Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 1 Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 2 Facts about Nexans...

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 1


Facts about Nexans

Technics

Cabling evolution

Parameters

Cat 6 versus Cat 5

Standardization – What is Deembedding?

Nexans Solutions Class D/E/F, Essential

Installation Issues/Installation practice

FO theory/FO practice

Tendencies in Structured Cabling / FTTW

Agenda


Why Universal Cabling ?

Cabling Evolution


Telephone

Informatics

Unstructured

Structured

Universal Cabling System

Pre-engineered Cabling System

Cabling Evolution


Telephony

PABX

Basic Star Structure: still applicable today

Voice Grade Cable: not installed any more

Cabling Evolution


Data networking (80 - 90) LAN introduction New cable media

HOST

Cabling Evolution

10BASE5

Token Ring

FDDI

SAS

DAS


Unstructured

Each system had a different kind of transmission medium (UTP, STP, coax, twinax, ...)

The Solution installed is not compatible with other Solutions

Costly moves and changes

No overview

Spaghetti cabling

Cabling Evolution


Universal Cabling

Two media: copper twisted pair and optical fiber

Voice, data, video, control signals

Patching Facilities

Universal (Generic): application independent

Cabling Evolution


I want to communicate

with you

No problem, I am conform

with the OSI model

Influence of applications on system performance requirements


TCP/IP = OSI-like Model

Layer 1: physical layer

Layer 3: Network Layer

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

Layer 4: Transport Layer

IP Header

Data Layer 3: Network Layer

Ethernet Header

Data Layer 2: Data Link Layer


Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers


TCP header

Ethernet Header

Data

IP Header

Data

TCP header


Network Layer

IP Head

er


TCP header



IP Head

er

DataLayer 3: Network Layer

TCP header



The Network Layer 3 addresses the interconnection of networks by routing packets from one network to another.

To route packets across different networks we need a router


IP address (32 bits)

4 Bytes

IP address

129 . 60 . 10 . 70

Network Layer

Primary function of IP : to provide an reliable, best effort, connectionless datagram delivery.


Data Link Layer

IP Header


Ethernet Header


TCP heade

r



IP Header DataLayer 3: Network Layer

DataLayer 2: Data Link Layer

TCP header



Ethernet Header

This layer contains the MAC address (Medium access control) - Bridging or switching

The data link layer must contain Length of the frames

a means of addressing

access control to the medium

error detection (and correction)


3 Bytes 3 Bytes

MAC address

0 0 AA 00 32 2A 6B

Supplier identification

MAC address (48 bits)



Layer 1

Layer 1: physical layer, the Cabling System

IP Header Data Layer 3: Network

Layer

Ethernet Header




TCP header

Layer 3: Network Layer

Layer 2: Data Link Layer



Ethernet Header

Data

IP Header Data

TCP header


OSI Model


This Layer addresses the physical characteristics of the network Types of cables used

Types of connectors used

Required Performance levels of the links and channels

Max. length of the cables

Defines the representation of bits (zero’s and ones) on the cable

frequency, voltage, encoding techniques

The higher layers give a meaning to these bit values

Layer 1: physical layer, the Cabling system


Ethernet 10 Mbps 10 MHz Manchester Encoding Technique

The Network Interface Cards (NIC) translate the bits into voltage levels (Frequencies). The encoding technique compresses the bit stream so that high bit rate application can be transported over lower bandwidth links.

Because of the fact that the transmission speed is depending on the encoding technique, we do not use the term Mbps to compare cables to each other, but we use MHz which is the parameter expressing the bandwidth of the cable.

