonaws.com/kidzworld_photo/images/201562/b96379d2-a7f2- 4f01-a2d2-83712931c25e/uranus.jpg

² http://www.the-dialogue.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/en10-exploring- the-solar-system_06.jpg

² Image courtesy of NASA, ESA, J. Clarke (Boston University), and Z. Levay (STScI

² http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet 21/02/2016

² https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Moons_of_solar_sys tem_v7.jpg

mdßNdIsl jpk

² fi!r.%y uKav,h Solar system bõ°ØÖz öuõSv

² N%uKh Rotation _ÇØ]

² mßN%uKh Revolution _ØÖøP

² .%yf,dalh Planet ÷PõÒ

² .%yl Asteroids G›PØPÒ

² Wm .%yhka Natural Satellites E£÷PõÒPÒ

² jduk .%yhka Dwarf planets ]Ö÷PõÒPÒ

² .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h Gravitational force Dº¨¦ Âø\

² ;dm kHIaál m%;sl%shd Thermonuclear reactions öÁ¨£ Aq«Ò uõUP®


² ialkaOh Mass voÄ

² iQ¾h l=Kdgq Solar storms bõ°ØÖ¨ ¦¯À

² wlaIh Axis Aa_

² wNHka;r .%yf,dal Inner Planets APU ÷PõÒPÒ

² ndysr .%yf,dal Outer planets ¦ÓU ÷PõÒPÒ

² whsia wxY= Ice particles £ÛzxoUøPPÒ

² lD;%su pkaøsld Artificial satellites ö\¯ØøPU÷PõÒ

² pkaøsld m%;sìïn Satellite images ö\´©v¨£i©[PÒ

² fcHda;s¾ úoHdj Astrology ÁõÚ\õìvµ®


2 Ôúkaf.a jdiN+ñhla f,i

mDÓúfha iqúfYaI;ajh

fi!r.%y uKav,h ;=< mDÓú .%yhdf.a

iqúfYaI;ajh ms<sn| lreKq úuid ne,Su

fuu tAllh wOHhkh lsÍu u.ska

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'


iQ¾hhdf.a

isg ÿr

lsf,daóg¾

ñ,shk 150

meh 23

úkdä 56

;;amrhg

lsf,daóg¾

0'46

Èk 365

meh 6

;;amrhg

lsf,daóg¾

29'8

N%uK fõ.h

^iulfha§&

N%uK ld,h mßN%uK

ld,h

mßN%uK

fõ.h

mDÓúh ms<sn`o uQ,sl f;dr;=re lsysmhla


mDÓúh j¾. lsf,daóg¾ ñ,shk 510la muK úYd, jQ f.da,dldr jia;=jls'

idudkHfhka f.da,hla f,i ie,l=j o mDÓú f.da,fha O%ej úIalïNhg jvd iul

úIalïNh ls'ó' 42la È.ska jeä neúka th mQ¾K f.da,hla fkdfõ'

² iul úIalïNh 12756km

² O%ej úIalïNh 12714km

mDÓúh fi!r.%y uKav,h ;=< ia:dk.; ùu

wm Ôj;a jk mDÓúh iQ¾hhdf.a isg f;jk .%yf,dalh f,i msysgd we;s nj Tn

m<uq mdvfuka wOHhkh lr we;'

my; i|yka f;dr;=re o wOHhkh lrkak'

² iQ¾hhdg b;d wdikakfha u msysá nqO .%yhdf.a u;=msg WIaK;ajfhys

idudkHh 1670C ls'

² iQ¾hhdf.a isg fojk .%yf,dalh jk isl=re .%yhd u; WIaK;ajfhys

idudkHh 4640C ls'

² mDÓúfha WIaK;ajfhys idudkHh 150C ls'


² iQ¾hhdf.a isg ÿßka u msysá fkmapQka .%yhd u;=msg WIaK;ajfhys

idudkHh -2000C ls'


by; i|yka mßÈ nqO yd isl=re .%yf,dalj, fuka b;d wêl WIaK;ajhla fyda

fkmapQka .%yhdf.a fuka b;du;a wvq WIaK;ajhla mDÓúh u; fkdue;' mDÓúh

fi!r.%y uKav,h ;=< uOHia: ia:dkhl msysàu thg fya;=jhs' mDÓúh u;"

² uOHia: WIaK;ajhla mej;Su

² c,h mej;Su

² .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h mej;Su

² Ôúkag ys;lr jdhqkaf.ka iukaú; fuka u c,jdIam iys; jdhq

f.da,hla mej;Su

² N%uKh yd mßN%uKh isÿ ùu

fya;=fldg f.k th Ôúkaf.a jdiN+ñhla njg m;aj we;' fuf;la isÿlr we;s

m¾fhaIK wkqj Ôjh iys; tl u .%yf,dalh o mDÓúh fjhs' fjk;a lsisu

.%yf,dalhla yd iei¢h fkdyels .=Kdx.j,ska hq;= mDÓúh fi!r.%y uKav,h ;=<

we;s iqúfYaIS .%yf,dalhla f,i ye¢kafjkafka ta ksid h'

wlaIdxY iy foaYdxY (Latitudes and Longitudes&

mDÓúh u; kE u ;ekl msysàu y÷kd.ekSug yelsjk mßÈ mDÓúh jgd ks¾udKh

lr we;s l,ams; f¾Ld cd,h wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY f¾Ld f,i ye¢kafõ'

wlaIdxY (Latitudes)

mDÓúh W;=re yd ol=Kq w¾Of.da, f,i follg fnfok

l,ams; jD;a;h wlaIdxY wxYl ìxÿj 00& fyj;a iulh

f,i ye¢kafõ' iulhg iudka;rj W;=rg 900 olajd

W;=re wlaIdxY f,i;a" ol=Kg 900 olajd ol=Kq wlaIdxY

f,i;a Ndú; fõ' iulfha isg W;a;r O%ejh olajd;a

olaIsK O%ejh olajd;a .uka lsÍfï§ wlaIdxY jD;a;

l%ufhka l=vd fjhs' W;a;r O%ejh yd olaIsK O%ejh

oelafjkafka ,laIH jYfhks' ^rEmh 2'1& rEmh 2'1 - wlaIdxY

W;a;rO%ejh


foaYdxY (Longitudes)foaYdxY hkq W;a;r O%ejh iy olaIsK O%ejh iïnkaO

lrñka ks¾udKh lr we;s l,ams; f¾Ld cd,hhs'

tx.,ka;fha .%sksÉ (Greenwich) k.rh yryd úysfok

foaYdxY 00 .%sksÉ uOH foaYdxYh f,i ie,fla' tys isg

kef.kysrg 1800 olajd f¾Ld kef.kysr foaYdxY f,i o

ngysrg 1800 olajd f¾Ld ngysr foaYdxY f,i o ye¢kafõ'

tfy;a foaYdxY 1800 tla f¾Ldjla jk w;r th kef.kysr

fyda ngysr hkqfjka kï fkdflf¾' ^rEmh 2'2&

mDÓúfha N%uKh (Rotation of the Earth)

mDÓúh ;u wlaIh jgd lerlSu N%uKh f,i ye¢kafõ'

N%uKh isÿjkafka mDÓúfha W;a;r O%ejfha isg olaIsK

O%ejh olajd úysfok l,ams; wlaI f¾Ldj jgd ngysr

isg kef.kysr foig h' fuu wlaIh llaI ;,hg

23'50la wdk; j msysgd we;' ^rEmh 2'3&

mDÓúfha N%uKh ksid iQ¾hhd kef.kysr ÈYdfjka

Wod ù niakdysr ÈYdfjka nei hkakdla fuka wmg Èia

fõ' mDÓúhg ;u wlaIh jgd tla jrla N%uKh ùug

.;jk ld,h meh 23hs úkdä 56ls' tfy;a mDÓúfha

Èkl ld,h meh 24la f,i Ndú; fõ'

Èjd rd;%S we;s ùu mDÓúfha N%uKh ksid"

² Èjd iy rd;%sh o

² fõ,dfõ m%dfoaYSh fjkialï o we;s fõ'

mDÓúh N%uKh ùfï § iQ¾hhdg uqyqK

fok w¾Ohg iQ¾hdf,dalh ,efnk

neúka Èjd ld,h mj;S' wfkla w¾Ohg

iQ¾hdf,dalh fkd,efnk neúka rd;%S

ld,h we;s fõ'

foaYdxY msysàu wkqj f,dalfha tla tla ia:dkj,g n,mdk fõ,dj tlsfklg

fjkia fõ' 2'5 rEm igyk u.ska tu fõ,dj fjkiajk whqre ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

rEmh 2'2 - foaYdxY

iulh

W;a;rO%ejh

olaIsK O%ejh

rEmh 2'3 - mDÓúfha wlaIh yd

N%uKh

ngysr

W;a;r O%ejh

ol=Kq O%ejh

N%uK wlaIh

kef.kysr

rEmh 2'4 - Èjd rd;%S we;s ùu


ish¨ u foaYdxY ksrEmKh jk mßÈ W;a;r

O%ejh flakaø fldg fuu rEmh ks¾udKh

lr we;' iQ¾hhd uqÿkajk foaYdxYh uOHdyak

12'00 jk úg Bg m%;súreoaO foaYdxYh u;

uOHu rd;%S 12'00 fjhs' mDÓúh ngysr isg

kef.kysrg N%uKh ùu ksid kef.kysr

foaYdxYj, msysá rgj,g l,ska ysre Wodjk

w;r ngysr foaYdxYj, msysá rgj,g ysre Wod-

jkafka bka miqj h'

