NEWS AGENCIES BY: RAMSHA IQBAL

NATIONA AGENCIES OF PAKISTANASSOCIATED PRESS OF PAKISTAN (APP)

(APP) is a government-operated national news agency of Pakistan. The name APP should not to be confused with the

much larger Associated Press news agency (AP), based in New York, though it is a subscriber to both AP and Reuters, based in London. APP has News Exchange Agreements with 37 Foreign

News Agencies and more than 500 correspondents.

Following Pakistan's independence, the new-born country's press was economically weak, and was thus unable to financially support the agency. APP asked the Government of Pakistan for financial support, which was granted in the form of loans and subsidies. Government support enabled APP to subscribe to the services of the world's news agencies and to open offices in major cities of Pakistan.

Being the national news agency of Pakistan, APP collects and disseminate domestic and international news to 84 (1992) newspapers of Pakistan besides radio, television and government offices and some foreign media. APP’s subscription rates are higher than other agencies in Pakistan, due to its credibility and services. For this reason every newspaper in Pakistan tries to subscribe to its services. Notable subscribers to APP's services include: Dawn, Pakistan Times, Frontier Post, The Statesman,The Nation, The News International, Business Recorder, The Observer, The Post and Nawa-i-Waqt, Jang, Khabrain, Daily Express (Urdu newspaper), The Express Tribune and other English and Urdu national dailies.

PAKISTAN PRESS INTERNATIONAL• PPA is a news agency founded in June 1956 as Pakistan Press Association

(PPA). The name was changed in 1968. It was first started by Mr. Muzzam Ali, the Chief Editor of Associated Press of Pakistan (APP). The agency objective was to provide competition to APP's monopoly. It began its service by hand, only in Karachi. PPA also built up a network of correspondents in the smaller cities and towns in Pakistan. This was in contrast to APP, which had coverage in a limited number of large cities. For foreign news the agency signed up with the Agence France-Presse (AFP) in 1957, and a year later became the first Asian partner of DPA. PPA also posted a correspondent in the Middle East, an area of special interest to Pakistani newspapers.

• In 1958, the agency installed the teleprinters in the offices of its clients. By 1960, PPI had subscribers in all the major newspapers centers of Pakistan, namely Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Dacca.

NEWS NETWORK INTERNATIONAL• NNI News or News Network International (NNI) is a private-operated

national news agency of Pakistan.It is a Pakistan's most prominent news agency after Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) and competitor of INP, ANN, Online, INN, PPA and SABAH. It was established in 1992 and headquartered in G-7 zero point, Islamabad.It have also offices in other major cities of Pakistan including Lahore, Karachi, Quetta and Peshawar. It have hundreds of reporters, Bureau chief all across the Pakistan and around the globe to cover national and international issues. It provide services in both languages Urdu and English. In 2013 NNI's photographer killed in a blast.

BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION ( BBC)

• The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation,and is the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, with over 20,950 staff in total, of whom 16,672 are in public sector broadcasting including part-time, flexible as well as fixed contract staff, the total number is 35,402.

• The BBC is established under a Royal Charter[9] and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament,and used to fund the BBC's extensive radio, TV, and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK. Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC World Service (launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service), which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic, and Persian.

• Around a quarter of BBC revenues come from its commercial arm BBC Worldwide Ltd, which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News, and from BBC.com, provided by BBC Global News Ltd

KYODO NEWS AGENCY (JAPAN)• KYODO NEWS is a nonprofit cooperative news agency based in Minato, Tokyo. It was established in

November 1945 and it distributes news to almost all newspapers, and radio and television networks in Japan. The newspapers using its news have about 50 million subscribers. K. K. Kyodo News is Kyodo News' business arm, established in 1972. The subdivision Kyodo News International, founded in 1982, provides over 200 reports to international news media and is located in Rockefeller Center, New York City.

• Their online news site is in Japanese, Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Korean, and English.• The agency employs over 1,000 journalists and photographers, and maintains news exchange

agreements with over 70 international media outlets. Satoshi Ishikawa is the news agency's president.• Kyodo News was formed by Furunu Inosuke, the president of the Domei News Agency, following the

dissolution of Domei after World War II.• Kyodo News is the only remaining news agency to transmit news via radiofax. It broadcasts complete

newspapers in Japanese and English, often at 60 lines per minute instead of the more normal 120 because of the greater complexity of written Japanese.

