Newcastle Disease - Solveda · • Newcastle disease virus can occasionally infect humans, causing...

Newcastle DiseasePhoto Session

› Generalized Depression

Clinical Description• The bird is exhibiting mild depression with a reluctance to stand or move,

typical early signs of this infection.• There are ruffled feathers on the dorsal neck, consistent with fever.

2 days P.I with ViscertropicVelogenic NDV

Clinical Description• This bird is showing signs of mild depression.• The feathers on the dorsal neck are ruffled, consistent with fever.

3 days P.I with Viscertropic Velogenic NDV

Clinical Description• Depression and reduced feed and water consumption are some of the most

consistent early indicators of infection with Newcastle disease.• Early depression typically is manifested as a reluctance to rise from sternal

recumbency, as seen here.


Clinical Description• The bird is standing on its hock joints, a sign of generalized depression.• There are ruffled feathers on the dorsal neck, consistent with fever.


› Abnormal Fecal Appearance

5 day P.I with ViscertropicVelogenic NDV

Clinical Description• A large amount of watery diarrhea is a common finding in Newcastle.• This diarrhea often has a greenish color, as seen here, due to the presence of

bile.• Additionally, diuresis results in an excessive amount of white urates seen in

these feces.

5 day P.I with ViscertropicVelogenic NDV

Clinical Description• A close-up view of the feces shows both the green bile pigment as well as the

white urates.• This diarrhea is somewhat characteristic of Newcastle disease.

› Conjunctivitis

Pathologic Description• The eyelids are swollen preventing them from fully opening.• The eyelids are crusted with a small amount of yellow material.• The ocular conjunctiva, visible along the lateral canthus of the eye, is injected

and a congested blood vessel is evident.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Eyelids: Moderate acute diffuse catarrhal

blepheritis and conjunctivitis.

Clinical Description• Ocular signs commonly include edema of the eyelids, conjunctivitis, and ocular

discharge, all of which are visible in this photo.


Pathologic Description• The periocular region and eyelids are swollen and dried exudate is present on

the lower eyelid.• The cornea is opaque, cloudy and slightly blue.• This bird is also exhibiting respiratory distress, exemplified by the open-

mouthed breathing.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Head: Severe acute edema.• Eye: Severe acute conjunctivitis with

corneal edema.

Clinical Description• One of the first signs of disease is often

reddening of the periocular region and corneal edema

2- 3 days P.I with Viscertropic Velogenic NDV

Pathologic Description• The conjunctiva is diffusely red and swollen.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Conjunctiva: Severe

acute conjunctivitiswith hemorrhage

Clinical Description• Newcastle disease virus can occasionally infect humans, causing transient

conjunctivitis of the eyes.• Clinical signs typically consist of conjunctivitis (redness and excessive lacrimation),

eyelid edema, and subconjunctival hemorrhage.• The infection is self-limiting and there are no reports of human-to-human spread.

2- 3 days P.I with Viscertropic Velogenic NDV

› Diarrhea

Clinical Description• Watery diarrhea is a common finding in the viscerotropic form of ND infection.• Soiling around the vent, as seen here, can be an important indicator of the

presence of diarrhea.


Clinical Description• A close-up view of the feces shows both the green bile pigment as well as the

white urates.• This diarrhea is somewhat characteristic of Newcastle disease


› Eyelid

Clinical Description• Edema of the eyelids

typically produces an“almond-shaped”appearance to theeyes.



Pathologic Description• The eyelids are swollen preventing them from fully opening.• The eyelids are crusted with a small amount of yellow material.• The ocular conjunctiva, visible along the lateral canthus of the eye, is injected

and a congested blood vessel is evident.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Eyelids: Moderate acute diffuse

catarrhal blepheritis andconjunctivitis

Clinical Description• Ocular signs commonly include

edema of the eyelids,conjunctivitis, and oculardischarge.


Pathologic Description• There is bilateral swelling of the face, giving

the head a “square” contour.• The eyelids and the ocular feathers are

covered by small amounts of yellow crust andthe eyelids are swollen.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Subcutaneous tissue: Moderate acute diffuse edema.• Eyelids: Mild acute catarrhal blepharitis

Clinical Description• Bilateral facial edema has produced a

square-shaped face, best appreciatedfrom this vantage point.

› Thin Egg Shell

Clinical Description• Low-quality, soft-shelled, roughened,

or deformed eggs may also beobserved in layers infected withNewcastle disease.