mDÓúh ;u wlaIh jgd jrla N%uKh ùfï §

meh 24la ;=< 3600la .uka lrhs' tA wkqj mehla

;=< foaYdxY 15la .uka lrk w;r foaYdxY 1la

.uka lsÍu i|yd úkdä 4l ld,hla .; fõ'

tneúka f,dalfha foaYdxY folla w;r ia:dkSh fõ,dj úkdä 4lska fjkia fõ' tA

ksid mDÓúh u; foaYdxY fjkia ùu wkqj tla tla ia:dkj, fõ,dfõ fjkialï

we;s fõ'

iïu; fõ,dj (Standard time)cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a fõ,djla Ndú; lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh foaYdxY mokï lr.;a

l,dm fyj;a iïu; fõ,d l,dm 24lg fnod we;' tu tla tla l,dmh ;=< iïu;

fõ,djla Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' tfy;a jeä foaYdxY me;sÍula we;s neúka fõ,d l,dm

lsysmhlg we;=<;a jk úYd, rgj,a o f,dalfha we;' weußld tlai;a ckmoh"

lekvdj" ´iafÜ%,shdj yd reishdj tjeks rgj,a h' tu rgj, tla tla fõ,d

l,dmhkays tu l,dmhg wod< jk fõ,dj Ndú; lrkq ,efí ^is;shu 2'1 n,kak&'

is;shu 2'1- iïu; fõ,d l,dmh

WoEik 6'00

fglaidia ^we't'c&

uOHdyakh

tx.,ka;h

iji 6'00

nx.,dfoaYh

uOHu

rd;%sh

kjiS,ka;h

rEmh 2'5 - foaYdxY msysàu wkqj f,dalfha

tla tla ia:dkj,g n,mdk fõ,dj

uQ,dY%h ( http://www.nauticed.org/sailing- 27/2/2016

foaYdxY

fõ,dj

fjkiaùu

^meh&


oji wdrïN jk fõ,dj uOHu rd;%S 12'00 f,i ie,fla' foaYdxY 00 f,i ie,flkafka

.%sksÉ uOHdyak f¾Ldj h' tu fõ,dfjka kef.kysrg foaYdxY 15lg fõ,dj meh

ne.ska jeä fõ' ngysrg foaYdxY 15lg fõ,dj mehla ne.ska wvqfjhs' foaYdxY 1800

mokï lr.ksñka cd;Hka;r Èk f¾Ldj ,l=Kq lr we;s w;r tu f¾Ldfjka fomi

Èkhl fjkila mj;S'

ksoiqkla f,i i÷od Èkl .%sksÉ k.rfha fõ,dj uOHdyak 12'00 hhs is;uq' tys

isg kef.kysr foig rd;%sh olajd l%ufhka fõ,dj jeä fjhs' WodyrK ( tu

wjia:dfõ Y%S ,xldfõ fõ,dj m'j 5'30 fõ' tA whqßka u .%sksÉ k.rfha isg ngysr

hk úg l%ufhka WoEik olajd fõ,dj wvq fõ' WodyrK ( tu wjia:dfõ weußld

tlai;a ckmofha fglaidia m%dka;fha fõ,dj fm'j' 6'00 fjhs' fuu fjkiaùu

wkqj tu wjia:dfõ foaYdxY 1800 f¾Ldj Tiafia fõ,dj uOHu rd;%S 12'00 fõ'

fuys § wm f;areï.; hq;= ;j;a lreKla fjhs' by; WodyrKh wkqj foaYdxY 00

isg kef.kysr foig hk úg foaYdxY 1800 § fõ,dj i÷od uOHu rd;%S 12'00 fõ'

ngysr foig hk úg foaYdxY 1800 § fõ,dj i÷od w¨hu 12'00 fõ' tkï i÷od Èkh

Wodjqkd mu‚' tneúka hï flfkl= foaYdxY 1800 f¾Ldj miqlr hkafka kï túg

fomig Èkhl fjkila mj;sk neúka tA wkqj ;u Trf,daiqfõ Èkh fjkialr

.; hq;= fjhs'

fuu foaYdxY 1800 f¾Ldj iDcq j u .;fyd;a we;eï rgj,a yryd úysfoa' túg tu

rgj, Èkh Ndú; lsÍfï § th .eg¨jla jk neúka foaYdxY 1800 Tiafia rgj,a

lemS fkdhk mßÈ cd;Hka;r Èk f¾Ldj ,l=Kq lr we;' ^is;shu 2'1&

01' mDÓúh u; Ôjh we;s ùug;a tys meje;aug;a fya;= ù we;s iqúfYaIS .=Kdx.

,shd olajkak'

02' —iQ¾hhdg idfmalaI j mDÓúfha msysàu tys Ôjh mej;Sug n,md we;s m%Odk

idOlh fõ'˜ fuh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

03' mDÓúfha N%uKh hkq l=ula oehs y÷kajd N%uKh ksid we;s jk m%Odk

m%;sM, fol ,shkak'

04' Y%S ,xldj wh;a jk fõ,d l,dmh l=ula oehs olajd .%sksÉ fõ,djg

idfmalaI j tu l,dmh ;=< fõ,dfõ fjki fldmuK oehs ,shkak'

05' f,dalfha m%dfoaYSh jYfhka iïu; fõ,djka lsysmhla Ndú; jk rgj,a

;=kla kï lrkak'

2'1 l%shdldrlu


mDÓúfha mßN%uKh (Revolution of the Earth)

mDÓúh iQ¾hhd jgd .uka lsÍu mßN%uKh f,i ye¢kafjk w;r fuu .uka

ud¾.h llaIh (Orbit) f,i ye¢kafõ' mDÓúfha mßN%uKh i|yd .;jk ld,h Èk

365hs meh 6 ls' Èk 365l ld,h wjqreoaola f,i ie,flk w;r b;sß meh 6 wjqreÿ

y;rlg jrla tl;= lr Èk 366 lska hq;= wêl wjqreoaola f,i i,lkq ,nhs'

mDÓúh N%uKh jkafka 23'50la wdk; wlaIhl ksid mßN%uKh ùfï § jif¾

tla tla ld, iSudjkays ysre uqÿka ùu wlaIdxYSh jYfhka fjkia fõ' fï ksid

wlaIdxYSh jYfhka Èjd iy rd;%S ld,j, È. fjkia ùu o mDÓúfha by< wlaIdxYSh

m%foaYj, iD;= fNaoh we;s ùu o isÿfõ' ^rEmh 2'6&'

iQ¾h úIqjh (Equinox)

mDÓúh mßN%uKfha § ud¾;= 21 Èk iy iema;eïn¾ 23 Èk iulhg ysre uqÿka ùu

isÿfõ' ud¾;= 21 Èk iulhg ysre uqÿka ùu jika; iQ¾h úIqjh f,i;a iema;eïn¾

23 Èk iulhg ysre uqÿka ùu ir;a iQ¾h úIqjh f,i;a ye¢kafõ'

iQ¾h ksjD;a;sh (Solstice)

foieïn¾ ui 22 Èk iy cqks ui 21 Èk ysre uqÿka ùu isÿjkafka mDÓúfha

ksj¾;khkag h' tA wkqj foieïn¾ ui 22 Èk iQ¾hhd ulr ksj¾;khg uqÿka jk

w;r th isisr iQ¾h ksjD;a;sh f,i;a cqks ui 21 Èk iQ¾hhd l¾lgl ksj¾;khg

uqÿka ùu .sïydk iQ¾h ksjD;a;sh f,i;a ye¢kafõ'

rEmh 2'6 - mßy%uKh yd iD;= we;s ùu

jika; úIqjh

ud¾;= 21

isisr ksjD;a;sh

foieïn¾ 22

ir;a úIqjh

iema;eïn¾ 23

.sïydk ksjD;a;sh

cqks 21


iQ¾hhd iulhg uqÿkajk ud¾;= 21 iy iema;eïn¾ 23 Èkj, fyj;a iQ¾h úIqjh

wjia:dj, § mDÓúfha ish¨ wlaIdxY Tiafia Èjd yd rd;%S ld, meh 12 ne.ska iudk fõ'

l¾lgl ksj¾;khg ysre uqÿkajk cQks 21 jk úg W;=re w¾O f.da,fha Èjd ld,h

È.ska jeä jk w;r ol=Kq w¾O f.da,fha Èjd ld,h flá h' ulr ksj¾;khg ysre

uqÿka jk foieïn¾ 22 jk úg ol=Kq w¾O f.da,fha Èjd ld,h È.ska jeä jk w;r

W;=re w¾O f.da,fha Èjd ld,h flá h'

fufia wjqreoaola ;=< tla tla ld,j, iQ¾hhd uqÿka ùu wlaIdxY wkqj fjkia ùu

ksid tlsfklg fjkia foaY.=K ,laIKj,ska hq;= iD;= we;s fõ' iD;= fjkiaùu

meyeÈ,s j n,mdkafka ksj¾;k f¾Ldjkaf.ka Tífnys msysá m%foaYj,g h'

mDÓúfha m%Odk iD;= y;rls"

² .sïydk$.%SIau iD;=j (Summer)

iD;= n,mEu we;s rgj, .sïydk

iD;=j jif¾ WIaK;ajh wêl u ld,h

jk w;r Èjd ld,fha È. o jeä h'