• A full day's news takes hours to transmit. Kyodo has a dedicated transmission to Pacific fishing fleets from Kagoshima Prefectural Fishery Radio, and a relay from 9VF, possibly still in Singapore. The frequencies formerly used by JJC radio outside Tokyo are now sent from an unknown location, using the same identification in Japanese as 9VF. They are still active and heard daily in 2015.

INTERNATIONAL NEWS AGENCIESAGENCE FRANCE PRESS

• Agence France-Presse (AFP) is an international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.

• Founded in 1944, AFP is the third largest news agency in the world, after the Associated Press (AP) and Reuters. Journalists of the French Resistance established the AFP in the headquarters of the former "Office Français d'Information", a Vichy news agency, following the liberation of Paris.

• Currently, the CEO is Emmanuel Hoog (fr) and the News Director is Michèle Léridon. AFP has regional offices in Nicosia, Montevideo, Hong Kong, and Washington, D.C., and bureaux in 150 countries. AFP transmits news in French, English, Arabic, Portuguese, Spanish, and German.

REUTERS• REUTERS is an international news agency headquartered in Canary Wharf, London, England,

United Kingdom and is a division of Thomson Reuters.• Until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company,

Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008, the Reuters news agency has been a part of Thomson Reuters, making up the media division. Reuters transmits news in English, French, Arabic, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Urdu, and Chinese. It was established in 1851.

• The Reuter agency was established in 1851 by Paul Julius Reuter in Britain at the London Royal Exchange. Paul Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin and was involved in distributing radical pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions in 1848. These publications brought much attention to Reuter, who in 1850 developed a prototype news service in Aachen using homing pigeons and electric telegraphy from 1851 on in order to transmit messages between Brussels and Aachen. The Reuter's Telegram Company was later launched. The company initially covered commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms.

THE ASSOCIATED PRESS (AP)• The Associated Press (AP) is an American multinational nonprofit news agency

headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists. Most of the AP staff are union members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America, which operates under the AFL–CIO.

• As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television and radio broadcasters. The photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries. It also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of the cooperative. As part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the "inverted pyramid" formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the story's essentials.

• Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States' primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters and the English-language service of Agence France-Presse, are based outside the United States.

NATIONAL AGENCIES OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

• PRESS TRUST OF INDIA: • Press Trust of India (PTI) is the largest news agency in India. It is

headquartered in New Delhi and is a nonprofit cooperative among more than 500 Indian newspapers and has more than 1,000 full-time employees, as on January 22, 2016. It employs over 400 journalists and 500 part-time correspondents located in most of the district headquarters in the country. A few correspondents are based in major capitals and important business centres on the world. It took over the operations of the Associated Press from Reuters soon after India's independence on August 15, 1947. It provides news coverage and information of the region in both English and Hindi. Its corporate office is located at Sansad Marg, New Delhi and registered office in D N Road,Mumbai.

• BERNAMA (MALAYSIA)• The Malaysian National News Agency is a news agency of the government

of Malaysia. It is an autonomous body placed under the Ministry of Communication and Multimedia. Bernama is an abbreviation of Berita Nasional Malaysia. Bernama also means named or titled in the Malay language. It was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1967 and started work on 20 May 1968. Being the Malaysian government's official news agency, Bernama's content and views are decidedly right-leaning and pro-government of the day.

XINGHUA (CHINA)• The Xinhua News Agency is the official press agency of the

People's Republic of China. Xinhua is the biggest and most influential media organization in China. Xinhua is a ministry-level institution subordinate to the Chinese central government. Its president is a member of the Central Committee of China's Communist Party.

• Xinhua operates more than 170 foreign bureaus worldwide, and maintains 31 bureaus in China—one for each province, plus a military bureau. Xinhua is the sole channel for the distribution of important news related to the Communist Party and Chinese central government.

• Xinhua is regarded as the most influential media outlet in China as almost every newspaper in China relies on Xinhua feeds for content. People's Daily, for example, uses Xinhua material for approximately 25 percent of its stories. Xinhua is a publisher as well as a news agency—it owns more than 20 newspapers and a dozen magazines, and it prints in eight languages: Chinese, English, Spanish, French, Russian, Portuguese, Arabic, and Japanese.

