Waste Management

Shree Vaishnav AcademyANVESHAN2016-17Topic:- Waste ManagementPresented by:

Vivek Jain

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CertificateThis is to certify that Vivek Jain, student of Shri Vaishnav Academy, Indore have completed there project on WASTE MANAGEMENT in the year 2016-17.This project is their original bonafide work carried out by them under our guidance. They worked sincerely and have given a satisfactory work in the project.

Mr. H.C.Tiwari

(Principal)

Date:- 26-11-16

Place:- INDORE

acknowledgements We Vivek Jain, student of Shri Vaishnav Academy, Indore thank Shri Vaishnav Vidhyapeeth for giving us this opportunity to present ourselves on this platform.

Presented by:-

Vivek Jain

INTRODUCTIONWaste management is all those activities and action required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation.It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework the relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc.

Plan of RepresentationWhat are wastesKinds of wasteClassification of WasteEffects of WastesMagnitude of problemThe 3 Rs Impact of WasteMethods of DisposalProblems With PlasticsPlastic roadsE-wasteProcess of Recycling E-wasteOur Idea About Managing WasteWaste management PoliciesConclusions

WHAT ARE WASTES?

"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded."

Kinds of WastesSolid wastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes Examples: plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash

Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form.

Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

Classification of wastesMunicipal Solid wastesBio-medical wastesIndustrial wastesAgricultural wastesFishery wastesRadioactive wastesE-wastes

EFFECTS OF WASTE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:Surface water contaminationGround Water contaminationSoil contaminationAir contamination

ECONOMIC EFFECTS:Municipal wellbeingRecycling revenueEconomy Increases for every Sector

MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM

Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annumWith urban population increasing between 3 3.5% per annumYearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annuallyIndia produces more than 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste annually.Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns.

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THE 3 RS

PROGRESS on Waste Recycling

BUT MANY THINGSCANT BE RECYCLABLE

PIE CHART OF D/F TYPES OF WASTE DIVISION IN INDIA

IMPACTS OF WASTE Some states are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might limit warming in some areas.

Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those country will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils.

Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for specific areas.

IMPACTS OF WASTEActivities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere:

Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20).

C02 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and wood products, and solid waste.

CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, the raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.

N02 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.

METHOD Of DISPOSAL

WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. Land FillIt is the most traditional method of waste disposal.Waste is directly dumped into disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soilGases generated by the decomposing waste materials are often burnt to generate power.It is generally used for domestic waste.

2. IncinerationIncineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C. waste materials are converted into ash. , flue gas, and heat.The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to organic waste.the heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.

3. Compactation

The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or fragile items of waste.This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of many garbage collection vehicles. Deposit refuse at bottom of slope for best compaction and control of blowing litter.

Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of air to produce char, pyrolysis oil and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process.

4.Pyrolysis

Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. It is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint.

5.Making Biogas

PROBLEMS WITH PLASTICDisposal of waste plastic is a major problemIt is non-biodegradable Burning of these waste plastic bags causes environmental pollution.It mainly consists of low-density polyethyleneTo find its utility in bituminous mix for road construction, laboratory performance studies were conducted on bituminous mixes Laboratory studies proved that waste plastic enhances the property of the mix.Improvement in properties of bituminous mix provides the solution for a useful disposal of plastic waste.

Making Plastic Roads

Plastic use in road construction is not new. Recent studies in this direction have shown some hope in terms of using plastic-waste in road construction i.e., Plastic roads. Plastic roads mainly use plastic carry-bags, disposable cups and PET bottles that are collected from garbage dumps as an important ingredient of the construction material. When mixed with hot bitumen, plastics melt to form an oily coat over the aggregate and the mixture is laid on the road surface like a normal tar road.

ADVANTAGES :-

No cracking or potholesResistance to waterReduced cost of maintenanceReduced stress on bitumen which is not an unlimited resource either.

DISADVANTAGES :-

Cleaning process- Toxics present in the co-mingled plastic waste would start leaching.During the road laying process- in the presence of chlorine will definitely release noxious HCL gas.After the road laying- It is opined that the first rain will trigger leaching. As the plastics will merely form a sticky layer, (mechanical abrasion).The components of the road, once it has been laid, are not inert.