• These deformities are especiallyevident in the egg pictured in the topcenter of this photo.

P.I with ViscertropicVelogenic NDV

Pathologic Description• These eggs have thin shells that are

sometimes misshapen and easily broken.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Egg shell: Malformation and

hypomineralization.

Clinical Description• Many of the eggs shown here are

rough, misshapen, and thin-shelled. • These findings are often present in

viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle and infectious bronchitis infections, where fever stalls the normal movement of the egg through the oviduct, causing deformed and defective shells.

› Torticollis


Clinical Description• Chickens infected with viscerotropic neurogenic Newcastle can exhibit a variety

of neurologic signs.• Here, a bird displays torticollis, a lateral twisting of the head and neck.


Clinical Description• Chickens infected with viscerotropic neurogenic NDV can exhibit a variety of

neurologic signs.• Here, the bird displays torticollis, a lateral twisting of the head and neck.


Clinical Description• Chickens infected with neurogenic strains of Newcastle disease, can exhibit a

variety of neurologic signs.• Here, the bird displays torticollis, a lateral twisting of the head and neck.

› Perching Reflex


Clinical Description• The bird is unable to fully grasp the examiner’s finger.• This suboptimal response to the perching reflex is an early indication of

neurologic problems.


Clinical Description• Evaluation of the perching reflex shows a suboptimal response, an early

indicator of neurological disease.

› Per Acute death

Clinical Description• In Newcastle disease, large numbers of the flock may die suddenly, sometimes

without any prior signs of illness.• The incubation time and severity of clinical signs depends on many factors

including host species, age, level of immunity (e.g. vaccinated vs. unvaccinatedpopulation), the presence of concurrent infection, virus pathotype, and virusdose.

› Leg Paralysis

Clinical Description• This chick, infected with the neurotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus, is

exhibiting paralysis of the legs.

› Bursa

Clinical Description• In young birds, such as this one whose bursa is still prominent, edema and

hemorrhages of the bursal mucosa may be found on post-mortem examination.


Clinical Description• There is edema and hemorrhage within the mucosa of the

bursa.


Clinical Description• The mucosa of the bursa has been opened to reveal edema and hemorrhages

on its surface.


› Cecal Tonsil

Pathologic Description• The cecal tonsils are swollen, prominent and the

superficial parenchyma contains numerous ill-definedred foci.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Cecal tonsils: Marked acute hemorrhage and edema.

Clinical Description• Velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease. Necrosis of

the cecal tonsils produces marked hemorrhagic lesions,as shown here.

• In the early stages of the disease, other gastrointestinallymphoid tissues (GALT) are often hemorrhagic as well.

• Intestinal lesions tend to be most severe in areas thathave high concentrations of lymphoid tissue, such asthe cecal tonsils.


Clinical Description• Necrosis of lymphoid tissue at the cecal tonsils, as seen here, and throughout

the intestinal walls is used to help distinguish viscerotropic from neurotropicstrains of Newcastle disease in the field.


Clinical Description• As seen through the serosa, there are severe hemorrhages on the cecal

tonsils and the mucosa of the rectum.


Clinical Description• There are hemorrhagic lesions of

the mucosa of the cecal tonsils, visible through the serosal surface of the intestine.

• Although Newcastle disease can take a wide range of forms, in the viscerotropic strains, lesions in the cecal tonsils are one of the most characteristic findings on post-mortem examination.


Clinical Description• The cecal tonsils have

been opened, revealing extensive hemorrhages and ulcers in the mucosa.


Clinical Description• At the level of the ileocecal valve, there is an ulceration and hemorrhages

within the mucosa of the cecal tonsils.


Clinical Description• There are hemorrhages, necrosis, and ulcerations of the

cecal tonsil.


Clinical Description• The cecal tonsils have been opened to reveal severe hemorrhagic ulcerations

with overlying fibrin deposition.• There are also several hemorrhages in the mucosa of the rectum.


Clinical Description• In viscerotropic velogenic NDV, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in the

intestines tend to be concentrated in areas with lymphoid tissue, such as thececal tonsils.


› Cloaca

Pathologic Description• The cloaca and the descending colon

have been opened to reveal themucosal surfaces. The mucosalsurfaces are covered by multiple,randomly distributed, well demarcateddefects that are covered by hemorrhageand slightly granular, pale yellow tagsof deposits of tissue.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Colon and cloaca: Severe multifocal

acute ulcers with fibrinous colitis andcloacitis

Clinical Description• Birds that survive the first several days

of the infection typically have moresevere post-mortem hemorrhagiclesions, as seen here.