The physical Layer 1 is thus completely determined by the upper laying layers

OSI Model: From bits to frequencies



Ethernet: The physical layer

IEEE802.3 10BASE-T

Twisted pair RJ45 100 m Manchester encoding 3V Class C link/channel performance required



Gigabit Ethernet: The physical layer

IEEE802.z 1000BASE-T

Twisted pair RJ45 100 m PAM 5 encoding 3V Class D’99 link/channel performance required Class D’01 preferred



Class C / Cat 3

Category 4

Category 5 / Class D

Class E / Category 6

Class F / Category 7

16 MHz 20 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 600 MHz

Class D / Category 5 (+amendment)

(Category 4)

Standardisation : Universal Cabling


Facts about Nexans

Technics

Cabling evolution

Parameters

Cat 6 versus Cat 5

Standardization – What is Deembedding?

Nexans Solutions Class D/E/F, Essential

Installation Issues/Installation practice

FO theory/FO practice

Tendencies in Structured Cabling / FTTW

Agenda


Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference

Technical Knowledge


2000 rpm = ? km/h

2000 rpm = ? km/h

Which one is faster ?

Megabits or MegaHertz ?


CODING IS AN APPLICATION DEPENDENT NECESSITY !!!APPLICATION Mbps Bandwidth Encoding Technique

Ethernet 10 Mbps 10 MHz (Manchester)

Token Ring 4 & 16 Mbps 16 MHz (Manchester)

Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps 62,5 MHz (NRZI + 4B5B)

TP-PMD 31,25 MHz (MLT-3 + 4B5B)

ATM 155 Mbps 78 MHz (NRZ)

1000BASE-T 1000 Mbps 125 MHz (PAM-5)

100 Mbps x conversion factor = ??? MHz

OSI Model: From bits to frequencies: Encoding Techniques

1000BASE –TXX 1000 Mbps 250 MHz (PAM-5)

ATM 1000 1000Mbps 250 Mhz

‘80

Ethernet10 Mb/s

‘85

TokenRing

16 Mb/s

‘93

FDDI100 Mb/s

‘94

FastEthernet100Mb/s

‘95

ATM155 Mb/s

‘98

Gigabit

Ethernet

1000 Mb/s

Capability ofCabling

Infrastructure

Requestof

Bandwidth

AN EFFICIENT CABLING SYSTEM

HAS TO ANTICIPATE

Cabling Evolution


Digital Signal Encoding

0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

NRZ-I

Man


Influence of Noise

Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) is more important with higher levels of coding


We use km/h to express the speed of a car Use MegaHertz to express transmission speed !!!

Megabits or MegaHertz ?



Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk




Delay Skew

Return Loss



Technical Knowledge


Attenuation (Insertion loss)

I am talking to you ! Can you hear me ?

Attenuation


The amount of signal loss in the transmission link (expressed in dB)

dB LossdB Loss

SignalSource

SignalReceiver

Attenuation

Attenuation



Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk




Delay Skew

Return Loss



Technical Knowledge


Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)

Eric Bob

Chris Dave

Near End Crosstalk

= NEXT is a measure of signal coupling from one pair to another pair.



Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk




Delay Skew

Return Loss



Technical Knowledge


ACR (dB) = NEXT (worst case) - attenuation(worst case)

Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR)

60 dB

50 dB

40 dB

30 dB

20 dB

10 dB

10 10020 8030 40 50 60 70 90 Frequency(MHz)

ACR

Minimal LANmark5/ Cat.5e350 link performance

ISO/IEC IS 11801 specification

ISO/IECNexans Cabling Solutio

ns

70 dB

8.7 dB

16 dB



Rule : For high speed

applications ACR of a link

should be better than 13 dB

at 100 MHz

Fast Ethernet100 Mbps

Gigabit Ethernet1000 Mbps

ATM155 Mbps




Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk




Delay Skew

Return Loss



Technical Knowledge


Focus on phenomena that will occur :

during a simultaneous parallel transmission of data

in both directions

on all four pairs in the cable

Simplex bi-directional transmission

Full duplex bi-directional transmission on 4 pairs

Technical Knowledge


Simplex bi-directional transmission (over 2 pairs) e.g. Ethernet, Token Ring

attenuation NEXT ACR

Full duplex bi-directional transmission (over 4 pairs) e.g. Gigabit Ethernet:

PowerSum specs (PSNEXT, PSACR) ELFEXT, PSELFEXT Delay skew Return loss Coupling attenuation

Technical Knowledge


1000 Mbps Full Duplex over 4 pairs ? 250 Mbps on each pair in both directions

1000 Mbps simultaneously in both directions

Technical Knowledge


Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)

= NEXT is a measure of signal coupling from one pair to another pair.

