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Newborn blood spotscreening programme

Your baby’s screening resultMaple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is confirmed

NEWBORN BLOOD SPOT SCREENING PROGRAMME

Who is this leaflet for? Your baby’s specialist metabolic team has confirmed a diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).

This leaflet will help you to understand the condition and its treatment.

What is MSUD? Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare but treatable inherited disorder that prevents the normal breakdown of protein.

Babies with MSUD inherit two faulty copies of the gene for MSUD, one from each parent.

When we eat, our body breaks down protein in food into smaller parts called amino acids. Special chemicals found naturally in our body, called enzymes, then make changes to the amino acids so our body can use them.

Babies with MSUD have problems breaking down three amino acids called leucine, isoleucine and valine because an enzyme is missing. This causes harmful substances to build up in their blood and urine. This can leave a sweet smell in the urine and sweat.

Babies with MSUD benefit significantly from early treatment and can live healthy and active lives.

Without early diagnosis and treatment they can develop serious illness and damage to the brain.

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Symptoms of MSUDBabies with MSUD are at risk of developing the following symptoms:

l poor feeding

l irritability

l sleepiness

l vomiting

l sweet smell in urine

l breathing difficulties and fast breathing

l coldness

These symptoms can be controlled with treatment. Left untreated, babies with MSUD can deteriorate, have fits and slip into a coma which can be life threatening.

This is due to high levels of the harmful substances in the body. If levels are very high, your baby might need intensive care and dialysis to bring down the levels as quickly as possible.

When babies with MSUD become ill, they might show symptoms of metabolic crisis. A metabolic crisis is a period of time when the effects of the condition make your child seriously ill. Some babies with MSUD might not develop symptoms of a metabolic crisis until later on in the first year of life or later in childhood. Causes of a metabolic crisis can include an infection such as a stomach upset or vomiting illness.


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TreatmentTreatment for MSUD is based on a special low protein diet.

The aim of the diet is to reduce the build-up of leucine, isoleucine and valine which can cause metabolic crisis and learning difficulties. However, babies need a small amount of these amino acids to grow and develop. Your specialist metabolic dietitian will teach you how to measure and control the amount of protein you give to your baby, including breast milk feeds.

As high protein foods and milk (including breast milk and normal infant formula) have to be limited, a special infant formula which does not contain leucine, isoleucine and valine is given to meet all nutritional needs.

Your baby might also need supplements of isoleucine and valine to maintain blood levels at the right level. These supplements are very important because they allow normal growth and development and help to reduce the build-up of harmful toxins to the brain. Your baby will need regular blood tests to monitor the levels in their blood.


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If your baby is illDuring illness babies with MSUD need to be managed correctly to prevent serious illness or even death.

If your baby becomes ill or is not feeding well they should be given a special high sugar drink (also known as glucose polymer). This is called the emergency regimen. It is given without delay and frequently, day and night. Sugar free and low calorie drinks are not suitable.

The metabolic dietitian will provide detailed instructions on how to give the emergency regimen.

The emergency regimen involves stopping milk and food that contain protein. It replaces these with a glucose polymer.

It is also important to give a special amino acid formula with isoleucine and valine supplements to help control the leucine levels in the blood. Other medications should continue while the emergency regimen is being given.

If you are worried that your baby is not improving or not taking all of the emergency regimen then you should take them to your local accident and emergency department and contact your metabolic team.

The emergency regimen is given without delay and frequently, day and night.

Sugar free and low calorie drinks are not suitable.


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Your questions answered

What if my baby vomits the emergency regimen drinks?

If your baby continues to vomit or has repeated episodes of diarrhoea despite using the emergency feeds, you should take them to hospital immediately.

You should also take your baby to hospital immediately if they seem unusually sleepy, irritable or have rapid breathing.

What if my baby needs to go into hospital?

If you have to take your baby into hospital it is important to take your British Inherited Metabolic Disease Group (BIMDG) accident and emergency guide and medications/supplements with you.

These emergency guidelines are also available on the BIMDG website at www.bimdg.org.uk.

It is also helpful to contact your specialist metabolic team to say you are on your way but do not delay going to hospital.

What if I lose my documents?

Contact your specialist metabolic team as they can send new copies.

Should my other children be tested?

Your other children might be at risk of MSUD even if they have never shown any symptoms. It is therefore very important to get them tested if they have not been previously screened for MSUD.

http://www.bimdg.org.uk


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What about future children?

A new baby from the same parents has a 1 in 4 chance of having MSUD and it is important that they are tested 12 to 24 hours following birth. You should inform your midwife and doctor that there is a history of MSUD in your family. You should ask for a referral to a paediatrician or genetic counsellor and make a birth plan taking their advice into account. Make sure the birth plan is written in your notes.

A small number of people carry the gene for MSUD. These are known as carriers. If both parents are carriers, the baby has a 1 in 4 chance of having the condition.



Who can I ask for advice and support?

The paediatric or metabolic clinician responsible for your baby’s care will be happy to discuss any queries you might have.

More information and supportl CLIMB (The National Information Centre for Metabolic Diseases) provides

information and support for people with MSUD and their families: www.climb.org.uk

l NHS Newborn Blood Spot Screening Programme: www.nhs.uk/bloodspot

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Contact details for your specialist metabolic team:

Specialist centre

Consultant

Metabolic dietitian

Clinical specialist nurse

Ward (if applicable)

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NotesYou can write down any notes here from discussions with your health professionals

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NotesYou can write down any notes here from discussions with your health professionals

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First publishedReview due

March 2016March 2019

PHE Gateway 2015637

© Crown copyright 2018

More information

www.nhs.uk/bloodspot

Public Health England leads the NHS Screening Programmes

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