Clinical Description• Hemorrhages, erosions and ulcers,

due to tissue necrosis, can occuranywhere along the gastrointestinaltract. Here, an ulcer is present in themucosa of the cloaca, with overlyingfibrin accumulation.

• To differentiate ingesta from fibrin,recall that ingesta should wash awayeasily while fibrin will remainadhered to the mucosa.


› Conjunctiva

Pathologic Description• The conjunctival mucosa is swollen, wet, and

gelatinous and there is one large, poorlydefined, irregularly shaped dark red area aswell as several smaller red foci that extendonto the nictitating membrane.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Conjunctiva: Severe acute diffuse edema and

hemorrhage

Clinical Description• Externally, this chicken had periocular edema.• Here, the conjunctiva has been exposed

through an incision to reveal the severesubconjunctival hemorrhages associated withthe external lesions.

• There are aggregates of lymphoid tissuepresent in the conjunctiva of the bird, makingthis region a target for NCD virus replication.


Pathologic Description• The conjunctiva has been reflected back to show that the mucosa is swollen,

dark red and wet.• Small red foci extend onto the nictitating membrane and the cornea is slightly

cloudy.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Conjunctiva: Severe acute diffuse edema and

hemorrhage.• Cornea: Mild edema.

Clinical Description• This image shows a variety of ocular and periocular lesions associated with

the viscerotropic strain of NCD virus.

4 days P.I with Viscertropic VelogenicNDV

Clinical Description• Externally, this infected chicken had

periocular edema. • Here, the conjunctiva has been exposed

through an incision to demonstrate the severe subconjunctival hemorrhages associated with the external lesions.

• There are aggregates of lymphoid tissue present in the conjunctiva of the bird, making this region a target for NDV replication.


Clinical Description• There are severe

hemorrhagic lesions in the conjunctiva.


Clinical Description• The conjunctiva and infraorbital

sinus have been incised to show the edema and hemorrhages present on these mucous membranes.


› Duodenum

Duodenum

Pathologic Description• Within this segment of the duodenum

there is a discrete, purple, slightlyswollen focus within the wall.

• The lesion is being viewed throughthe intact serosa.

• The discrete nature of the lesionsuggests that it is affecting one of thelymphoid aggregates present in theintestinal submucosa.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Duodenum: Acute, focal lymphoid

necrosis


› Embryo

Pathologic Description• The embryo at the top of the image is normal. • The embryo at the bottom is diffusely dark red

and the skin is swollen and wet. • The subcutaneous tissue of the head is filled

with blood and the blood vessels over the body are prominent.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Body as a whole: Severe acute hemorrhage and

congestion

Clinical Description• The hemorrhagic nature of viscerotropic

velogenic Newcastle disease virus is evident in this photograph.

• Here, a chicken embryo (bottom) was inoculated with the virus, causing whole body congestion and hemorrhage.

P.I with Viscertropic VelogenicNDV

› Eye

Clinical Description• Periorbital edema and ocular

discharge, as seen here, may be associated with vvNCD.


› Follicle

Pathologic Description• The surfaces of these well developed ovarian

follicles are covered by extensive dark redareas and prominent blood vessels.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Ovarian follicles: Severe acute hemorrhage and

congestion

Clinical Description• Velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease.• The ovaries in this infected bird show marked

hemorrhages.• The egg production in such birds often drops

dramatically.• Even in birds that survive the acute infection,

the reproductive system may be permanentlydamaged and egg production may not return tonormal.


Pathologic Description• The ovarian follicles are covered by

prominent blood vessels and areas of red discoloration.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Ovarian follicles: Marked acute

hemorrhage and congestion

Clinical Description• Velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle

disease. • Hemorrhagic follicles on the ovaries are

commonly found in infected birds and are accompanied by a drop in egg production.


Pathologic Description• This ovary contains several large follicles that

have become flaccid and shrunken. • The blood vessels over many follicles are

prominent and the ventral-most follicle is dark red.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Ovarian follicles: Atresia with hemorrhage and

congestion

Clinical Description• In chickens infected with velogenic

viscerotropic Newcastle disease, ovaries frequently have gross lesions.