WIaK;ajh wêl u ld,h neúka fuu

iD;=j ñksiqkag fuka u wfkla Ôùkag

o ;rula wmyiq ld,hls' W;=re w¾O

f.da,fha rgj,g cqks udifha .sïydk

iD;=j we;sjk w;r olaIsKd¾O f.da,fha

msysá rgj,g foieïn¾ udifha .sïydk

iD;=j Wodfõ'

² ir;a iD;=j (Autumn)

.sïydk iD;=fõ mej;s WIaK;ajh

l%ufhka wvq fjñka W;-=re w¾Of.da,fha

rgj,g iema;eïn¾ udih jk úg o

ol=Kq w¾O f.da,fha rgj,g ud¾;= udih

jk úg o ir;a iD;=j we;s fõ' fuu

iD;=fõ WIaK;ajh l%ufhka my< hdu

ksid Ydlj, m;% ye,Su wdrïN fõ'

rEmh 2'7 - .sïydk iD;=j

rEmh 2'8 - ir;a iD;=j


² YS;$isisr iD;=j (Winter)

WIaK;ajh wvqùu Wmßuhg meñŒfuka

foieïn¾ udifha § W;=re w¾O

f.da,fha rgj,g o cqks udifha §

ol=Kq w¾O f.da,fha rgj,g o YS;

iD;=j n,meje;afjhs' rd;%S ld,h È.ska

jeä fõ' Ydl m;% iïmQ¾Kfhka u

ye,S hhs' fndfyda m%foaYj, ysu m;kh

isÿfõ' fuu iD;=j ;=< udkqI lghq;=

fndfyda fihska iSud fõ'

² jika; iD;=j (Spring)

YS; iD;=j wjidk ù l%ufhka WIaK;ajh

by< f.dia ud¾;= udih jk úg W;=re

w¾O f.da,hg o iema;eïn¾ udih jk

úg ol-=Kq w¾O f.da,hg o jika; iD;=j

n, meje;afjhs' ysu yd whsia l%ufhka

Èhù hhs' wls%h j mej;s Ydl kej; o¿

,d jeã u,a yd M, yg.ekSu wdrïN fõ'

01' mDÓúfha mßN%uKh hkq l=ula ±hs y÷kajkak'

02' mDÓú mßN%uKfha § tla tla ld,j, ysre uqÿka jk wlaIdxY fjkia fõ' tA

wkqj my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

y÷kajk wdldrhysre uqÿka ùuÈkh

jika; iQ¾h úIqjh'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''ud¾;= 21

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''cqks 21

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''iema;eïn¾ 23

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''foieïn¾ 22

02' wêl wjqreoaola we;s jkafka flfia oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'

2'2 l%shdldrlu

rEmh 2'9 - isisr iD;=j

rEmh 2'10 - jika; iD;=j


jd;h (Air)

Ôjfha meje;aug ys;lr jdhq j¾.

meje;Su mDÒúfha ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls'

jdhqfjka iukaú; fuu fldgi

jdhqf.da,h f,i ye¢kafjhs' mDÓúfha

.=re;ajdl¾IK Yla;sh u.ska jdhqf.da,h

mDÓú;,h yd ne£ mj;S' iq<Õ f,i

y÷kajkafka jdhqf.da,fha isÿjk p,k

fyj;a jd;h .uka lsÍuhs'

jdhqf.da,h m%Odk jYfhka jdhq

j¾.j,ska iukaú; jk w;r tA ;=<

c,jdIam" ¥ú,s iy ,jK wxY= wdÈh o

wka;¾.; fõ'

jdhqf.da,fha jeo.;alu

² jdhqj Ôjfha meje;aug wjYH uQ,sl u idOlh fõ'

² c,jdIam r|jd .ekSfuka c,pl%fha ls%shdldß;ajh i|yd WmldÍ fõ' th

j¾IKh we;s lsÍug o fya;= fjhs'

² by< jdhqf.da,fha we;s ´fidaka jdhq ia;rh u.ska iQ¾h úlsrKfha we;s

Ôúkag wys;lr lsrK mdrcïnQ, lsrK jeks& mDÓúh lrd tAu md,kh lrhs'

² wNHjldYfha isg mDÓúh foig tk W,aldmd; jdhqf.da,h yd .eàfï §

oeù hdu ksid tAjd mDÓúh u; m;s; ùu md,kh fõ'

² jdhqj ksid mDÓú ;,h u; WIaK;ajh md,kh ùu o isÿfõ'

01' jdhqf.da,fha nyq,j u wvx.= jdhq j¾. y;r ms<sfj<ska kï lrkak'

02' jdhqf.da,fha m%fhdack myla ,shkak'

03' jdhqf.da,h ¥IKh ùug fya;= jk udkqI ls%hdldrlï ;=kla i|yka lrkak'

2'3 l%shdldrlu

j.= wxl 2'1 ( mDÓú jdhqf.da,fha jdhq ixhq;sh

mßudj m%;sY;hla

f,i ^]&

jdhq j¾.h

78'09khsg%cka

20'95Tlaiscka

0'93wd.ka

0'03ldnkavfhdlaihsâ

0'00006´fidaka

wxY= ud;% jYfhksfjk;a jdhq

uQ,dY%h ( Waugh David 2000, Geography An Inte-grated Approach


c,h (Water)

mDÓúfha c,h mj;sk m%Odk wdldr ;=kls'

rEmh 2'11 - øj ^c,h& yd >k ^whsia& ;;a;ajfhka

mj;sk c,h

² øj - c,h

² >k - whsia

² jdhq - c, jdIam

uq¿ mDÓú ;,fhka 71]la c,fhka jeiS

mj;S' tkï uq¿ mDÓú ;,fhka 3 4la

muK u c,fhka jeiS we;' th wfkla

.%yf,dalj,g idfmalaIj mDÓúfha

olakg ,efnk iqúfYaIS ,laIKhls'

mDÓúh u; c,fha jHdma;sh

id.r yd uqyqÿ 97'5]

N+.; c,h 1'97]

whsia ;Ügq f,i 0'5]

ñßÈh c,h 0'03]

fuu c,h f.dvìu iy jdhqf.da,h w;r pl%Shj ixirKh fjñka mj;S' th c,

pl%h f,i ye¢kafõ'

c,fha jeo.;alu

² Ôùkaf.a meje;aug w;HjYH idOlhls'

² .Dyia: lghq;= i|yd ^fia§u" msßisÿ lsÍï" iakdkh" wdydr msiSï wd§&

² ish¨ u lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd ^fNda. j.dj yd i;a;aj md,kh&

² úúO l¾udka; i|yd

² mßjyk lghq;= i|yd ^kdúl mßjykh" .x.d$ú,a wdY%s; mßjykh&

² úÿ,sn, W;amdokhg ^c, úÿ,sn, ksIAmdokh&

² úfkdao lghq;= ^c, l%Svd&

01' mDÓúfha c,h mj;sk m%Odk wdldr ;=k kï lrkak'

02' c,fha jHdma;sh ±lafjk igyk weiqfrka mDÓúfha c, jHdma;sh y÷kajkak'

03' c, f.da,fha m%fhdack y;rla úia;r lrkak'

04' c,h ¥IKhg ,laùug fya;= jk udkqI ls%hdldrlï ;=kla i|yka lrkak'

2'4 l%shdldrlu


² http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet 21/02/2016


nQ

YS


3 ol=Kq wdishdj

ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha

msysàu yd N+ o¾Ykh ms<sn|

wOHhkh lsÍu fuu tAllfhka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'


wm Ôj;a jk ol=Kq wdishd m%foaYh iqúfYaIs N+f.da,Sh l,dmhls' fuys mj;sk

fN!;sl yd udkqI N+f.da, úoHd;aul ,laIKj, wkkH;dj fya;=fldg f.k

fjk;a N+f.da,Sh l,dmj,ska fjka lr y÷kd.; yels h' uqyqÿ uÜgfï msysá

iqkaorndka j.=re ìu fuka u f,dj by< u Wkak;dxYh olajk tjriaÜ l÷ uqÿk

o fuu l,dmfha msysàu N+ úIu;dfjys úúO;ajh úoyd olajhs' wêl YS;, m%foaY

fuka u wêl WIaK;ajhla we;s m%foaY o >k jkdka;rj, isg ;DK N+ñ m%foaY

olajd fjkia jk jDlaI,;d o fuys foaY.=Kh yd jDlaI,;dj, úúO;ajh ms<sìUq

lrhs' ta ksid u fuu l,dmh ;=< udkqI l%shdldrlïj, o lemS fmfkk

úúO;ajhla olakg ,efí'

3'1 is;shu ( ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha idfmalaI msysàu

uQ,dY%h ( .=Kfiak *s,sma f,dal is;shï fmd; ^2003& weiqßka ilia lrk ,È'


by; 3'1 is;shu u.ska ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha idfmalaI msysàu y÷kd.ksuq'

ol=Kq wdishdj W;=ßka ysud,h l÷ mka;sfhka o ol=‚ka bkaÈhka id.rfhka o

kef.kysßka fnx.d, fndlaflka o ngysßka wrdì uqyqÈka o udhsï ù we;'

