Newspapers, News, and Comics
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Transcript of Newspapers, News, and Comics
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Newspapers and News:Reflections of a Democratic Society
– Referencing Mass Communication: Living in a Media World Chapter 6Ralph E. Hanson
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Early Newspapers• 1618: Curanto, published in Amsterdam, is
first English-language newspaper.• 1622: Newspapers being published in Britain,
distributed through coffeehouses.• Followers of church reformers John Calvin and
Martin Luther among the earliest publishers.
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Ben and James Franklin1721: New England Courant• Published by James Franklin, Ben Franklin’s
older brother.• First paper published without “By Authority”
notice; James sent to prison for doing so, Ben takes over publishing paper.
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Early American Newspapers• Were for elites • Published by political parties• Focused on opinion, not news• Expensive, had small circulation
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Penny Press Revolution• Benjamin Day’s idea: The New York Sun—“It shines
for all.”• Sold on the street for one or two cents.• Supported primarily by advertising.• First papers to focus on “news.”• Journalistic objectivity developed as a way to appeal
to larger audiences.
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A Modern Democratic Society• Rapidly growing number of papers.• Growing number of people working for wages.• The United States transforming from rural to
urban society.• Newspapers promoted democratic market society.• People acquire the news “habit.”
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Newspaper WarsHearst vs. Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World• Creation of the front page• Created headlines with news• Targeting immigrants and women• Nellie Bly and stunt journalism
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Newspaper WarsHearst vs. Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal• Rise of yellow journalism• Popularized comics, including Yellow Kid• Sensationalistic stories by both papers
promoting Spanish-American War in Cuba
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Broadcast News—Radio• 1920: KDKA covers Harding-Cox presidential election
results before the newspapers.• 1930s: Newspapers argue radio should not broadcast
news. Threatened to cut off AP.• World War II: Edward R. Murrow broadcasting for
CBS from Europe. Brought the war home for listeners.
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Broadcast News—Television• 1940: Republican national convention covered by
experimental NBC television network.• Murrow makes jump from radio to television.• 1948: CBS starts nightly 15-minute newscast.• 1963: CBS expands newscast to 30 minutes with Walter
Cronkite.• 1979: ABC starts Nightline during Iranian hostage crisis.
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Broadcast News – Cable• 1980: CNN goes on the air, promises not to sign
off until the “end of the world.”• 1991: Gulf War makes CNN the place to go for
current news.• 2000s: Fox News comes to dominate the cable
news ratings with programming that takes a strong point of view.
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Newspapers Today• Few cities have competing daily newspapers• Most newspapers owned by large chains.• Largest chain is Gannett, publisher of USA.
Today; owns approximately 85 daily papers.• Newspaper revenues falling; worst problems
are at the metropolitan papers.
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National Newspapers – USA Today• Brought color and design to forefront• Originally described as having “News McNuggets”• Mid-2000s—Strengthens reporting; has daily
circulation of 2.1 million• Has successful Web site to go with national
distribution of paper
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National NewspapersWall Street Journal
• Traditional look with focus on financial news.• Now owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp.• Daily circulation of approximately 2.0 million.• Editorial page is one of nation’s leading
conservative voices.
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Metro Papers: New York Times• Started as penny paper.• Defines what is news in the United States• Although tied to New York, it has national
circulation.
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Metro Papers: Washington Post• Came to national prominence with Watergate
reporting of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein.
• Low point for paper was Janet Cooke scandal.• Prominent source of government news.
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Metro Papers: Los Angeles Times• Leading West Coast paper.• Controversy surrounding cost-cutting at paper.• Experimented with “mainstreaming”
Attempt to include quotes from women and minorities; trying to appeal to larger, more diverse audience.
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Community and Suburban Papers• Daily and weekly papers serving individual
communities and suburbs.• Publish news that people can’t get anywhere
else.• “A local paper won’t get scooped by CNN.”
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What is News?• Timeliness• Proximity• Prominence• Consequence• Rarity• Human Interest
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Dangers Journalists Face• As of October 2009, 139 journalists had died covering
war in Iraq. More than half were deliberately murdered.
• Trend of murdering journalists in war on terror started with death of Daniel Pearl.
• “They believe it is better for you to know that such things happen than not to know.” — Reporter Terry Anderson
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Are Newspapers Dying?• National newspapers profitable, holding onto
circulation.• Afternoon dailies have been closing for decades;
several high profile dailies have closed in recent years.• Most of the job losses have been at major urban
papers.• Christian Science Monitor went to an all-online format.
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Newspapers and the Web• Newspapers breaking news through Web sites.• Newspapers offering mobile sites, podcasts,
social media feeds.• Examples: Globe and Mail• Montana Standard• New York Times
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Comics as Social Commentary
Melanie Cook
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Doonesbury
Anti-Gun Starbucks ExampleThe “M” word example
Garry Trudeau
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For Better or for Worse
The Mom, I’m gay story.
Lynn Johnson
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Dilbert
Scott Adams
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Web Comics
Scott McCloud
The Accidental Dentist