WAM (U.A.E)• The WAM was launched in November 1976. It started Arabic broadcast on

18 June 1977 and English broadcast in December 1978. The agency which is headquartered in Abu Dhabi is part of National Media Council.

• The agency has Arabic and English news services and has a website in both languages.In addition to its national offices, it has offices in Cairo, Beirut, Washington, Sanaa, Brussels and Islamabad It is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council news agencies, the Federation of Arab News Agencies, the International Islamic News Agency, the Pool of Non-Aligned News agencies and of the Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies (OANA)

• The agency has cooperation and news exchange agreements with various news agencies, including the Sudan News Agency, the Malaysian National News Agency, the Russian News Agency,

• the Chinese News Agency, Xinhua, the Kuwait News Agency, the Jordanian News Agency, the Indonesian News Agency, and the Yemeni News Agency.[9] Since 2012 the agency has also been in cooperation with the official Turkish news agency, Anadolu Agency.

ATARTAS (RUSSIA)• Russian News Agency . TASS is a major news agency in Russia, founded in

1902. Tass is the largest Russian news agency, and the fourth largest in the world after Reuters, the Associated Press (AP) and Agence France-Presse (AFP).

• Tass is owned by the Government of Russia.Headquartered in Moscow, Russia, Tass has 70 offices in Russia and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as 68 bureaus around the world. Tass is the Federal State Unitary Enterprise.

SPUTINK (RUSSIA)• Sputnik is a news agency, news websites and radio broadcast service

established by the Russian government-controlled news agency Rossiya Segodnya. Headquartered in Moscow, Sputnik has regional editorial offices in Washington, Cairo, Beijing, London and Edinburgh. It focuses on global politics and economics and is geared entirely towards a non-Russian audience. Sputnik has been widely accused of bias, disinformation and being a Russian propaganda outlet. Sputnik currently operates news websites, featuring reporting and commentary, in over 30 languages including English, Spanish, Polish, Serbian, and several others. The websites also house over 800 hours of radio broadcasting material each day and its newswire service runs around the clock.[7][8][9]

Alongside its news content, Sputnik also sells other products including photo essays, live streaming, infographics, and public opinion surveys.

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC NEWS AGENCY (IRAN)

• The Islamic Republic News Agency or IRNA, is the official news agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is government-funded and controlled under the Iranian Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. The agency also publishes the newspaper Iran. As of 2010, the Managing Director of IRNA is Mohammad Khodaddi. IRNA has 60 offices in Iran and 30 more in

various countries around the world.

SYRIAN ARAB NEWS AGENCY (SANA) (SYRIA)

• The Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) is a news agency in Syria. It is a public-owned media organization linked to the Ministry of Information. It was established in June 1965.

• SANA launched its website in 1997. Up until November 2012, SANA's website was hosted in Dallas, Texas by the United States company SoftLayer. Due to sanctions related to the Syrian Civil War, which make this hosting illegal, the Soft Layer company was obliged to terminate its hosting responsibilties with SANA

SUADI PRESS AGENCY (SAUDIA ARABIA)

• The Saudi Press Agency (SPA) is the official news agency of Saudi Arabia• The agency was established in 1970 as the first national news agency in Saudi

Arabia The agency is also the first news agency in the Persian Gulf region. The main goal of its establishment was to serve as a central body to collect and distribute local and international news in Saudi Arabia and abroad.

• The SPA is under the responsibility of the ministry of culture and information and therefore, its president directly reports to the minister. The SAP provides the newspapers with a guideline, the editorial line, which should be followed in their reports The Agency publish news in both Arabic and English.[4] The SPA has offices in Bonn, Cairo, London, Tunis and Washington, DC.

• In late May 2012, the Saudi Council of Ministers made a decision to separate Saudi Television and Radio and Saudi Press Agency (SPA), making both as two independent corporations

NATIONAL IRAQI NEWS AGENCY (NINA)

• The National Iraqi News Agency) NINA )was the first independent news agency in Iraq after the Iraq War. It is primarily an Internet-based news outlet, although it plans to offer a WiFi platform in the near future. It has 15 editorial and executive staff at its head office in the Sadoun district of Baghdad and correspondents in all 18 Iraqi governorates.

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