3'2 is;shu wOHhkh lsÍfuka ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha ksrfmalaI msysàu y÷kd.ksuq'

is;shug wkqj o< jYfhka iulfha isg ^wlaIdxY 00& - W;=re wlaIdxY 380 olajd;a

kef.kysr foaYdxY 600-1000 olajd;a mrdihl th úysfoa' iuia; mDÓú ;,fhka

3]l N+ñ m%foaYhla fuu l,dmhg wh;a fõ'

ol=Kq wdishd l,dmhg bkaÈhdj" mdlsia:dkh" fkamd,h" nx.a,dfoaYh" N+;dkh"

ud,Èjhsk yd Y%S ,xldj wh;a fõ' ksfldnd¾ ¥m;a yd wkaouka ¥m;a o ol=Kq

wdishdkq N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhg wh;a fõ' ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha msysgqjd we;s foaYmd,k

ixúOdkhla jk id¾la ixúOdkhg we*a.ksia:dkh we;=¿ lr we;;a th N+f.da,Sh

jYfhka wh;a jkafka uOHu wdishdjghs'

3'2 is;shu ( ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha ksrfmalaI msysàu



3'3 is;shu ( ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a" w.k.r yd cd;sl fldä

iulhg W;=ßka msysgd we;s ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha mj;skafka ksj¾;k foaY.=Khls'

fuu l,dmfha iuyr rgj,a È.= fjr< ;Srhlska jg ù we;s w;r fkamd,hg yd

N+;dkhg fjr< ;Srhla ysñ ke;'

01' ol=Kq wdishdj iqúfYaIS N+f.da,Sh l,dmhla ùug fya;= folla i|yka lrkak'

02' ^w'& ol=Kq wdishd l,dmSh is;shula msgm;a lrf.k ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a

,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'

^wd'& tu rgj, w.kqjr ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'

^we'& ol=Kq wdishd l,dmhg udhsï jQ rgj,a y;rla i|yka lrkak'

^wE'& ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha úYd,; u rg l=ula o@

3'1 l%shdldrlu

ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha N+ o¾Ykh

ol=Kq wdishd l,dmSh N+ o¾Ykh ;=<

fN!;sl fuka u udkqI l%shdldrlïj,

úúO;ajhla olakg we;' fuys úúO

jQ N+ o¾Ykhka yeoEÍfï § tys we;s

iqúfYaIS ,laIK uq,alrf.k fldgia

6lg fnod wOHhkh l< yels h'

N+ o¾Ykh hkq hïlsis m%foaYhl

fN!;sl mßirh yd ta u; f.dv

ke.=Kq ñksia l%shdldrlïys iuia; hhs'


I. l÷lr N+ o¾Ykh II. ksïk N+ o¾Ykh

IV. .%dóh N+ o¾Ykh

VI. ldka;dr N+ o¾Ykh

III. fjr<nv N+ o¾Ykh

V. ld¾ñl yd kd.ßl N+ o¾Ykh

3'1 rEmh ( ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha úúO jQ N+ o¾Yk


»' l÷lr N+ o¾Ykh

ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha ud,Èjhsk yer wfkla iEu rgl u l÷lr N+ o¾Ykhg wh;a

,laIK olakg we;' bkaÈhdj" mdlsia:dkh iy YS% ,xldj jeks rgj, úúO Wiska hq;=

l÷ mka;Ska olakg we;s w;r tAjdfha úúOdldr N+ o¾Yk oel .; yels h'

bkaÈhdj ( ysud,h jeáh

mdlsia:dkh ( yskaÿl=Ia" iqf,hsudka jeá

Y%S ,xldj ( uOHu l÷lrh

Bg WodyrK fõ'

fï w;ßka ysud,h l÷lrfha N+ o¾Ykh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mdvï fldgfia

wruqKhs'

3'4 is;shu ( ysud,h l÷ moaO;sh



ysud,h l÷ jeáh N+ o¾Ykfha úúO fN!;sl ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs' fï fN!;sl

N+ ,laIK u; Bg u iqúfYaIS jQ udkqI N+ o¾Ykhla o f.dvke.S we;'

uyd ysud,h jeáhg l=ka¨kaIdka ysud,h iy ldrfldarï l÷jeá wh;a fõ' ^3'4

is;shu& fuys l÷" fkre" .eUqre .xfodre" ÿ¾." Wiaìï" idkq iy lfmd¨ wdÈh

olakg ,efí' fuu l÷ mka;sh uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 8000la muK Wilg iy

È.ska ls'ó 2500la ;rï m%foaYhl me;sr we;' f,dj Wi u l÷ uqÿka 14ka 9la u fuu

N+ o¾Ykh ;=< oelsh yels fõ'

ysud,h l÷ mka;sfha foaY.=Kh .;aúg iul foaY.=Kfha isg O%ej foaY.=Kh olajd

úúO foaY.=‚l ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs' fuu l÷lr N+ o¾Ykfha Wkak;dxYh jeä

jk úg YS; jk w;r Wkak;dxYh wvq jk úg f;;a .;sh jeä h' th ;=< ysu

ñÿK tjriaÜ l÷ uqÿk fuka u WKqiqï foaY.=‚l ,laIK we;s fkamd,fha fgrdhs

ksïkh jeks m%foaY we;' Wkak;dxYh wkqj foaY.-=Kh o fjkia fõ' l÷j,ska jg

jQ m%foaYj, úh<s foaY.=‚l ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs' úYd, mrdihl me;sreKq Ydl

yd i;a;aj úfYaI o y÷kd.; yels h'

ysud,h l÷lrfha fudxf.df,dhsâ ck j¾.hg wh;a f.da;%sl ck j¾. lsysmhla jdih

lrhs' N+áhd (Bhutia)" lid (Khasa)" orâ (Darad)" f,mapd (Lepcha)" fI¾md (Sherpa) jeks wh fï w;ßka jeo.;a fõ' fuu l÷lr N+ o¾Ykh ;=< úúO wd.ï yd úúO

ixialD;ska o we;' ysu iys; l÷lr m%foaYj,g wdfõ‚l Ôjk rgdjla yd úfkdaod;aul

lghq;= we;' l÷ ke.Su" ysu l%Svdj yd ixpdrl l¾udka;ho fuys § lemS fmfka'

Ôjk rgdj fuka u ñksiqkaf.a YÍr iajNdjh o l÷lr mßirhg wkqj yev .eiS we;'

l÷ ke.Sug yels jk f,i Yla;su;a j msysá me;,s mq¿,a m;=,a iys; mdo" nr bis,Sug

yels f,i Yla;su;a jQ ndyq iy wvq Tlaiscka jdhqfjka Ôj;a ùug yels whqßka ilia

jQ fmky¿ o msysgd ;sîu fudjqkaf.a úfYAI YdÍßl ,laIK fõ'

lDIsl¾udka;h yd i;a;aj md,kh m%Odk

Ôjk rgd fõ' l÷ w;r my;a ìïj,

fy,au¿ j.dj isÿ lrk w;r l÷ wdY%s;

m%foaYj, .jhka yd neg¿jka we;s lrhs'

l÷ k.sk whg uÕ fmka ùu" NdKav

wf,ú lsÍu yd nr Wiq,df.k hdu jeks

ixpdrl l¾udka;h wdY%s; /lshd o lrkq

,efí' ldka;dfjda frÈ úùu" kQ,a f.;Su

jeks /lshdj, ksr; fj;s'

3'2 rEmh ( l÷lr N+ o¾Ykfha me;slvla


l÷lr mßirfhka fidhd.; yels .,a" ,S l=vq" ueá" ,S o~q Wmfhda.s fldgf.k

ksjdi bÈlr we;' jy,h fiú,s lsÍu i|yd ;DK úfYaI Ndú; lrhs' ksjdi

iE§fï § N+ úIu;djg yd foaY.=Khg Tfrd;a;= fok whqßka ilia lr we;' fudjqyq

tlu ia:dkhl ksjdi ;ekSug úfYaI leue;a;la olaj;s' l÷lr ixprK i;a;aj

md,kh lrk wh ;djld,sl ksjdij, .; lrñka ;ekska ;ekg .uka lr;s'

ù" ;sßÕ=" bßÕ=" uqx weg" ñ,Ü" OdkH iy t<j¨ lDIsld¾ñl fnda. w;r m%Odk fõ'

jkdka;rfha jefjk w, j¾." ó me‚ yd i;=ka ovhu u.ska ,nd.kakd uia j¾.

wdydrhg .kakd w;r tAjd wf,úfhka uqo,a ,nd .efka'

01' my; i|yka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

j.djka/lshdñksiqkaf.a wdydrÔj;a jk ck

j¾.

ysud, l÷lrfha N+

úIu;d ,laIK

3'2 l%shdldrlu

»»' ksïk N+ o¾Ykh

l÷lr N+ o¾Ykhg jvd fndfyda

fia fjkia N+ o¾Ykhla ksïk

wdY%s; j oelsh yels h' ol=Kq

wdishd l,dmfha iqúfYaISs ksïk

N+ o¾Yk f,i"

² bkaÈhdfõ (

.x.dkï ksïkh

² mdlsia:dkfha (

iskaÿ ksïkh

² Y%S ,xldfõ (

uyje,s iy le,‚

.x ksïk

wdÈh oelaúh yels h' 3'5 is;shu ( .x.dkï ksïkh

uQ,dY%h ( http://files.prokerala.com/maps/india/

we*a.ksia;dkh

fkmd,a

jrdkis

fld,algd

kj È,a,sh

peïn

,a

ìÜjd

flka ofudaÞ¾

.K

Avla

idrÞ

huqkd

Ökh

nx.,dfoaYh

ñhkaud¾

N+;dkh

. x .d k

ï . ÕldkamQ¾


fï w;ßka wfma wjOdkh fhduq lrkq

,nkafka fuu l,dmfha úYd,;u .x.d

ksïkh jk .x.dkï .Õ wdY%s; N+

o¾Ykh ms<sn|j h' ^3'5 is;shu& ysud,h

l÷lrfhka wdrïN jk .x.dkï .Õ ls'ó

2510la muK ÿr f.jd fnx.d, fndlalg

.,d niS' fuu .x.dfõ ksïkh fomi

úúO jQ N+ o¾Yk oelsh yels h'

