New Ways of Thinking in the Central Middle Ages
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Transcript of New Ways of Thinking in the Central Middle Ages
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New Ways of Thinking in the Central Middle Ages
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A central medieval Renaissance!
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Bold attempts to gatherand systematize all knowledge in a field(law, theology, science)
• Certainty in a unified,closed, harmonioussystem
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Medieval Cosmology: inherited from the Greeks, unified, harmonious
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Transmission ofclassical learningand new ideasthrough sites ofMuslim, Jewish,and Christian contact
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Renewed knowledge of and interest in classical Greek thought(especially Aristotle, 384 – 322 BCE)
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Aristotle, the systematizer
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Focused application ofreason and logic to theworld and to scripture
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St. Anselm of Canterbury (1033 – 1109): Ontological proof of God
• By God we mean the greatest of all possible beings, the one being that it is impossible to conceive of anything else being greater than
• To exist in our minds alone, and not in reality, is a self-contradiction of the very definition of God
• Therefore such a being, since we can conceive of it, must exist in reality and not merely in our minds, for existing in reality is greater than existing only in our minds
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Peter Abelard (1079 – 1142)wrote Sic et Non
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Peter Lombard (1069 – 1164) Sentences (reconciles apparent contradictions in
reason/scripture)
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Peter Lombard’s Sentencesinfluences 4th Lateran Council’s statement on the sacraments
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The Debate over Universals:nominalism vs. realism
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Focused application ofreason and logic to theworld and to scripture
• Optimistic sense ofthe attainability ofknowledge set forthby God for humanity
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7 liberal artsTrivium: grammar, rhetoric, logic
Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music
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Gratian’s Decretum (c.1140)The Concordance of Discordant Canons
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Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274)Summa Theologica
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Summa Theologica masterful synthesis reconciling Aristotle and Scripture through logic
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Keen, innovative explorations of diverse relation-ships between humanbeings, each other, and the sensory world
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12th and 13th-century themes
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Keen, innovative explorations of diverse relationships between humanbeings, each other, and the sensory world
(Literature)
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What different types of literature emerged in the central Middle Ages?
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What themes does Marie de France(c. 1160 - ?) explore in her lais?
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Keen, innovative explorations of diverse relationships between humanbeings, each other, and the sensory world
(Music)
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Keen, innovative explorations of diverse relationships between humanbeings, each other, and the sensory world
(Art)
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Giotto(1266 – 1337)
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Bold attempts to gatherand systematize all knowledge in a field(law, theology, science)
• Certainty in a unified,closed, harmonioussystem
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Dante
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Simultaneous certainty inthe ‘magic’ or miraculousnature of God’s creation…mysticism as an alternativepath to the divine
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The Egg of the Universe (Hildegard of Bingen)
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12th and 13th-century themes
• Tensions, stress, culturalfractures will weaken these soaring, unified intellectual structures and modes of thoughtby c. 1300