Near End Crosstalk


= NEXT coupling from 3 adjacent pairs transmitting simultaneously

PowerSum NEXT

Alan

Eric

Geoff

Bob

Andres

Franco

Chris DavePowerSum

NEXT

PowerSum NEXT


Powersum NEXT

RX

TX-

+

Need 4 of these

PowerSum NEXT

In Gigabit Ethernet : PowerSum NEXT will be cancelled out !


PowerSum ACR


ACR = NEXT - attenuation

PowerSum ACR

PSACR = PSNEXT - attenuation

ACR/PSACR is the signal to noise ratio considering NEXT/PSNEXT as the only noise sources.

Cabling Solutions Europe,May 2000 - 43

ACR (dB) = NEXT Loss (worst case) - (worst case)

60 dB

50 dB

40 dB

30 dB

20 dB

10 dB

10 10020 8030 40 50 60 70 90 Frequency(MHz)

ACR

Minimal Cat.5e350 link performance

ISO/IEC IS 11801 specification

ISO/IECAlcatelCablingSolutions

70 dB

Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR)

8.7 dB

16 dB



60 dB

50 dB

40 dB

30 dB

20 dB

10 dB

20 20040 16060 80 100 120 140 180 Frequency(MHz)

70 dB

PS ACR


LANmark 6 channel - 2 connectors

LANmark 6 channel - 4 connectors

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25/WG 3 N568 specification

11.5 dB7.4 dB0.1 dB


Defined in the ISO and TIA standards

Worst Case configuration

Allows patching between patch panels

High flexibility for modern office environments (zone wiring)

Nexans offers 4x RJ45 connections

Nexans’ Class E channel outperformes the standards

The 4 Connector Channel Model


4 connector channel ACR

ACR

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Frequency [MHz]

AC

R [

dB

]

N1-2D1 N1-2D2 N1-3D1 N1-3D3 N1-4D1 N1-4D4 N2-3D2

N2-3D3 N2-4D2 N2-4D4 N3-4D3 N3-4D4 ACR Grenzkurve



Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk




Delay Skew

Return Loss



Technical Knowledge


= is signal coupling from one pair to another pair,

measured at the far end

FEXT

Far End Crosstalk (FEXT)

Far End Crosstalk

Eric Dave

Geoff Andres


= FEXT coupling from 3 adjacent pairs transmitting simultaneously

PowerSum FEXT

PowerSum FEXT

Eric Andres

Alan

Chris

Geoff

Bob

Dave

Franco

PowerSum FEXT


PowerSum ELFEXT

PowerSum ELFEXT


Equal Level FEXT

ELFEXT = FEXT - attenuation

PowerSum ELFEXT

PS ELFEXT = PSFEXT - attenuation

= similar to ACR/PSACR, which is the signal to noise ratio considering NEXT/PSNEXT as the only noise, while ELFEXT/PSELFEXT expresses the signal to noise ratio considering FEXT/PSFEXT only.

PowerSum ELFEXT



Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk




Delay Skew

Return Loss



Technical Knowledge


Delay Skew

Delay Skew

I am to youtalking

I am talkingto you


= is the difference in travel time on the 4 pairs (expressed in nsec)

Delay Skew

Delay Skew


1000 MbitMessage

250 Mbps

250 Mbps

250 Mbps

250 Mbps

A B C D

B D A C

Delay Skew too high!