.x.dkï .x ksïkfha wdrïNl wjia:dj

l÷lr N+ o¾Ykhg wh;a fõ' uOHu yd my< ksïkj, Bg wdfõ‚l fN!;sl

,laIK yd udkqI ls%hdldrlï olakg we;' fuu .Õ Èf.a my<g .uka lrk úg

úúO N+ rEm olakg ,efí' /<sìï" yevm¿ .x.d" .x oÕr" ;eksìï" msgdr ;eks"

je,s;,d yd m<,a .x.d ksïk tA w;r jeo.;a fõ'

fuu ;eks;,d m%foaYfha /<s ìï ,laIK jeämqr olakg we;s w;r óg¾ 200g jeä

Wiaìï we;af;a l,d;=rlsks'

yskaÿ" fn!oaO yd fjk;a wd.ïj, mQckSh

ia:dk rdYshla fuu .x.d ksïkfha

msysgd we;' yskaÿ ne;su;=kaf.a Y=oaO jQ

.x.d kÈh jkafka fuhhs' úúO NdId

l;d lrk úúO wd.ï woyk ckhd

fuu m%foaYfha jdih lsÍfuka iqúfYAIS

ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykhla ìys ù ;sfí'

fuu ksïkh ;=< oelsh yels m%Odk;u

udkqI l%shdldrlu lDIsl¾uhhs'

idrj;a Èh,q mila mj;sk .x.d

ksïkh mqrd úúO lDIs fNda. j.d lrkq ,efí' ù" ;sßÕ= yd Wla tA w;r m%Odk fõ'

foaY.=Kfha mj;sk wka;.dó ;;a;ajhka fuu m%foaYfha j.djg n,mdk w;r tA tA

mßir ;;a;ajhkag wkqj fNda. j.dj yev .eiS we;' iuyr m%foAYj, .eUqre <sx

u.ska c, iïmdokh lr .ksñka lmq" Wla jeks ld¾ñl fNda. j.d flfrhs'

uOHu .x.d ksïk m%foaYfha úYd, jYfhka me;sreKq ù" ;sßÕ= j.d ìï

we;s w;r bka by< wiajekakla ,efí' .x.d kÈfha my< fv,agd m%foaYfha

msysá ^nx.a,dfoaYfha& iqkaorndka j.=re ìu wdY%s; j m%Odk j.dj cQÜ h' cQÜ

j.dj zrka fl¢Z hk kdufhka ye¢kaùfuka fmkS hkafka tys jeo.;aluhs'

3'3 rEmh ( .x.dkï .Õ wdY%s; N+ o¾Ykh

3'4 rEmh ( .x.d ksïkh wdY%s; iqúfYAIS

ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykhla


fuu m%foaYfha wêl ck ixLHdjla jdih lr;s' tu ksid imhd .; yels ,dN

Y%uh fhdod .ksñka lDIs l¾udka;h yd wfkl=;a l¾udka; ÈhqKq ù we;' tfuka u

È,a,sh" meÜkd" w.%d" jdrKdis" fld,algd" veld wdÈ m%Odk k.r wdY%s; j l¾udka;

jHdma;j we;'

fuu ksïkh ;=< ck >k;ajh o wêl h' È,a,sh" ldkamQ¾" meÜkd iy fld,algd

tjeks ckdêl k.r fõ' fuu m%foaYh mqrd me;sreKq ud¾. cd,hla o olakg we;'

u.S yd NdKav m%jdykfha § niar:" ÿïßh yd f,dß r: nyq, f,i fhdod .kS' fuu

m%foaYh mqrd jHdma; jqKq úYd, jd‚c uOHia:dk rdYshla olakg we;' w.%d isg

meÜkd olajd .uka lrkafkl=g fï N+ o¾Ykfha úÑ;% nj oel .; yels h'

.x.dkï .fÕa iuia; N+ o¾Ykh ;=< by< .x.d ksïkfha >k jeis jkdka;r olakg

we;s w;r wvq ck ixLHdjla we;' uOHu .x.d ksïkfha wêl ck ixLHdjla jdih

lrk w;r ù yd ;sßÕ= m%Odk j.djka fõ' my< .x.d ksïkfha wêl ck mSvkhla

mj;sk w;r c,h wmú;% ùu yd c, .e,Sïj,g Ndckh ùfuka mSvdldÍ mßirhla

ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'

01' is;shï fmd;la Ndú;fhka ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha is;shul .x.dkï .Õ

we| tys w;= .x.d ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'

02' .x.dkï .x ksïk N+ o¾Ykh ysud,h l÷lr N+ o¾Ykfhka fjkia jkafka

flfia oehs lreKq ;=kla weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

3'3 l%shdldrlu

»»»' fjr<nv N+ o¾Ykh

ol=Kq wdishdj È.= fjr< ;Srhla ysñ l,dmhls' tu l,dmfha fkamd,h" N+;dkh

yereKq úg wfkla iEu rglg u fjr< ;Srhla ysñ h' Y%S ,xldj ¥m;a rdcHhla

neúka rg jgd u fjr< ;Srhla we;' fï w;ßka Y%S ,xldj yd ud,Èjhska rdcHj,

fjr<nv N+ o¾Ykh lemS fmfka'

fjr<nv N+ o¾Ykfha lemS fmfkk fN!;sl ,laIK w;r je,smr" l,mq" fndl="

;=vq" fldr,amr" lfvd,dk wdÈh oelsh yels fõ' ud,Èjhska rdcHh fldr,amr yd

wf;d¿j,ska ieÈ ¥m;a 1200lg jeä ixLHdjlska iukaú; h' fïjd w;ßka ¥m;a

200l muK ckhd jdih lrhs'

ëjr l¾udka;h yd ixpdrl jHdmdrh fjr<nv N+ o¾Ykfha lemS fmfkk wd¾Ól

lghq;= fõ'


Y%S ,xldj yd ud,Èjhsk rdcHj, fjr< ;Srfha we;s lvf;d¿ iys; nj yd fkd.eUqre

mgq uqyqÿ ;Srh ëjr lghq;=j,g iqÿiq miqìula ks¾udKh lrhs'

ud¿ fjf<|du

ud¿ áka lsÍu

3'5 rEmh ( ëjr l¾udka;h wdY%s; udkqI l%shdldrlï

lrj, fõ<Su

Wïn,lv iE§u

fjk;a w;=re ksIamdok

ismams lgq" úis;=re NdKav

ëjr l¾udka;h

wdY%s; udkqI

ls%hdldrlï

ëjr lghq;= wdY%s; ëjr jrdh ixj¾Okh ù we;s w;r tA wdY%s; k.r yd .ïudk

ixj¾Okh ù we;'

uE; ld,fha fuu l,dmj, ixpdrl l¾udka;h o ÈhqKqfjñka mj;S' ud,Èjhsfka

ixpdrl jHdmdrhg fjka jQ ¥m;a rdYshla we;' fuu l,dmfha ixpdrl l¾udka;h

ÈhqKq ùug my; i|yka idOl n,md we;'


fldr,amr iys; fkd.eUqre uqyqo

fjr< wdY%s; j mj;sk

ffcj úúO;ajh

o¾YkSh iqÿ je,s;,d

iys; fjr<

ixpdrl wdl¾IKh we;sjk

whqßka ilia l< fydag,a myiqlï

rlaIs; l,mq yd yqol,d

¥m;aj,ska ieÿï,;a

iajdNdúl jrdh

meyeÈ,s c,h

ysre t<sh

ú|.; yels

ia:dk nyq, ùu

3'6 rEmh ( fjr< ;Srfha úúO ixpdrl wdl¾IK

Y%S ,xldj jgd uqyqÿ fjrf<a ixpdrl l¾udka;h jHdma;j mj;S' úfYaI ixpdrl

wdl¾IK l,dm f,i Y%S ,xldfõ olaIsK uqyqÿ ;Srh yd kef.kysr fjr< ;Srh

jeks m%foaY jeo.;a fõ' Y%S ,xldj jgd wfkl=;a m%foaYj, o ixpdrl jHdmdrh ÈhqKq

lsÍug myiqlï i,id ;sfí' ixpdrl m%foaY wdY%s; /lshd rdYshla ìys ù we;'

² fydag,a wdY%s; /lshd

² úis;=re NdKav wf,úh

² wdhq¾fõo uOHia:dk

² ixpdrl u. fmkajkakka

² fjf<|dï

² jrdh wdY%s; /lshd


fjr< ;Srh wdY%s; k.r rdYshla ìys ù we;' fld<U" .d,a," ó.uqj" ;%sl=Kdu,h yd

yïnkaf;dg Bg ksoiqka fõ'

fjr< N+ o¾Ykh ;=< ffcj úúO;ajh by< uÜgul mj;S' lfvd,dk" f;;a ìï

iy j.=re tA w;r iqúfYaIS mßir moaO;s fõ' tu mßirh ;=< Ydl úfYaI" Wr.