Electronic waste (e-waste);Electronic waste" may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets, and refrigerators. This includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others are re-usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" broadly to all surplus electronics. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are considered one of the hardest types to recycle.

Why e-waste should be Recycled or Reduced?Because Today Most electronic waste is sent to landfills or incinerated, which releases materials such as lead, mercury, or cadmium into the soil, groundwater, and atmosphere, thus having a negative impact on the environment.Many materials used in computer hardware can be recovered by recycling for use in future production. Reuse of tin, silicon, iron, aluminium, and a variety of plastics that are present in bulk in computers or other electronics can reduce the costs of constructing new systems. Components frequently contain lead, copper, gold and other valuable materials suitable for reclamation.

It has also adverse effects on human health, such as inflammation and oxidative stress precursors to cardiovascular disease, DNA damage and possibly cancer. It contents Lead which causes many diseases in humans like, impaired cognitive function, behavioral disturbances, attention deficits, hyperactivity, conduct problems and lower IQ.These effects are most damaging to children whose developing nervous systems are very susceptible to damage caused by lead, cadmium, and mercury . Why e-waste should be Recycled or Reduced?

WHAT CAN WE DO?In INDIA 90% of Mobile equipments are imported from other countries.The rate of e-waste in INDIA is increasing by 10-15% per year AND in future it may be increased by 25-30% per year.In e-waste 70% are all toxic material, so they causes many effects on environment . Such as, 1)Pollution of Ground Water, 2)Acidification of Soil, AND 3)Emission of Toxic Dumps and Gases.So, it is our responsibility to reduce and recycle e-waste.Oppose all those things; 1)Made with many toxic constituents 2)That cant be recycled3)That takes too energy.

PROCESS OF E-WASTE RECYCLINGThe e-waste recycling process is highly labor intensive and goes through several steps. Below is the step-by-step process of how e-waste is recycled,Picking ShedWhen the e-waste items arrive at the recycling plants, the first step involves sorting all the items manually. Batteries are removed for quality check.DisassemblyAfter sorting by hand, the second step involves a serious labor intensive process of manual dismantling. The e-waste items are taken apart to retrieve all the parts and then categorized into core materials and components. The dismantled items are then separated into various categories into parts that can be re-used or still continue the recycling processes.First size reduction processHere, items that cannot be dismantled efficiently are shredded together with the other dismantled parts to pieces less than 2 inches in diameter. It is done in preparation for further categorization of the finer e-waste pieces.

PROCESS OF E-WASTE RECYCLINGSecond size reduction processThe finer e-waste particles are then evenly spread out through an automated shaking process on a conveyor belt. The well spread out e-waste pieces are then broken down further. At this stage, any dust is extracted and discarded in a way that does not degrade the environmentally.Over-band MagnetAt this step, over-band magnet is used to remove all the magnetic materials including steel and iron from the e-waste debris.Non-metallic and metallic components separation.The sixth step is the separation of metals and non-metallic components. Copper, aluminum, and brass are separated from the debris to only leave behind non-metallic materials. The metals are either sold as raw materials or re-used for fresh manufacture.Water Separation.As the last step, plastic content is separated from glass by use of water. One separated, all the materials retrieved can then be resold as raw materials for re-use. The products sold include plastic, glass, copper, iron, steel, shredded circuit boards, and valuable metal mix.

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Recycling And Reprocessing Units In INDIA

OUR IDEA ABOUT MANAGING WASTE

MetalE-wastePlasticsPaperFoodScrap

Economy Increases,&Polution Decreases.

Waste management policiesEnvironment protection act, 1986

Hazardous waste rule 1989

Bio-medical waste rule 1998

Municipal solid waste rule 2000

Waste management act 1996

Solid waste policy in India 2006

CONCLUSIONToday population is increasing day by day, also the rate of waste is increasing , so we have to aware people about managing waste, like by throwing waste in d/f dustbins, using the concept of 3 Rs, etc.

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