• These may include hemorrhage and necrosis (causing discoloration) and follicles may be flaccid and degenerative.


› Iluem

Clinical Description• There is a small ulcer with mild hemorrhages in the

mucosa of the ileum. • In Newcastle disease, such hemorrhages and

accompanying necrosis can occur anywhere throughout the intestines.


› Infra orbital Sinus

Clinical Description• The conjunctiva and infraorbital sinus have

been incised to show the edema and hemorrhages present on these mucous membranes.


› Intestine

Clinical Description• There is necrosis and hemorrhages of the lymphoid tissue in the intestines, as

seen through the outer serosa.


Clinical Description• The small intestine has an area of focal ulceration and

hemorrhage.


Clinical Description• The small intestine has hemorrhages and

ulcerations.


› Intestine

Clinical Description• Here, extensive hemorrhages were

found on the liver.


› Lung

Clinical Description• Pulmonary congestion and

edema, as seen here, is sometimes observed on post-mortem examination.


Clinical Description• Some viscerotropic strains can

produce severe lesions in the lungs.

• In this bird, there is pulmonary edema and extensive hemorrhages.


› Proventriculus

Clinical Description• The glands are edematous and

there are some areas of hemorrhages, consistent with this strain of NDV.


Clinical Description• This image was taken 5

days post experimental inoculation with viscerotropic velogenicNewcastle disease.


Pathologic Description• The mucosal glands of the

proventriculus are swollen and prominent.

• There are pinpoint red foci scattered along the tips of several glands.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Proventricular glands: Acute diffuse

edema and multifocal hemorrhage

Clinical Description• Velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle

disease. • In later stages of NDV infection, more

severe hemorrhagic lesions beginning to develop.

• Here, the glands on the mucosal surface of the proventriculus are beginning to form hemorrhagic lesions.


Clinical Description• There is hemorrhagic

proventriculitis. Often, these hemorrhagic lesions cluster around the esophageal-proventricularjunction, as shown here.



proventriculitis, with hemorrhages concentrated at the esophageal-proventricular junction.



proventriculitis.


Pathologic Description• The proventricular mucosa is diffusely red and

swollen. • The reddening is particularly prominent at the

esophogeal/proventricular junction (right side of image).

• Blood tinged fluid is present in the ventriculus(gizzard).

Morphologic Diagnosis• Proventriculus: Severe acute mucosal

hemorrhage and congestion

Clinical Description• NDV can produce hemorrhagic lesions

throughout the gastrointestinal tract. • In this chicken, there are severe lesions in the

proventriculus and gizzard.


› Rectum

Clinical Description• As seen through the serosa, there are

severe hemorrhages on the cecal tonsils and the mucosa of the rectum.


Clinical Description• There are severe hemorrhages in the mucosa of the rectum.


› Spleen

Clinical Description• The spleen is enlarged due to

severe splenic congestion and the spleen is mottled with some white pinpoint lesions, caused by necrosis.

• Although Newcastle disease can take a wide range of forms, in the viscerotropic strains, lesions in the spleen are one of the most characteristic findings on post-mortem examination.


Clinical Description• In viscerotropic strains of the

virus, it is common to find lesions of the spleen on post-mortem examination.

• Here, the spleen is enlarged and there are many multifocal white lesions caused by tissue necrosis.


› Trachea

Pathologic Description• Pinpoint red foci are scattered along the mucosal

surfaces. • These foci are particularly dense in areas running

parallel to the cartilaginous rings.

Morphologic Diagnosis• Trachea: Mild multifocal petechia

Clinical Description• This image is from an acute outbreak,

where many birds were suddenly found dead.

• On post-mortem exam, no severe lesions were found due to the rapid onset of the infection.

• Only mild hemorrhagic lesions in the mucosa of the trachea were observed (as seen here).

• In flocks unvaccinated for NDV, massive deaths within the flock may occur quickly, without any prior signs of illness and few post-mortem lesions.


Clinical Description• In viscerotropic velogenic NDV, congestion and hemorrhages may be observed

in the pharynx and proximal trachea, as seen here.• These hemorrhages in the tracheal wall are typically not associated with free-

blood in the lumen.


Clinical Description• Highly virulent Newcastle disease virus results in hemorrhagic lesions in the

trachea.• The tracheal lesions normally do not include free blood in the lumen.


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Newcastle Disease - Solveda · • Newcastle disease virus can occasionally infect humans, causing...

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