úfYaI" mlaIs úfYaI yd u;aiH úfYaI wdÈfha úúO;ajhla olakg we;'

3'7 rEmh ( fjr<nv N+ o¾Ykfha ffcj úúO;ajh

fjr< mßirh b;d u ixfõ§ l,dmhla fõ' fuu m%foaYj, wkjir bÈlsÍï" ysß

.,a leãu jeks udkqI l%shdldrlï u.ska úúO mdßißl .eg¨ we;s fõ' fjr<

Ldokh" mßir ¥IKh fuka u úúO wmpdr l%shd jeä ùu o fuu wys;lr udkqI

ls%hdldrlïj, m%;sM,hka h'


01' ol=Kq wdishd l,dmSh is;shul fjr< mßir N+ o¾Ykfha jeo.;a ia:dk

,l=Kq lr kï lrkak' ^ud,Èjhsk" iqkaorndka j.=reìu" yslalvqj&

02' fjr< N+ o¾Ykfha lemS fmfkk fN!;sl ,laIK fudkjd o@

03' ixpdrl jHdmdrh wdYs%; j ÈhqKq ù we;s l¾udka; folla o ëjr

l¾udka;h wdY%s; l¾udka; folla o i|yka lrkak'

04' fjr<nv N+ ,laIK flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdk udkqI ls%hdldrlï

;=kla kï lrkak'

3'4 l%shdldrlu

»¼' .%dóh N+ o¾Ykh

ol=Kq wdishdfõ nyq, j u olakg we;af;aa .%dóh N+ o¾Ykhhs' Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s

l,dmh .%dóh N+ o¾Ykhg fyd|u kso¾Ykhls' lDIsl¾udka;h yd ëjr l¾udka;h

mokï lr.;a fuu N+ o¾Ykh ;=< ck >k;ajh wvq h' ckdjdi úúO rgd wkqj

yev .eiS we;' lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok mokï lr .;a l¾udka; o oel .; yels h'

úh<s l,dmh /<sìï iys; úYd, ;eks;,djls' fuys .x.d rdYshla oelsh yels h'

lDIsl¾udka;h fuys m%Odk wd¾Ól ls%hdldrluhs' jej flakaø lr.ksñka

.u ks¾udKh ù we;s w;r ù j.dj m%Odk wd¾Ól fNda.h fõ' rfÜ uq¿ iy,a

ksIAmdÈ;fhka jeä m%udKhla ksmojkq ,nkafka o fuu l,dmfha h'

3'8 rEmh ( úh<s l,dmSh .%dóh N+ o¾Ykfha me;slvla


ù j.dj isÿ l< fkdyels Wia ìïj,

fyaka j.d flf¾' fyak" .%dóh N+

o¾Ykfha iqúfYaIS ,laIKhla jk

w;r fyakaj, OdkH j¾." t<j¿"

m,;=re wdÈh j.d lrkq ,efí' óg

wu;r j i;a;aj md,k lghq;= o

jHdma;j mj;S' .jhd lsß wdydr

,nd .ekSu i|yd;a f.dú;eka

lghq;= i|yd;a fhdod .efka'

.%dóh wd¾Ólh we;s m%foaYj,

jdßud¾. lghq;= yd c, iïmdok

jHdmdr wdY%s; ie,iqï iy.; k.r bÈùu u.ska mj;sk .%dóh N+ o¾Ykh fjkia

fjñka mj;S' .,a Th" Wvj,j" uyTh jeks ixj¾Ok jHdmdr wrUd we;af;a úh<s

l,dmfha h'

mdrïmßl iudc ixialD;sl ,laIK fkdfjkiaj mj;sk fuu l,dmh ;=< wdÈjdiS

ckhd o Ôj;a fj;s' Y%S ,xldfõ wkqrdOmqrh" fmdf<dkakrej jeks fm!rd‚l k.r

rdYshla o fuu l,dmh ;=< msysgd we;'

01' .%dóh N+ o¾Ykfha lemSs fmfkk ,laIK ;=kla i|yka lrkak'

02' .%dóh N+ o¾Ykh fjkia fjñka mj;S' thg fya;= folla olajkak'

3'5 l%shdldrlu

¼' ld¾ñl yd kd.ßl N+ o¾Ykh

ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykh ;=< ld¾ñl yd jd‚c l%shdldrlï wdY%s;

kd.ßl N+ o¾Yk ks¾udKh ù we;' fuu m%foaYh ;=< ñksid úiska bÈlrk ,o ud¾.

cd," ikaksfõok cd," jdiia:dk iy mßmd,k uOHia:dk bÈl< m%foaY nyq, h' fï

myiqlï ksid ckhd k.r lrd ixflakaøKh ù we;' fufia k.rj, ckhd jeä fj;a

u fiajd myiqlï iemhSfuka k.r ;j ;j;a j¾Okh fõ' ol=Kq wdishdfõ uqïndhs"

È,a,sh" fpkakdhs" fld,algd" bia,dudndoa" lrÉÑh yd fld<U fujeks k.r fõ'

ld¾ñl yd kd.ßl N+ o¾Ykh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍug bkaÈhdfõ uqïndhs k.rh

f;dard .ksuq'

3'9 rEmh ( fyakl o¾Ykhla


² fjr<nv ;eks;,d m%foaYhl msysá

uqïndhs k.rh iajdNdúl jrdhla f,i

j¾Okh jQ k.rhls' fuh bkaÈhdfõ

fojeks úYd,;u k.rh fõ'

² w;sYhska iSñ; jQ N+ñ m%udKhl

wêl ck ixLHdjla jdih lr;s'

² l¾udka; yd fiajd lghq;= j¾Okh

ù ;sfí'

² ksjdi >k;ajh wêl h' fndfyda úg

isria j jHdma;j we; ^;Ügq ksjdi ixls¾K&'

² ie,iaulska f;dr j bÈ jQ wvq myiqlï iys; ckdjdi o úYd, jYfhka we;'

² ñksiqkaf.a ffoksl ixp,;dj b;d wêl h'

tfia u f,dalfha fojeks úYd,;u iskud l¾udka;h msysá ia:dkh jkafka o

uqïndhs k.rhhs' wefußldfõ fyd,sjqâmqrhg muKla fojeks jk fuh —fnd,sjqâ˜

kñka f,dj m%p,s; h'

3'11 rEmh ( uqïndhs kd.ßl N+ o¾Ykfha úúO me;slv

3'10 rEmh ( uqïndhs k.rfha o¾Ykhla


fuu m%foaYfha we;s ;eks;,d nj k.rh j¾Okhg rel=,la ù we;' fvlEka l¿

mia ;Srh wdikakfha msysgd we;s fï k.rh uq,a ld,fha § lmq l¾udka;h wdY%s;

fjf<|fmd<la f,i j¾Okh úh'

ol=Kq wdishdfõ kd.ßl N+ o¾Ykh ;=< úúO .eg¨ mj;S' ta wkqj uqïndhs k.rh

;=< my; .eg¨ y`ÿkd.; yelsh'

² bvï ysÕh

² ud¾. ;onoh

² wvq wdodhï ckdjdi nyq, ùu

fujeks .eg¨ nyq, jqj;a k.rh ;=< wOHdmk yd fiajd myiqlï nyq, jk w;r

úfõlh yd úfkdaoh i|yd ckhd we§ tAu o nyq, fõ' tA i|yd fiajd myiqlï o

imhd we;'

01' ol=Kq wdishd l,dmSh is;shul ld¾ñl yd kd.ßl N+ o¾Ykhg WodyrK

jk k.r myla ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'

02' uqïndhs k.rfha kd.ßl N+ o¾Ykfha lemS fmfkk ,laIK y;rla i|yka

lrkak'

03' kd.ßl N+ o¾Ykh ;=< u;= j we;s .eg¨ y;rla i|yka lrkak'

3'6 l%shdldrlu

¼»' ldka;dr N+ o¾Ykh

ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha ldka;dr N+ o¾Ykfha § ;d¾ ldka;dr N+ o¾Ykh

ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'

bkaÿ" mdlsia:dka foaY iSudfõ rdcia:dka m%dka;fha msysgd we;s ;d¾ ldka;drh ol=Kq

wdishdkq N+ o¾Ykfha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'

² je,s;,d iys; me;sreKq N+ñh

² ñ,sóg¾ 250g wvq j¾Idj

² wêl jdIamSlrKhla mej;Su

² wêl WIAK;ajhla mej;Su

² ùÈ ckhd nyq, ùu

² mßir ¥IKh

² wmpdr nyq, ùu


² oeä WIaK;ajh ksid mj;akd úh<s iq<x

² mfia f;;ukh b;d wvq ùu

fuu ldka;dr N+ o¾Ykfha fN!;sl ,laIK lsysmhls' ;d¾ ldka;drh úYd, jYfhka

me;sreKq N+.; c, Orhla we;s m%foaYhls' tu ksid iuyr Ydl j¾. fmdf<dfõ

.eUqrg uq,a úysÿjñka jefâ' we;eï m%foaYj, ñksiqka .eUqre <sxj, we;s N+.;

c,h m%fhdackhg f.k fNda. j.d lrkq ,n;s' tAjd lafIau N+ñ f,i ye¢kafõ' c,

W,am;a iys; fuu lafIau N+ñj, ckhd tAlrdYs ù we;'

3'12 rEmh ( ldka;dr N+ o¾Ykh 3'13 rEmh ( ldka;drhl msysá lafIau N+ñhla

fuu lafIau N+ñ wdY%s;j Wla" lmq" ñ,Ü jeks fNda. j.d lr;s' i;a;aj md,kh

o m%Odk wd¾Ól lghq;a;ls' NdKAv m%jdykfha § Tgqjd fhdod .efka' ñksiqka

WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fok lmq we÷ï Ndú; lrkq ,n;s'