=

????????

=

Delay Skew


Delay Skew : example < 50 nsec

Channel with a delay Skew of more than 50 nsec cannot

successfully support Gigabit Ethernet

Delay Skew



Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk




Delay Skew

Return Loss



Technical Knowledge


Return Loss

= Return Loss (or Transmit Echo) is expressing the reflection of a signal on the same wire pair

Return loss


Return Loss

A measure of the strength of reflected signal echoes

Caused by impedance mismatches along a cable run

Signal echo is an additional noise source

Return loss


TX -+

RX

Return Loss

In Gigabit Ethernet : Return Loss will be cancelled out !

Return loss



Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk




Delay Skew

Return Loss



Technical Knowledge


Powersum NEXT Powersum ELFEXT

Ambient noise Noise sources

Technical Knowledge

Delay Skew

Return Loss


Background noise such as noise generated by power lines, telephone voltages, airco’s or engines, …

Due to its random nature, ambient noise can not be cancelled out in the NIC and it will contribute to the BER of a system

Ambient noise

Ambient Noise


New parameter studied in European Standardisation (CENELEC)

Included in last edition of ISO 11801 and EN 50173

Nexans is one of the pioneers in the work on coupling attenuation

Measures the electromagnetic isolation between a disturbing source (ambient noise) and the cabling expresses the overall EMC performance of cabling


Coupling attenuation


Sources of Electromagnetic InterferenceSources of Electromagnetic Interference EnginesEngines ElevatorsElevators GSM / Walkie TalkiesGSM / Walkie Talkies 230 V cabling230 V cabling high voltage cableshigh voltage cables Air conditionersAir conditioners TL lighting (HF)TL lighting (HF) Heating sources/ Micro waves/ radarsHeating sources/ Micro waves/ radars RefrigeratorsRefrigerators PhotocopiersPhotocopiers Pencil sharpenersPencil sharpeners Light DimmersLight Dimmers

EMI


Protection against ambient noise determined by

Balance Screening

Now specified by parameter COUPLING ATTENUATION



Influence of Noise

Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) is more important with higher levels of coding


uncontrollable influence from the outside

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

EMI


Solution : Close the window, use a screen !!!

EMI


antenna

1) How does a radio pick up signals ?

EMI


radiation

2) Why is a mobile phone not allowed in hospitals, airplanes and in gasoline stations ?

EMI


Faradaycage

3) Why is the housing of a desktop in metal ?

EMI


IMMUNITY OF TWISTED PAIR AT LOW FREQUENCIES

EMI


IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT LOW FREQUENCIES

Bending

EMI


EMI

IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT HIGH FREQUENCIES


Bending

EMI

IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT HIGH FREQUENCIES


10 dB x better EMC performance !

EMIEMI

EMIEMI

40 m

2 x 25 m

Nexans’ dual foil cables

Single foil FTP cables

EMI


OVERALL SHIELD MADE OF TWO FOILS !

HIGHER EMC PERFORMANCES !

better Coupling Attenuation, better shield effectiveness

GAIN ON INSTALLATION !No risk to cut the foil off when strippingOnly one foil to connectMore flexible foils easier to manipulateQuick and reliable installation

EFFECTIVE SOLUTION !Easy connection of one overall foil provides EMC performances comparable to S-FTP.

FTP

Dual Foil

40 µm

2x 25 µm


EFFICIENCY OF THE FOIL

Current flowin the foil

“Skin effect”

Thicknessof the foil

Internallyinducedcurrents

Externallyinducedcurrents

EMI


Nexans is the inventor and first developer of FTP, combining advantages of UTP and STP

Nexans Cabling Solutions is the world leader in screened cabling solutions

Full range of screened cables and connectivity, offering a full EMC cabling system

Grounding and Earthing considered during design

SCREENED CABLING TECHNOLOGY

EMI

Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 1 Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 2 Facts about Nexans...

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