ñksia l%shdldrlï w;r wúêu;a f,i j.d lsÍu ksid ldka;drh l%ufhka me;sfrk

njla fmfka' fuys ksjdij, mßirhg wkqj úúO j¾K wdf,am lr we;' i;a;aj

md,k lghq;= i|yd wêl f,i ;DK Ndú;h ksid N+ñh ksire ù we;'

01' ldka;dr N+ o¾Ykh ;=< lemS fmkk ,laIK y;rla i|yka lrkak'

3'7 l%shdldrlu


01' ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha Tn bf.k.;a úúO N+ o¾Ykj, f;dr;=re rdYshla

my; olajd we;' fï iuÕ olajd we;ss fldgq iys; igyk msgm;a lrf.k

tA tA N+ o¾Ykhg wÞ< f;dr;=re tu fldgqj, ,shd olajkak'

1' úúO Wiska hq;= l÷ jeá we;' 2' ;eks;,d m%foaYhls'

3' ;ekska ;ek lafIau N+ñ we;' 4' úYd, je,s jeá me;sr we;'

5' wêl ck mSvkhla we;' 6' wvq wdÞhï ksjdi nyq, fõ'

7' m%jdykfha § Tgqjd jeo.;a fõ' 8' o¾YkSh fldr,amr we;'

9' ëjr l¾udka;h m%Odk fõ'

10' ixialD;sl ,laIK fkdfjkiaj we;'

11' c, iïmdokh u.ska lDIsl¾udka;h isÿ flf¾'

12' w, j¾." ó me‚" ovhï l< i;=ka wdydrhg .kS'

13' l÷ w;r ;eks;,d" ksïk" fodre msysgd we;'

14' by< .x.d ksïkfha isg my<g hk úg úúO fNda. j.d flfrhs'

15' fkdÈhqKq f.da;%sl ckhd jdih lrhs'

16' jej flakaø fldgf.k ckdjdi úys§ we;'

ol=Kq wdishd l,dmfha N+ o¾Ykh

l÷lr N+

o¾Ykh

ksïk N+

o¾Ykh

fjr<nv N+

o¾Ykh

.%dóh N+

o¾Ykh

ld¾ñl yd kd.ßl

N+ o¾Ykh

ldka;dr N+ o¾Ykh

mejreu



² .=Kfiak *s,sma f,dal is;shï fmd; 2003&" iSudiys; weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u'

² http://www.freeworldmaps.net/asia/southasia/southasia-physical-map.jpg

² http://files.prokerala.com/maps/india/map-files/river-ganges-map.jpg

mdßNdIsl jpk

² N+ o¾Ykh Landscape {»z÷uõØÓ®

² idfmalaI msysàu Relative location \õº£ø©Ä

² ksrfmalaI msysàu Absolute location uÛ¯ø©Ä

² fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykh Physical landscape ö£ÍvP {»z÷uõØÓ®

² udkqI N+ o¾Ykh Human landscape ©õÛh {»z÷uõØÓ®

² l÷lr N+ o¾Ykh Mountain landscape ©ø»¨£õ[PõÚ {»z÷uõØÓ®

² ksïk N+ o¾Ykh Valley landscape £ÒÍzuõUS {»z÷uõØÓ®

² /<s ìu Undulating land öuõhµø» {»®

² yevm¿ .x.dj Braided river ¤ßÛ¯ BÖ

² .x oÕr River meander BØÖ ª¯õ¢uº

² msgdr ;eks Flood plains öÁÒÍa\©öÁÎPÒ

² fjr<nv N+ o¾Ykh Coastal landscape Pøµ÷¯õµ {»z÷uõØÓ®

² wf;d¿ Atols £ÁÍ¨£õøÓPÒ

² ixpdrl wdl¾IK Tourist attractions _ØÖ»õ £¯oPøÍ DºUS®

² .%dóh N+ o¾Ykh Rural landscape Qµõª¯ {»z÷uõØÓ®

² ld¾ñl N+ o¾Ykh Industrial landscape øPzöuõÈÀ {»z÷uõØÓ®

² kd.ßl N+ o¾Ykh Urban landscape |Pµ {»z÷uõØÓ®

² lafIau N+ñ Oasis £õø»ÁÚa ÷\õø»

² jkyrKh Deforestation PõhÈ¨¦


Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50000 N+ ,laIK

is;shïj, uQ,sl ,laIK4

Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shfï uQ,sl

,laIK lsysmhla ms<sn| bf.k .ekSu yd m%dfhda.sl

l%shdldrlï ;=<ska tAjd ;jÿrg;a wjfndaO lr.ekSu

fuu mdvu wOHhkh lsÍfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'


fmdf<da;,fha we;s úúO ,laIK is;shï u.ska bÈßm;a l< yels h' N+ñfha iajdNdúl

j ks¾udKh jQ ,laIK o ñksidf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka ks¾udKh lrk ,o ,laIK o N+

,laIK is;shulska ksrEmKh flf¾' fuu ,laIK ksrEmKh lsÍug j¾K" wlaIr

ixfla; yd wxl Ndú; lr we;' N+ o¾Ykh ms<sn| mQ¾K wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu

i|yd N+ ,laIK is;shu b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ' tA i|yd is;shu ksjerÈ j lshjd

f;areï.; hq;=h'

01'N+ñh u; oelsh yels ,laIK lsysmhla my; olajd we;' tu ,laIK j.=jg

wkqj f;dard ,shkak'

l÷jeá" uydud¾." f.dvke.s,s" .x.d" jkdka;r" jeõ" j.dìï" ;eks;,d"

;Kìï" we< ud¾.

ñksidf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka ks¾udKh

lrk ,o ,laIK

N+ñh u; olsk iajdNdúl ,laIK

4'1 l%shdldrlu

N+ñh u; msysá iajdNdúl ,laIK fN!;sl ,laIK f,i;a" ñksidf.a ueÈy;a

ùfuka ks¾udKh lr we;s ,laIK ixialD;sl ,laIK f,i;a ye¢kafõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shfï mßudKh yd úYd,;ajh

YS% ,xld ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska 1980 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha § fuá%la ñkqï

mokï lrf.k Y%S ,xld is;shula ilia lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,È' tu is;shfï mßudKh


1(50000ls' thska woyia jkafka is;shu u; tla tAllhla N+ñh u; tjeks tAll 50000lg

iudk jk njh' tA wkqj 1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shfï tla fikaáógrhla N+ñh u;

fikaáógr 50"000lg ^lsf,daógr Nd.hlg& iudk fõ' N+ñh u;=msg lsf,daógrhl

ÿrla 1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shfuys fikaáógr follska oelafõ' fuu mßudKh Ndú;

lr is;shfuys ia:dk w;r ienE ÿr ±k .ekSug mq¿jk'

Y%S ,xldj W;=f¾ fmaÿre ;=vqfõ isg ol=fKa fojqkaor ;=vqj olajd ÿr 432kmls'

ngysr msysá fld<U isg kef.kysr ix.ukalkao ;=vqj olajd ÿr 224kmls'

^4'1 is;shu& 1(50000

mßudKhg wkqj

iuia; Y%S ,xldfõ

is;shula ks¾udKh

l<fyd;a th È.ska

^432x2& 864cmla

yd m<,ska ^224x2& 448cmla úYd, fõ' fï

wkqj Y%S ,xld is;shu

È.ska 8'64mla yd

m<,ska 4'48mla o jkq

we;' fujeks is;shula

mßyrKh lsÍu

m%dfhda.sl j wmyiq h'

tneúka mßyrKfha

myiqj i|yd iuia;

is;shu u fldgia

92lg fnod we;' tA

tla fldgila is;shï

m;%hla f,i ye¢kafõ'

iEu is;shï m;%hlg u

kula iy wxlhla we;'

ksoiqka (

is;shfï ku ( uykqjr

m;% wxlh ( 54 4'1 is;shu ( Y%S ,xldfõ È. yd m<,

fmaÿre ;=vqj

ix.ukalkao

;=vqj

fojqkaor ;=vqj

fld<U

432Km

224Km


4'2 is;shu ( is;shï m;% 92lg fnok ,o Y%S ,xldfõ is;shu

01' 4'2 is;shu ksÍlaIKh fldg wxl 01 iy wxl 92 is;shï m;% kï lrkak'

02' Tfí mdi, msysá is;shï m;%fha ku iy m;% wxlh ,shkak'

03' tu is;shu jgd msysá is;shï m;% wxl iu.ska kï lrkak'

04' jeä m%udKhla id.rh we;=<;a j we;s is;shï m;% myla wxl iu.ska kï

lrkak'

4'2 l%shdldrlu


N+ ,laIK is;shul fN!;sl ,laIK yd ixialD;sl ,laIK wka;¾.; fõ' 1(50000

N+ ,laIK is;shfuys wxl 91 ud;r is;shï m;%fhka Wmqgd.;a fldgila my; olajd

we;' tys je,s.u fndlal yd tA wdY%s; m%foaY we;=<;a fõ' tu is;shfuys oelafjk

f;dr;=re wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd 4'1 rEmfhys oelafjk iQplh Ndú; lrkak' iEu

N+ ,laIK is;shulu tjeks iQplhla wvx.= fõ'

4'3 is;shu ( 1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shfï ksrEms; fN!;sl yd ixialD;sl ,laIK ^wxl 91 ud;r is;shï

m;%fhka fldgila&

uQ,dY%h ( Y%S ,xld ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j


4'1

rEm

h ( i

Qpl

h


01' 4'3 is;shfï È. iy m<, fikaáógr lSh o@

02' tu È. yd m<, 1(50000 mßudKhg wkqj lsf,daógrj,ska .Kkh lrkak'

4'3 l%shdldrlu

fN!;sl ,laIK

N+ñfha iEu ;ek u tl iudk ke;' tys l÷ jeá" Wiaìï" ;eks;,d m%foaY" nEjqï"

ksïk" lfmd¨ jeks N+ ,laIK oel .; yels h' fuh N+ úIu;djhs' N+ ,laIK

oelaùfï § ifudaÉp f¾Ld Ndú; flf¾'

ifudaÉp f¾Ld

² N+ñfha iudk Wi we;s ia:dk tlg iïnkaO lrñka we|skq ,nk f¾Ld

ifudaÉp f¾Ld f,i ye¢kafõ'

² iEu ifudaÉp f¾Ldjlg u ksYaÑ; jákdlula we;'

² ifudaÉp f¾Ld wka;rh iudk fõ'

² Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shfï ifudaÉp f¾Ld wka;rh óg¾ 20ls'

145

155

160

150140

130 120

118

110

100

98110

105

100120140

90

150

100

120

122130

105

160165

150

140

138

4'2 rEmh ( ifudaÉp f¾Ld u.ska N+ úIu;d oelaùu

Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shfï ifudaÉp f¾Ld u.ska N+ ,laIK ksrEmKh

fldg we;' fuys § N+ ,laIK lsysmhla wOHhkh i|yd f;dardf.k ;sfí'


² l÷ jeáh

² fld;alkao

² fkrej

l÷ jeáh (Mountain Range)

mgq È.á yevhlska úysfok Wia m%foaYhla l÷ jeáhla f,i ye¢kafõ' fujeks l÷

jeáhl uqÿka lsysmhla ;sìh yels h'

4'3 rEmh ( l÷jeáh 4'4 rEmh ( l÷jeáhl PdhdrEmhla

140

100

fld;alkao (Conical Hill)

;eks;,d ìul msysá fld;l yevhla .kakd l=vd Wia ìula fld;alkaola f,i

ye¢kafõ' jD;a;dldr yevhlg úysÿkq ifudaÉp f¾Ld u.ska is;shfuys fld;alkao

ksrEmKh lr we;'

120

100

4'5 rEmh ( fld;alkao 4'6 rEmh ( fld;alkaol PdhdrEmhla

² ksïkh

² lfmd,a,


fkrej (Spur)

Wia m%foaYhl isg my;a m%foaYhla foig

fkrd we;s N+ ,laIK fkrejla f,i

ye¢kafõ' Wia ìfuys isg my;a ìu lrd

mgq È.á yevhlska úysfok ifudaÉp

f¾Ld u.ska is;shfuys fkrej ksrEmKh

flf¾'

ksïkh (Valley)Wia ìï folla w;r msysá my;a ìu

ksïkhla fõ' we;eï ksïk Tiafia .x.d

.,d niS' tAjd .x.d ksïk f,i ye¢kafõ'

ifudaÉp f¾Ld Wia ìu foig fkrd

;sfnk úg is;shfï ksïkh y÷kd.; yels h'

4'8 rEmh ( fkrejl PdhdrEmhla 4'9 rEmh ( ksïkhl PdhdrEmhla

lfmd,a, (Gap)

Wia ìul fyda l÷ jeáhl uqÿka w;r msysá wvq Wilska hq;a újrh lfmd,a, kñka

ye¢kafõ'

lfmd,a,

lfmd,a,

4'10 rEmh ( lfmd,a, 4'11 rEmh ( lfmd,a,l PdhdrEmhla

300

320

340

360

ksïkh

fkrej

4'7 rEmh ( fkrej iy ksïkh


01' .=re Wmfoia ,nd.ksñka by; Tn y÷kd.;a N+ ,laIK fjk fjk u ifudaÉp

f¾Ld u.ska w¢kak'

4'4 l%shdldrlu

4'4 is;shu ( N+ ,laIK is;shfï ksrEms; fN!;sl ,laIK

Tn úiska wOHhkh lrk ,o N+ ,laIK 1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shul ksrEmKh lr

we;s wdldrh 4'4 is;shï fldgfiys olajd we;' is;shu wOHhkh fldg tu

N+ ,laIK y÷kd.kak'


10012

0

140

160

100

120

140

100

12010

0120

100

120140

4'12 rEmh ( ifudaÉp f¾Ld u.ska N+ úIu;dj oelaùu

Y%S ,xldfõ oelsh yels N+ rEm ,laIK ifudaÉp f¾Ld u.ska 1(50000 N+ ,laIK

is;shfï oaúudkj ksrEmKh lr we;' th ;%sudK wdldrhg f.dvk.d .ekSfuka N+

,laIKj, iajrEmh oek .ekSug yels fõ'

01' .=re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka ldâfndaâ fyda fjk;a iqÿiq øjHhla wdOdrfhka

4'12 rEmfha N+ ,laIK ;s%udK wdldrhg f.dvk.kak'

02' N+ñfha Wi jeä jk wdldrhg ifudaÉp f¾Ldfjka f¾Ldjg ldâfndaâ ;Ügq

iliñka ;%sudK ks¾udKh ilia lr .; yels h'

4'5 l%shdldrlu

ixialD;sl ,laIK

fN!;sl moku u; ñksid úiska ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykh f.dvk.d we;' 1(50000

N+ ,laIK is;shul ±lafjk ixialD;sl ,laIK yd fN!;sl ,laIK w;r lsÜgq


iïnkaO;djla ;sfí' fuys § f;dard.;a ixialD;sl ,laIK lsysmhla flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'

² mßmd,k udhsï ^m<d;a" Èia;%slal& ² m%Odk uydud¾.

² wêfõ.S ud¾. ² ÿïßh ud¾.

² jdßud¾. ² jej

fuu ixialD;sl ,laIK úúO ixfla; yd j¾K u.ska is;shfï olajd we;' N+ ,laIK

is;shfï iQplh wdOdrfhka tu ixialD;sl ,laIK fidhd .ekSug mq¿jk'

mßmd,k udhsï

Y%S ,xldfõ mßmd,k udhsï w;ßka m<d;a iy Èia;%slal udhsï m%Odk mßmd,k udhsï

fõ' fuu udhsï is;shfï r;= j¾Kfhka ixfla; u.ska olajd we;'

m<d;a udhsu

Èia;%slal udhsu

fuu mßmd,k udhsï ks¾Kh lsÍfï § iajdNdúl ,laIK jk .x.d iy l÷jeáj,

úys§u fndfyda ÿrg fhdod .efka'

4'5 is;shu ( N+ ,laIK is;shul oelafjk mßmd,k udhsï


m%Odk uydud¾.

m%Odk uyd ud¾. r;= j¾Kh fomi l¿ j¾K f¾Ld folla u.ska iSudlr olajd

we;' A fYa%‚fha ud¾.h A wlaIrh iy ud¾. wxlh ±laùfuka o B fYa%‚fha ud¾.h

B wlaIrh iy ud¾. wxlh oelaùfuka o N+ ,laIK is;shfuys ksrEmKh lr ;sfí'

A9

B46

wêfõ.S ud¾.

wêfõ.S ud¾. Y%S ,xld ud¾. moaO;shg uE;l § tl;= úh' tu ud¾. 1(50000 kj

ixialrK N+ ,laIK is;sïj, we;=<;a lrkq we;'

ÿïßh ud¾.

N+ ,laIK is;shfuys ÿïßh ud¾. l¿ j¾Kfhka olajd we;' ÿïßh ud¾.fha

ÿïßhfmd< yd ÿïßh kej;=u r;= j¾Kfhka ixfla; u.ska olajd ;sfí'

ÿïßh kej;=u ÿïßhfmd<

jeõ yd jdß ud¾.

N+ñh u; c,h /ialr ;nd .ekSug jeõ bÈlr

;sfí' jeõj, fuu c,h jdßud¾. we< u.ska

f.dúìïj,g imhkq ,efí' N+ ,laIK is;shfï

jefõ c, ;,h ks,a mdáka o jeõ neïu ÿUqre

meyefhka o olajd we;' jdß we< ks,a j¾Kfhka

olajd ;sfí'

jdßud¾.

we< jej

jej neïu


wNHdi 01

01' Tn bf.k.;a ixialD;sl ,laIK iïu; j¾K yd ixfla; fhdod w¢kak'

m<d;a udhsu Èia;%slal udhsu m%Odk uydud¾.h

ÿïßh ud¾.h jej jdß ud¾. we<

wNHdi 02

100

101

95

99

100

115

120

90

88

100

112

120

119100

120

K

A

DB

E F

H

G

CJ

A

01' ifudaÉp f¾Ld u.ska oelafjk is;shu msgm;a lr .kak'

02' ógr 100 ifudaÉp f¾Ldj wvla we| ;sfí' th iïmQ¾K lr w¢kak'

03' is;shfuys ógr 20 wka;rhg b;sß ifudaÉp f¾Ld jákdlï olajkak'

04' ógr 160g jvd jeä Wia ìï m%foaY ÿUqre mdáka fiahd lrkak'

05' wxl C-D, E-F, G-H, J-K wlaIr u.ska olajd we;s N+ ,laIK kï lrkak'

06' is;shfï olajd we;s ud¾.h ksjerÈ j¾Kfhka w¢kak'

07' .x.dj Èf.a m<d;a udhsu ,l=Kq lrkak'

N+f.da, úoHdj - edupub.gov.lk

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